新疆北山坡一镍矿床中钴的赋存状态、地球化学特征及其对钴成矿的启示

钴作为当今社会必需的一种关键矿产资源,岩浆铜镍矿床是我国钴资源供应的重要矿床种类之一,该类矿床中钴元素通常赋存于镁铁质硅酸盐矿物、硫化物、类硫化物和铁氧化物中,然而镁铁质硅酸盐和铁氧化物中的钴难以分选利用,因此钴赋存状态的厘定是铜镍矿床中钴资源评价和利用的重要前提。新疆东天山-北山地区发育大量晚古生代、普遍伴生钴的岩浆铜镍矿床,其中位于北山地区的坡一镍矿床以赋含高镍硫化物为特色,是研究岩浆铜镍矿床中钴元素的赋存状态、分布特征以及钴与镍相互关系的理想对象。坡一镍矿的含矿岩相主要为单辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩和橄长岩,以稀疏浸染状矿化为主,钴主要以类质同象形式赋存于镍黄铁矿,其次为铬尖晶石、橄榄石和磁黄铁矿,少见独立钴矿物。矿物微区原位分析结果显示原生矿物中钴含量由高到低依次为镍黄铁矿(～8404×10^-6)>>铬尖晶石(～475×10^-6)>磁黄铁矿(高Ni含量)(～299×10^-6)>橄榄石(～137×10^-6)>黄铜矿(～13.0×10^-6)>磁黄铁...     

东疆黄山铜镍矿床硫化物聚集过程和硅酸镍含量及对铜镍矿勘查的指示

由黄山铜镍矿床浸染状矿化橄榄岩中Ni的赋存状态分析得到其硅酸镍含量为4%~20%,且硅酸镍含量和全岩Ni含量呈负相关,主要受橄榄石比例和橄榄石Ni含量控制。当全岩Ni大于0.4%时,黄山矿床浸染状矿化橄榄岩中硅酸镍比例常小于10%。450中段坑内钻KZK1475中硫化物从矿体下盘至上盘呈逐渐减少趋势,结合黄山岩体从浅部至深部基性程度逐渐增高的岩相分带特征,认为岩浆结晶过程中主要受重力分异控制。矿体中硫化物呈多段富集,可能与新鲜岩浆注入有关。本文还对东疆地区其他超基性岩相赋矿的矿床(黄山南矿床和坡北地区铜镍矿床)进行了硅酸镍含量模拟,得到两个矿床浸染状矿化橄榄岩中硅酸镍比例多为10%~20%,大部分大于20%,而矿化纯橄岩中硅酸镍比例都大于20%。因此,东疆地区在橄榄岩赋矿的铜镍矿床(矿点)勘探和开采过程中,应考虑矿体中硅酸镍的含量。     

东天山岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的多期次岩浆侵位与成矿作用——以黄山铜镍矿床为例

