东昆仑东段三叠纪岩浆混合作用:以香加南山花岗岩基为例

香加南山花岗岩基位于东昆仑造山带东段,岩基主要岩石类型为花岗闪长岩。千瓦大桥-加鲁河一带花岗岩体为香加南山岩基的重要组成部分。香加南山花岗岩基含大量暗色微粒包体,包体中捕掳晶丰富。千瓦大桥-加鲁河一带花岗岩体寄主岩中斜长石和暗色微粒包体中捕掳晶斜长石具正常环带,An值震荡变化,角闪石和黑云母Mg O含量和Mg#值较低,具壳源特征;暗色微粒包体中基质斜长石具核边结构,核部和边部An值存在间断,角闪石和黑云母Mg O含量和Mg#值较高,具幔源特征。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果显示千瓦大桥花岗闪长岩、暗色微粒包体和加鲁河辉长岩的结晶年龄分别为251.0±1.9Ma、252.8±3.0Ma和221.4±3.3Ma。千瓦大桥花岗闪长岩和加鲁河花岗闪长岩富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE),具较低的Mg#和Nb/Ta比值;从千瓦大桥到加鲁河花岗闪长岩呈现出由准铝质中钾钙碱性系列向准铝-弱过铝质中钾-高钾钙碱性系列演化;暗色微粒包体和加鲁河辉长岩轻重稀土元素分异程度相对较低,具较高的Mg#和Nb/Ta比值。千瓦大桥花岗闪长岩和加鲁河花岗闪长岩分别为古特提斯演化俯冲阶段和后碰撞阶段幔源岩浆底侵新生地壳使其部分熔融产物。镁铁质岩浆注入长英质岩浆的混合作用形成了暗色微粒包体。岩浆混合过程中,如果岩浆不完全混合,混合岩浆中混入物质除了长英质岩浆的残留岩浆和捕掳晶,还应该有镁铁质岩浆与长英质岩浆之间的元素梯度差导致的物质扩散;如果岩浆为近完全混合,混合岩浆近似为镁铁质岩浆和长英质岩浆以一定比例二元混合。东昆仑东段晚古生代-早中生代幔源岩浆对花岗质岩浆的影响是一个持续的过程,从俯冲阶段早期流体交代地幔熔融,到俯冲阶段后期板片断离,然后同碰撞阶段板片断离的持续影响,再到后碰撞阶段加厚地壳的拆沉作用,由于地球动力学体制不同,导致幔源岩浆影响的大小和特征不同。     

西藏曲水碰撞花岗岩的混合成因：来自成因矿物学证据

西藏曲水碰撞花岗岩地处冈底斯构造-岩浆带中部,呈东西向平行雅鲁藏布缝合带分布.该岩体以花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩为主,其次为石英二长闪长岩.岩体内普遍发育微粒镁铁质包体.对花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩及微粒镁铁质包体的成因矿物学研究结果显示：（1）斜长石发育环带且边缘和核部偏基性,幔部酸性;（2）斜长石斑晶边缘常含有角闪石、黑云母等暗色矿物包体;（3）钾长石X射线结构分析显示自核部向边缘温度呈现逐渐升高的特点;（4）长石矿物中普遍含有较高的Cr、Ni、Co元素,明显不同于壳熔花岗岩;（5）角闪石、黑云母矿物MgO含量高于典型壳熔花岗岩;（6）包体中发育针状磷灰石和角闪石,显示为岩浆淬冷的结果.上述特征不可能用正常岩浆分异作用来解释,而更可能是壳-幔岩浆混合作用的结果.采用矿物温压计所得到的结果也符合混合后的岩浆演化特征.     