位于黄山-镜儿泉镁铁-超镁铁岩带西段的黄山铜镍矿田（包括黄山、黄山东、香山、黄山南矿床）,是北疆最重要的镍矿产地。矿田内各岩体都是多期岩浆侵位形成的杂岩体,且黄山东和香山铜镍矿床存在多期成矿作用。本文选取黄山大型隐伏铜镍矿床进行详细解剖,在此基础上探讨东天山地区多期成岩成矿作用及其勘查意义。黄山矿山开采揭露最新地质现象系统观察,不同岩相中橄榄石、辉石（粒径、成分）的垂向和平面剖面变化表明黄山铜镍矿床由多期岩浆侵位形成,且第三期次为主要成矿期。第三期次岩相主要由角闪二辉橄辉岩、角闪方辉橄辉岩和角闪橄榄岩组成。角闪二辉橄辉岩底部的橄榄石核部和边部具有明显的成分差异,其橄榄石的边部相对于核部Fo值和Ni含量升高,由于橄榄石结晶过程中与晶间硫化物发生Fe-Ni的交换反应所致。第三期次的角闪方辉橄辉岩和角闪橄榄岩岩相中橄榄石的Fo值与角闪二辉橄辉岩中橄榄石Fo值相近,但Ni含量（500×10^-6~2050×10^-6）高于第二侵入期次角闪二辉橄辉岩中的Ni含量（160×10^-6~1000×10^-6）,橄榄石和硫化物熔体的Fe-Ni交换反应或者不同的母岩浆性质是橄榄石Ni含量不同的主要原因。黄山岩体的斜方辉石都为古铜辉石,第三期次岩体角闪方辉橄辉岩和角闪橄榄岩中含有粗粒的古铜辉石,其最大粒径（4~8mm）大于角闪二辉橄辉岩中古铜辉石（2~4mm）。单颗粒古铜辉石的Mg^#值、CaO及Cr₂O₃含量从核部到边部有多次重复变化,反映岩浆成分存在多次变化。第三期次单斜辉石包裹的橄榄石的边部比核部具有更高的Ni含量（Fo值相似）,结合Cu、Ni、Co等元素的垂直剖面变化,本文提出新鲜岩浆补给是黄山主矿体（30号矿体）硫化物富集的重要控制因素。多次岩浆的补给暗示黄山为岩浆通道成矿系统。岩体变宽、局部膨大及岩体产状改变部位是硫化物有利的聚集部位。东天山黄山-镜儿泉地区铜镍矿床勘查过程中往往以超基性岩相为主要评价对象,根据黄山矿田其他岩体的岩石组合与矿化岩相分析,本文认为该区铜镍矿勘查过程中也要重视基性岩相（辉长岩、苏长岩、橄榄辉长岩等）的成矿潜力,对多期次岩浆作用及相对应的成矿作用应给予重视。     

岩浆型铜镍矿床中紫硫镍矿的成因矿物学研究

岩浆铜镍矿床中不同产状的紫硫镍矿都与镍黄铁矿有着明显的成因联系，特别是交代作用形成的紫硫镍矿，往往反映出交代其他硫化物的量是受被交代镍黄铁矿的量控制。     

芬兰北部克维特斯塔镍-铜-铂族元素矿床地质特征及矿床成因

位于芬兰北部中拉普兰绿岩带的克维特斯塔(Kevitsa)镍-铜-铂族元素矿床是世界上主要的岩浆镍-铜硫化物矿床之一。该矿床储量大,含丰富的镍-铜硫化物和铂族元素。对矿床产出环境、地质特征、矿床成因等进行了总结,结果表明:矿体主要赋存于克维特斯塔基性—超基性层状侵入体的超基性单元中。主要矿石类型为普通型和镍-铂族元素型2种,其中镍-铂族元素型矿石内橄榄石具极高的Ni含量。主要矿石矿物为磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、针硫镍矿、红砷镍矿、砷镍矿、辉砷镍矿等,绝大部分铂族矿物包含在硅酸盐中和附着在硫化物颗粒边界。Re-Os、Sm-Nd、Sr及S同位素特征显示成矿岩浆为幔源,但受到地壳物质的混染作用。Pb同位素年代学结果表明克维特斯塔侵入体形成于古元古代。     

东昆仑石头坑德镁铁-超镁铁质岩体矿物学特征及成矿潜力分析

位于东昆仑造山带之昆中带内部的石头坑德镁铁-超镁铁质岩体,分别由辉长岩相、辉石岩相和橄榄岩相的多种岩石类型组成。野外地质资料表明各岩相间的先后侵位顺序为辉长岩相→辉石岩相→橄榄岩相。本次研究表明石头坑德岩体尖晶石Ni的平均含量为258×10~(-6);橄榄石Fo=81~86,为贵橄榄石,Ni含量471×10~(-6)~2 279×10~(-6),平均为1 153×10~(-6);斜方辉石的En=80.35~83.89,平均82.51。根据Mg-Fe在结晶相橄榄石和熔体之间的分配系数,利用Fo值最高的橄榄石,得到其原生岩浆MgO=10.5%,属高镁玄武质岩浆。该岩体由上地幔橄榄岩11.2%~14.0%的部分熔融作用形成的。通过对石头坑德岩体的部分熔融程度、原生岩浆、构造标志、岩石组合、直接矿化标志及矿物组合、橄榄石Ni含量及Fo的研究表明,石头坑德镁铁-超镁铁质岩体具有形成铜镍硫化物矿床的有利条件,东昆仑造山带是重要的成镍远景区。     

甘肃金川Ⅱ号岩体橄榄石成因探讨

金川是世界第三大在采岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床,其成因备受中外地质学家的关注。金川岩体被一系列北东-东向左行平移断层自西向东依次划分为Ⅲ、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ等4个岩体。金川岩体主要由硫化物纯橄岩、二辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩组成,边缘断续分布少量斜长石二辉橄榄岩和辉石岩。金川最大的1号矿体产于Ⅱ号岩体的中心,呈现出由中间硫化物纯橄岩向两侧浸染状的二辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉石岩过渡的对称式岩相分布。电子探针分析结果显示,金川Ⅱ号岩体橄榄石Fo值在79.7%～83.9%之间变化,w（Ni）为959×10^-6～2060×10^-6,大多低于从硫不饱和玄武岩浆中结晶出的橄榄石Ni含量。模拟计算表明金川岩体母岩浆为高MgO玄武岩浆(w（MgO）=10%～13%,w（FeO）=11.5%～12.5%)。橄榄石Ni含量偏低的原因是橄榄石结晶的同时发生了硫化物熔离,橄榄石与硫化物的质量比值约为40﹕1。硫化物纯橄岩和二辉橄榄岩中橄榄石的Ni含量及其与Fo值的相关性都存在显著的区别,暗示它们可能是从Ni含量不同的母岩浆中结晶出来的。同时,硫化物纯橄岩中橄榄岩经历了与硫化物熔体的Fe-Ni交换...     

岩浆熔离型铜镍矿床硫同位素地球化学特征研究

我国岩浆熔离型铜镍矿床主要分布在大陆边缘裂谷、造山带和峨眉山大火成岩石中,矿床赋存岩体中下部;矿石呈星点状、浸染状、海绵陨铁状和块状,主要矿物为磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁铁矿、橄榄石、石英等;矿床形成温度较高;成矿氧逸度范围受磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿-磁铁矿和橄榄石-石英-磁铁矿矿物组合控制。硫化物硫同位素显示出两种特征,一种为金川、赤柏松、喀拉通克、黄山东、红旗岭、金宝山等矿床,硫化物的硫同位素主要分布在-1.6‰~+3.1‰;另一种为煎茶岭、力马河矿床,硫化物的硫同位素组成为+1.5‰~13.8‰。根据硫同位素组成特征可以得出大多数岩浆熔离型铜镍矿床硫化物的硫主要来自岩浆(金川、赤柏松、喀拉通克、黄山东、红旗岭、金宝山),少数矿床硫的来源较为复杂(煎茶岭和力马河),很可能是两种以上来源。     

东天山香山铜镍硫化物矿床铂族元素地球化学特征及其意义

香山含铜镍矿岩体位于东天山北部的土墩-图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁岩带中段,受康古尔塔格-黄山深大断裂控制,为由辉长岩、辉橄岩、细粒辉长岩和钛铁辉长岩组成的复式岩体。香山铜镍矿床岩石铂族元素总量(∑PGE)变化范围为0.74×10-9～2.82×10-9,矿石∑PGE变化范围为20.64×10-9～148.99×10-9,PPGE(Pd、Pt)和IPGE(Ru、Ir、Os)之间分异均较弱,二者具有相似PGE原始地幔标准化配分曲线形式。香山铜镍矿床原生岩浆w(MgO)下限值为4.97%,源于亏损型地幔,PGE丰度较高,母岩浆为高镁玄武质岩浆,PGE处于亏损状态且亏损的原因是发生了硫化物熔体不混溶作用,引发硫饱和的机制为地壳物质同化混染作用,以及橄榄石、辉石和基性斜长石等矿物的结晶分离作用。     