南祁连拉脊山构造带早古生代岩浆混合作用:以马场岩体为例

拉脊山构造带位于南祁连构造带北缘,发育大量早古生代岩浆岩。其南缘马场岩体主要由黑云母花岗岩和花岗闪长岩组成,花岗闪长岩中发育大量的镁铁质微粒包体。黑云母花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和镁铁质包体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为 467±7Ma、468±6Ma、466±6Ma。黑云母花岗岩具有低 K_2O/Na_2O(0.28～0.37)、高 Sr/Y(125～168)比值特征,为埃达克质岩;同时,黑云母花岗岩还具有相对低的MgO、Cr、Ni含量和Mg~#值,富集轻稀土、大离子亲石元素(Ba、K、Pb、Sr)以及Zr、Hf,亏损重稀土和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),具有Eu正异常(Eu/Eu~*=1.30～1.58),亏损Sr-Nd和锆石Hf同位素组成((~(87) Sr/~(86)Sr)_t=0.7044～0.7046 ,ε_(Nd)(t)=+2.05～+2.21,ε_(Hf)(t)=+8.2～+10.2),指示黑云母花岗岩是新生地壳物质重熔的产物。镁铁质微粒包体与寄主花岗闪长岩之间呈过渡-截然接触界线,发育反向脉角闪石嵌晶结构、斜长石不平衡生长结构、镁铁质凝块以及刀刃状黑云母、针状磷灰石等显微结构反映典型的岩浆混合特征。镁铁质微粒包体与寄主花岗闪长岩均富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、K、Pb、Sr),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf),具有与黑云母花岗岩一致的Sr-Nd同位素组成,但镁铁质微粒包体具有更高的 MgO 含量(6.15%～9.12%)、Mg~#值(57～60)和 Cr(271 × 10~(-6)～424 × 10~(-6))、Ni(54.7 × 10~(-6)～86.6× 10~(-6))含量,暗示镁铁质微粒包体与花岗闪长岩是由受俯冲流体交代的地幔熔体与新生地壳物质重熔形成的熔体经岩浆混合而成。结合区域背景分析,本文认为马场岩体的形成与南祁连洋俯冲过程中幔源岩浆底侵加热新生地壳以及岩浆混合作用相关。     

Late Cretaceous arc magma differentiation in southern Tibet: Evidence from zircon U-Pb chronology,mineralogy and geochemistrySCIEI北大核心CSCD

造山带岩浆作用记录了从大洋俯冲消减到陆陆碰撞的一系列地质过程,同时也蕴含了关于大陆地壳生成、生长的重要信息,其中,与俯冲相关的弧岩浆作用被认为是大陆地壳生长的主要机制。本文通过对西藏南部拉萨地体曲水县至贡嘎县一带出露的黑云母二长花岗岩、镁铁质微粒包体以及石英闪长岩开展同位素年代学、矿物学和岩石地球化学研究,探讨了该岩石组合的成因和弧岩浆的分异演化过程。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,这些岩石的形成时代为91~88Ma。其中,黑云母二长花岗岩属中钾钙碱性偏铝质岩石系列(A/CNK=0.77~0.99),具高SiO 2(68.90%~69.18%)和Al_(2)O_(3)(15.21%~15.48%),低MgO(1.15%~1.16%)和Mg#值(~44),高Sr/Y比值(60~82),其地球化学特征与埃达克质岩石相似;镁铁质微粒包体的SiO 2含量为54.75%~54.96%,具有较高MgO含量(3.92%~5.40%)和Mg#值(52~61),并具弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.79~0.82)。石英闪长岩为中钾钙碱性偏铝质岩石(A/CNK=0.84~0.88),其SiO 2含量为58.55%~63.32%,具有较高的Mg#值(44~48)和弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.68~0.81)。另外,所有黑云母二长花岗岩、镁铁质微粒包体以及石英闪长岩样品的Sr-Nd同位素和锆石εHf(t)值相近((87 Sr/86 Sr)i=0.703594~0.703939,εNd(t)=+4.6~+4.8,εHf(t)=+10.9~+15.6)。矿物成分分析表明,黑云母二长花岗岩和镁铁质微粒包体中发育环带的斜长石An值由中心向边部逐渐下降,未发育反环带结构;石英闪长岩中的辉石为单斜辉石,所分析角闪石均为钙质角闪石,黑云母为镁质黑云母。综合上述特征,本文认为黑云母二长花岗岩、镁铁质微粒包体以及同生石英闪长岩分别代表了源自亏损地幔的母岩浆通过分离结晶作用所派生的不同阶段的产物:其中,石英闪长岩最先由基性岩浆发生以辉石、Ti-Fe氧化物和磷灰石为主的分离结晶作用形成,继而作为母岩浆进一步分异演化;镁铁质微粒包体是岩浆早期结晶的堆晶产物;而黑云母二长花岗岩代表了包体形成后残余熔体的组分。本文的研究表明,冈底斯岩浆岩带晚白垩世发生了富水条件下的岩浆分离结晶和堆晶作用,俯冲带弧岩浆分异对于大陆地壳的形成和演化发挥着重要的作用。     