东天山主要铜镍矿床中磁黄铁矿的矿物标型特征及其成矿意义

东天山是中国最重要的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿带之一,产有黄山东、黄山、香山、葫芦等大中型铜镍矿床。图拉尔根、白石泉两处镍铜矿床为近年来在新疆地区铜镍找矿中的重大发现,两者均属于与镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩有关的岩浆熔离-贯入型矿床。矿物共生组合以磁黄铁矿 镍黄铁矿 黄铜矿为特征,磁黄铁矿系矿石中最主要组成部分。文章以X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针分析并辅以常规显微镜,查明这些矿床中磁黄铁矿均系Co、Ni的最主要载体矿物,Co、Ni元素主要以游离状态的硫化物(或硫砷化物)形式存在,如镍辉砷钴矿、钴辉砷镍矿、镍黄铁矿及紫硫镍矿等矿物。它们多以微细包裹体或出溶体形式随机地分布于磁黄铁矿内部,而少量的Co、Ni元素则以类质同像方式存在于磁黄铁矿晶格之中。图拉尔根、白石泉、葫芦三矿床中磁黄铁矿在多型结构以及微量元素地球化学方面均表现出一定的差异,系由两矿床容矿岩石基性程度及成矿温度之差异引起。     

Genesis of the Huangshannan high-Ni tenor magmatic sulfide deposit in the Eastern Tianshan,northwest China: Constraints from PGE geochemistry and Os–S isotopes

The Huangshannan magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposit is one of a group of Permian magmatic Ni-Cu deposits located in the southern Central Asian Orogenic belt in the Eastern Tianshan, northwest China. It is characterized by elevated Ni tenor (concentrations in recalculated 100% sulfide) in sulfide within ultramafic rocks (9–19 wt%), with values much higher than other deposits in the region. Sulfides of the Huangshannan deposit are composed of pentlandite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite and the host rock is relatively fresh, indicating that the high-Ni tenor is a primary magmatic feature rather than formed by alteration processes. It is shown that sulfides with high-Ni tenor can be generated by sulfide-olivine equilibrium at an oxygen fugacity of QFM +0.5, for magmas containing 450 ppm Ni and 20% olivine. Ores with >10 wt% sulfur have relatively low PGE and Ni tenors compared to other ores, R factor (mass ratio of silicate to sulfide liquid) modeling of Ni indicates that they formed at moderate R values (150–600). Based on this constraint on R values, ores with <10 wt% sulfides in the Huangshannan deposit can be segregated from a similar parental magma with 0.05 ppb Os, 0.023 ppb Ir, and 0.5 ppb Pd at R values between 600 and 3000. This, coupled with the supra-cotectic proportions of sulfide liquid to cumulus silicates in the Huangshannan ores imply mechanical transport and deposition of sulfide liquid in a magma pathway or conduit, in which sulfides must have interacted with large volumes of silicate magma. Platinum and Pd depletion relative to other platinum group elements (PGEs) are observed in fresh and sulfide-rich samples (S > 4.5 wt%). As sulfide-rich samples are also depleted in Cu, and as interstitial sulfides in those samples are physically interconnected at a scale of several cms, the low Pt and Pd anomalies are attributed to solid Pt and Pd phases crystallization and retention with the monosulfide solid solution (MSS) and Cu-rich sulfide liquid percolation during MSS fractionation. This finding indicates that Pt anomalies in sulfide-rich rocks from magmatic Ni-Cu deposits in the Eastern Tianshan are the result of sulfide fractionation rather than a hydrothermal effect. ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os_(278Ma) values of the lherzolite samples vary from 0.27 to 0.37 and γOs_(278Ma) values vary from 110 to 189, indicating significant magma interaction with crustal sulfides, rich in radiogenic Os. Well constrained γOs values and δ³⁴S values (−0.4 to 0.8‰) indicate that crustal contamination occurred at depth before the arrival of the magma in the Huangshannan chamber. Regionally, deposits with high-Ni tenor have not been reported other than the Huangshannan deposit; however, many intrusions with high-Ni contents in olivine are present in NW China, such as the Erhongwa, Poyi and Poshi intrusions. Those intrusions are capable of forming high-Ni tenor sulfides due to olivine-sulfide-silicate equilibrium and relative high-Ni content in parent magma, making them attractive exploration targets.     

Comparisons among the Oortsog,Dulaan, and Nomgon mafic-ultramafic intrusions in central Mongolia and Ni-Cu deposits in NW China: implications for economic Ni-Cu-PGE ore exploration in central Mongolia

Although there are many mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the western and central regions of Mongolia, Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), no economic-grade Ni-Cu deposits have yet been discovered. To understand the economic Ni-Cu deposit potential of the intrusions in central Mongolia, the parental magma affinity and sulfide saturation of the Oortsog, Dulaan, and Nomgon Ni-Cu mineralized mafic-ultramafic intrusions are studied. These three intrusions are predominantly gabbroic in composition, while the Oortsog and Dulaan intrusions also contain small proportions of peridotites. The parental magmas of the Oortsog and Dulaan intrusions are tholeiitic, as indicated by their Cr-spinel and clinopyroxene compositions, whereas the parental magma of the Nomgon intrusions is likely calc-alkaline. The compositions of Cr-spinel and clinopyroxene, combined with the presence of significant Nb-Ta depletions, indicate that these rocks were most likely derived from modified mantle sources. Both the Oortsog and Nomgon intrusions form two clusters in terms of their olivine composition, suggesting that multiple magma surges were involved during their emplacement. The relatively low Fo values and Ni contents in olivine from the three intrusions compared to those from Ni-Cu deposits in NW China, as well as those in the Voisey’s Bay deposit in Canada, indicate that the three intrusions were crystallized from relatively evolved magmas. The Cu/Zr ratios of rocks of the Oortsog, Dulaan, and Nomgon intrusions are higher than 1, suggesting that these rocks contain cumulus sulfide. This, coupled with the presence of rounded sulfide inclusions in olivine of the Oortsog and Dulaan intrusions, suggests that sulfide saturation occurred before or during olivine crystallization. The distribution patterns of platinum group elements (PGEs) of the Dulaan and Oortsog intrusions record slight Rh, Pt, and Pd (PPGE) enrichment relative to Os, Ir, and Rh (IPGE). Furthermore, the Ni/Cu ratios of sulfide-bearing rocks from the Oortsog intrusion vary from 1.8 to 3.8, which are consistent with those of the Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in NW China. In contrast, the Ni/Cu ratios of sulfide-bearing rocks from the Nomgon intrusion are extremely low (0.03 to 0.07). This, together with the significant enrichment in PPGE relative to IPGE, suggests that these sulfides of the Nomgon intrusion were segregated from a magma that was extremely enriched in Cu and PPGE but depleted in Ni and IPGE. The characteristics of the chalcophile elements in these intrusions are attributed to the fact that the derivation of the Nomgon magma was significantly different from that of the Dulaan and Oortsog parental magmas. Overall, although the parental magmas of the intrusions in central Mongolia are more evolved than those in NW China, they are comparable in terms of the sizes of their intrusions, constituent minerals, and mineral chemistry. These similarities suggest that the intrusions in central Mongolia have economic Ni-Cu sulfide potential. Furthermore, intrusions similar to the Nomgon intrusion may feature PGE mineralization potential.     

橄榄石成分对东昆仑夏日哈木超大型镍钴矿床岩浆过程的约束

橄榄石是与镁铁-超镁铁质岩浆有关的铜镍硫化物矿床中最主要的造岩矿物之一，其成分记录了丰富的镍成矿信息，并可反映母岩浆成分组成、结晶分异过程及后期物质交换等。东昆仑夏日哈木镍钴矿床是全球铜镍硫化物矿床勘查20余年来最为重要的找矿发现之一，将逐步成为中国重要的镍钴资源基地。本文在大量镜下岩相学观察的基础上，对夏日哈木矿床橄榄石进行系统电子探针分析。分析数据表明，夏日哈木橄榄石Fo值为83.01~90.12；Ni含量为676×10-6 ~2845×10-6，Mn、Ca含量均较低，最大值分别为2457×10-6和650×10-6。“巨型”斜方辉石包裹的橄榄石成分自核心到边部Fo值和NiO含量均增高，表明含矿岩相形成时存在新鲜岩浆的补充，至少存在2次岩浆活动。橄榄石最高Fo值为90.12，反映夏日哈木镍钴矿床的母岩浆是Mg#值为0.73的高镁玄武质岩浆。硫饱和始于深部岩浆房母岩浆中少量橄榄石的结晶分异，早期熔离量较小，估算的橄榄石与硫化物熔体质量比大致为20：1。本次研究利用橄榄石成分约束了夏日哈木矿床岩浆的多期次活动，限定了母岩浆的成分性质与硫化物的熔离时机，可为矿床成因研究提供借鉴。     