豫西火神庙石英闪长岩的矿物学特征及其意义

火神庙岩体位于华北陆块南缘栾川矿集区西部,为一杂岩体,主要由石英闪长岩、二长花岗岩和花岗斑岩组成,其中石英闪长岩出露于边部,构成了岩体的主体。为准确厘定石英闪长岩的形成过程以及形成的物理化学条件,并为进一步确定火神庙钼矿床成因提供依据,对主要造岩矿物(斜长石、钾长石、角闪石和黑云母)成分进行了详细的研究。结果显示石英闪长岩中的斜长石主要为中长石,可分为“正环带”斜长石、“反环带”斜长石和“韵律环带”斜长石;钾长石为正长石;角闪石为镁角闪石;黑云母属于原生镁质- 铁质黑云母。石英闪长岩形成过程中岩浆经历了多期演化：早期岩浆稳定结晶,结晶出An=30～35的斜长石;中期岩浆含水量增加,斜长石An值显著升高,An=39～42;晚期岩浆稳定结晶、含水量降低,结晶出An=42～28的斜长石。岩浆结晶温度为798～830℃、结晶压力上限为198～242MPa、氧逸度为-14～-13。镁铁质岩浆较高的氧逸度、温度及Cl含量与火神庙钼矿床的形成密切相关。     

内蒙古解放营子花岗闪长岩岩浆混合机制——来自斜长石和角闪石的矿物化学证据

为揭示华北克拉通北缘中晚三叠世解放营子花岗闪长岩的岩浆混合机制,对寄主岩石和镁铁质包体中斜长石和角闪石开展了电子探针分析.分析结果显示,多斑和少斑包体边部的斜长石斑晶发育An值增加的突变环带,环带的An值为32～46,明显高于核部和边部斜长石的An值(18～31),而核部的An值与寄主岩石中斜长石的An值一致,该特征指...     

Magma Mixing Genesis of the Jinchang Quartz Diorite in West Qinling Orogen,Western China: Petrographical and Geochronological Constraints and Their Tectonic Implications

位于西秦岭南部的金厂石英闪长岩岩体内含有大量镁铁质暗色微粒包体,包体大多呈浑圆状和水滴状,部分呈不规则拉长状,与寄主岩的接触界线截然或呈渐变过渡关系.石英闪长岩中的磷灰石呈短柱状,而包体中的磷灰石则呈细长针状,反映基性岩浆的快速冷凝结晶.石英闪长岩中的斜长石发育振荡环带,核部的斜长石An低,而边部斜长石An先急剧上升,复又下降;核部与边部之间存在明显的间断,同时斜长石边部包裹有暗色矿物,指示其形成时可能有更基性的岩浆注入.寄主岩中的角闪石大多为普通角闪石和镁普通角闪石,属SiO2饱和型,而包体中角闪石一部分为镁普通角闪石,属SiO2饱和型,一部分为韭闪石、韭闪石质普通角闪石,属SiO2不饱和类型.包体中的角闪石自核部到边部,Al2O3与TiO2含量急剧下降,说明核部和幔部相对于边部形成于更高温的环境.寄主岩中黑云母部分为铁质黑云母,部分为镁质黑云母,而包体中黑云母均为镁质黑云母,在∑FeO/(∑FeO+MgO)对MgO图解上寄主岩与包体中黑云母均落入壳-幔混源区.寄主岩和包体中的锆石均为典型的岩浆锆石,LA-ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明它们的形成年龄分别为212±2 Ma及215±1Ma(2σ),在误差范围内基本一致,证明二者同时形成.综合以上岩相学和年代学证据认为,金厂石英闪长岩和镁铁质暗色微粒包体是幔源基性岩浆和壳源酸性岩浆混合作用的产物,形成于秦岭造山带中三叠世造山后伸展环境.结合区域上的研究结果认为,中—晚三叠世时期的幔源岩浆底侵和下地壳部分熔融在西秦岭广泛存在.     