东昆仑石头坑德镁铁-超镁铁质岩体矿物学特征及成矿指示

石头坑德镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于东昆仑造山带东段五龙沟地区,邻近昆中大断裂,主要岩性为辉石岩、橄辉岩、橄榄岩、辉长岩等,铜镍矿体主要赋存于Ⅰ号岩体的辉石岩、橄辉岩和橄榄岩中。岩石地球化学特征表明,其镁铁比值(m/f)变化范围在2.77~6.01之间,属铁质系列的镁铁-超镁铁岩,有利于成铜镍矿。稀土总量总体较低,轻稀土元素之间分馏强,重稀土元素之间分馏弱。岩石总体富集LILE(Rb、Ba、Th、U),贫HFSE(Nb、Ta、Zr、Y),具有明显的Rb、U正异常及Nb、Ta的负异常。超镁铁岩类橄榄石中的Ni普遍亏损,指示深部存在硫化物的熔离作用,在橄榄石结晶之前,大量的Ni进入到硫化物中,极有利于形成富矿岩浆或矿浆。可见,伴随同化混染作用的发生,岩浆中S达到过饱和,进而硫化物发生不混溶作用,富含硫化物的岩浆运移至东昆仑造山带邻近昆中断裂构造薄弱的部位成岩成矿。铜镍矿体多赋存在含橄榄石的超镁铁质岩体内,指示石头坑德岩体深部存在高度富集铜镍的部位,是下一步的找矿方向。     

甘肃黑山铜镍硫化物含矿岩体的地质特征及橄榄石成因探讨

黑山铜镍硫化物含矿岩体位于中亚造山带南缘北山褶皱带东部,对该岩体的研究有助于正确理解造山带型铜镍硫化物的成矿作用。详细的野外基础地质特征表明黑山矿区仅出露单一的新元古代青白口系地层,无寒武纪地层出露。黑山含矿岩体由早期的方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉长苏长岩,以及稍晚期的辉长岩脉组成。黑山岩体位于黑山背斜南翼,其初始产状应为一水平或近水平的岩床状岩体,因后期褶皱作用,岩体发生了倾斜形成现今的产状。黑山岩体中橄榄石Fo值为80.5~87.0,其Ni含量为1070×10^-6~3461×10^-6。借助"MELTS"软件,我们进一步厘定了黑山母岩浆为高镁玄武岩浆 (12.81% MgO, 10.84% FeO, 430×10^-6 Ni)。研究表明,黑山橄榄石的主要控制因素为:1)母岩浆的成分;2)后续新鲜岩浆的补充混合作用;3)硫化物熔离作用;4)晶间硅酸盐熔浆作用;5)橄榄石与硫化物之间发生的Fe-Ni交换。模拟计算表明,硫化物熔离与橄榄石结晶几乎同时发生,橄榄石与硫化物的最小质量比约为20:1。1号矿体及矿化体的橄榄石比4号矿体更富Mg和Ni,并且还呈现非常好的负相关关系,表明这些橄榄石与硫化物发生了不同程度的Fe-Ni交换,而与其发生Fe-Ni交换的硫化物更富Ni以及共生的岩浆更为原始。这很可能是因为黑山岩体形成于开放的岩浆通道系统,早期融离的硫化物与后续的新鲜的硫不饱和岩浆发生反应,使得该类硫化物含量减少但硫化物中的金属元素含量增高从而形成1号矿体及矿化体。     

Origin of ultra-nickeliferous olivine in the Kevitsa Ni–Cu–PGE-mineralized intrusion, northern Finland

The 2,058 ± 4 Ma mafic–ultramafic Kevitsa intrusion is located in the Central Lapland greenstone belt, northern Finland. It is hosted by a Paleoproterozoic volcano–sedimentary sequence that contains komatiitic volcanic rocks and sulfide- and graphite-rich black schists. Economic Ni–Cu–(PGE) sulfide mineralization occurs in the middle part of the ultramafic lower unit of the intrusion. Two main types of ore are distinguished, “normal” and “Ni–PGE” ores. The normal ore is characterized by ~2 to 6 vol% disseminated sulfides and average Ni and Cu grades of 0.3 and 0.42 wt %, respectively (Ni/Cu < 1). The Ni–PGE ore has broadly similar sulfide contents, but a higher Ni grade and lower Cu grade. As a result, the Ni/Cu ratio reaches 15, much higher than in the normal ore. The Ni–PGE ores occur as irregular, discontinuous, lense-like bodies in the ultramafic rocks. Notably, the olivines in the Ni–PGE ore contain extremely high Ni contents of up to 14,000 ppm, which is significantly higher than the Ni content of olivine in other mafic–ultramafic igneous rocks globally (up to ~5,000 ppm) and in harmony with the associated Ni-rich sulfide assemblage containing pentlandite, millerite and pyrite. Microprobe mapping of olivine from the Ni–PGE ore suggests relatively low and homogeneous S contents and homogeneous distribution of Ni, Mg, Fe, which is inconsistent with the presence of sulfide inclusions in the olivine grains, or diffusion of Ni from interstitial sulfides into the olivine grains. We therefore conclude that Ni substitutes for Mg in the olivine lattice. The clinopyroxenes from the Ni–PGE ore also have unusually high Ni concentrations reaching 1,500 ppm and show a positive correlation with the nickel content of the associated olivine. The Ni_cpx/Ni_olivine is ~0.1 to 0.2 corresponding to high T partitioning of Ni between clinopyroxene and olivine. K _D of 20 can account for the partitioning of nickel between olivine and the sulfide phase, consistent with magmatic equilibration. These data suggest that the olivine, clinopyroxene, and sulfides all crystallized from a basaltic magma with an unexceptionally high Ni content ranging from 300 to 1,100 ppm. The Ni–PGE ores are spatially associated with ultramafic xenoliths. Olivine in these ultramafic xenoliths have relatively high Fo contents (up to 90 mol %) and high Ni contents (up to 5,200 ppm) suggesting that the xenoliths formed from a komatiitic parental magma. It is proposed that assimilation by the Kevitsa magma of massive or semi-massive sulfides associated with komatiitic rocks elevated the Ni content of the magma and resulted in the formation of Ni–PGE ores and related extremely Ni-rich olivines.     

岩浆通道系统与岩浆硫化物成矿研究新进展

大型-超大型岩浆硫化物矿床的形成需要满足3个基本条件:(1)大量幔源岩浆参与成矿;(2)岩浆演化导致硫化物熔离;(3)硫化物在有限空间聚集。然而,除Sudbury矿床外,全球与镁铁质岩浆有关的超大型铜镍硫化物矿床都发现于小的镁铁-超镁铁岩体中。近10年来的研究表明这些含矿岩体实际上都是岩浆通道系统的一部分,中国金川、杨柳坪、喀拉通克、红旗岭等大型和超大型Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床都形成于岩浆通道系统中,正是岩浆通道这样特殊的开放系统为大规模岩浆硫化物矿床提供了成矿条件。总结国内外最新研究结果,可以发现与成矿有关的岩浆通道系统都分布在深大断裂附近,大规模的幔源岩浆补充与地幔柱、大陆裂谷、碰撞造山后伸展等地质事件有密切的关系。尽管研究证明硫化物熔离都与地壳物质的混染有关,但矿石各种元素的品位却受母岩浆性质、硫化物熔离强度、与新注入镁铁质岩浆反应、以及硫化物本身结晶分异等多重因素的影响;含矿岩体和硫化物矿体的形态和大小都强烈地受围岩地质特征的控制。进一步明确这类矿床的地质特征、形成机制、成矿背景和成矿标志,对未来的研究和找矿工作都是非常必要的。     

含矿岩浆通道对于岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床找矿工作的意义

“深部熔离-贯入式”岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床具有矿化比例极高、岩体岩相分带及矿体产状与原地分异、熔离机制不协调的特征.我国对这类矿床深部勘探策略和方法的研究相对滞后,尚未开展深部找矿工作.本文以金川矿床为重点,系统总结和归纳其地质特征和成矿有利部位,对比了与之成因类似的加拿大Voisey＇s Bay超大型岩浆Gu-Ni-Co硫化物矿床的成功勘探经验,阐述了这类矿床沿岩浆通道找矿的前景和巨大潜力.以金川矿床为实例,提出了这类矿床沿含矿岩浆通道开展深部找矿的策略和方法.     

喀拉通克铜镍矿床铂族元素地球化学特征及其成矿作用意义

喀拉通克铜镍矿床位于准噶尔板块北缘,矿区主要矿体赋存于Y1-Y3号岩体中。矿石构造类型为致密块状和浸染状两大类,其中前者与后者呈贯入接触,不同浸染状类型之间为过渡关系。岩石和矿石的PGE总量偏低,且以PPGE为主,IPGE含量较低。整体上岩石中的PGE含量显示随基性程度降低而变小。矿石中的PGE含量随硫化物含量增加增大,显示PGE主要分布于硫化物熔离形成的物相中。100%硫化物计算后,矿石PGE含量平均仅为573×10^-9。各岩体中浸染状矿石PGE组成并无明显差异;岩石和矿石具有相似的PGE分配模式,均属于Pt-Pd配分型。岩石Ni/Cu-Pd/Ir关系以及岩石地球化学资料显示,形成喀拉通克岩体的初始岩浆为MgO含量较高的玄武质岩浆,属于PGE不亏损的岩浆。基于PGE不亏损的大陆拉斑玄武岩初始岩浆推算,喀拉通克矿床母岩浆明显亏损PGE,而深部硫化物熔离可能是导致母岩浆PGE亏损的主要原因。岩石和矿石Pd/Pt比值总体特征,岩石Cr与Ni、Ir、Ru和Rh相关性,以及硫同位素和岩石学资料分析表明,初始岩浆在地壳深部发生的橄榄石、铬铁矿等矿物的分离结晶作用,可能是促使硫过饱和与深部熔离的主要因素。IPGE与PPGE分异特征及其相关分析,结合矿床宏观地质特征,推断该矿床浸染状矿的成矿作用经历了初始岩浆（PGE不亏损）→橄榄石等矿物分离结晶→硫化物深部熔离→成矿母岩浆（PGE亏损）→上侵并结晶分异的成矿过程。块状矿则可能是这一过程中PGE亏损的成矿母岩浆相对滞后熔离形成的硫化物熔体贯入的结果。     

新疆北山红石山含铜镍镁铁-超镁铁质岩体PGE和Re-Os同位素地球化学特征及成矿意义

对新疆北山地区红石山镁铁-超镁铁质岩体中含铜镍的硫化物矿石和岩石进行了铂族元素和Re-Os同位素地球化学特征研究,结果表明,矿石及岩石的铂族元素(PGE)总量较低,变化于0.54×10-9~15.84×10-9之间。较低的Pd/Ir比值表明岩石主要受岩浆作用控制,后期热液作用影响不明显。较高的Cu/Pd和Ti/Pd比值表明岩浆在演化过程中发生了硫化物的熔离。岩体的母岩浆为有早期结晶橄榄石加入的高镁的玄武质岩浆。γOs(t)的变化较大,变化于-282~+282之间,表明有较多的地壳物质混入。地壳物质混染和橄榄石等矿物的分离结晶可能是引起岩浆中的S达到饱和进而熔离的重要因素。红石山岩体是经历了结晶分异和硫化物熔离后橄榄石的堆积体与残余岩浆演化的混合体。