西秦岭金厂石英闪长岩的岩浆混合成因：岩相学和锆石U-Pb年代学证据及其构造意义

位于西秦岭南部的金厂石英闪长岩岩体内含有大量镁铁质暗色微粒包体,包体大多呈浑圆状和水滴状,部分呈不规则拉长状,与寄主岩的接触界线截然或呈渐变过渡关系。石英闪长岩中的磷灰石呈短柱状,而包体中的磷灰石则呈细长针状,反映基性岩浆的快速冷凝结晶。石英闪长岩中的斜长石发育振荡环带,核部的斜长石An低,而边部斜长石An先急剧上升,复又下降;核部与边部之间存在明显的间断,同时斜长石边部包裹有暗色矿物,指示其形成时可能有更基性的岩浆注入。寄主岩中的角闪石大多为普通角闪石和镁普通角闪石,属SiO2饱和型,而包体中角闪石一部分为镁普通角闪石,属SiO2饱和型,一部分为韭闪石、韭闪石质普通角闪石,属SiO2不饱和类型。包体中的角闪石自核部到边部,Al2O3与TiO2含量急剧下降,说明核部和幔部相对于边部形成于更高温的环境。寄主岩中黑云母部分为铁质黑云母,部分为镁质黑云母,而包体中黑云母均为镁质黑云母,在∑FeO/(∑FeO+MgO)对MgO图解上寄主岩与包体中黑云母均落入壳-幔混源区。寄主岩和包体中的锆石均为典型的岩浆锆石,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明它们的形成年龄分别为212±2Ma及215±1Ma(2σ),在误差范围内基本一致,证明二者同时形成。综合以上岩相学和年代学证据认为,金厂石英闪长岩和镁铁质暗色微粒包体是幔源基性岩浆和壳源酸性岩浆混合作用的产物,形成于秦岭造山带中三叠世造山后伸展环境。结合区域上的研究结果认为,中—晚三叠世时期的幔源岩浆底侵和下地壳部分熔融在西秦岭广泛存在。     

川西稻城岩体岩浆混合作用：矿物学特征的证据

义敦岛弧形成于晚三叠世大规模俯冲造山作用过程中,位于松潘甘孜地体和羌塘地体之间。稻城边部岩体是义敦岛弧带内规模巨大的复式花岗质岩体,由花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和钾长花岗岩组成。大量暗色镁铁质微粒包体发育于花岗闪长岩和钾长花岗岩中,且其与寄主岩石的接触界线明显。暗色镁铁质微粒包体具有细粒结构,发育石英眼构造、针状磷灰石和具环带结构的斜长石斑晶。文中以稻城岩体寄主岩石和暗色微粒包体中斜长石、黑云母和角闪石为研究对象,开展岩相学和电子探针原位化学成分分析,厘定了矿物形成的物理化学条件,探讨了岩浆混合作用过程及其形成的构造环境。研究表明：花岗闪长岩和暗色微粒包体中的斜长石主要为中长石,其核部呈浑圆状;前者核部的An值(21~50)显著高于幔部(21~34);后者则发育典型的突变环带,An值(29~44)呈波状变化且相对集中。暗色微粒包体与寄主花岗闪长岩中斜长石的An值部分重叠表明二者形成过程中存在含量的岩浆混合作用。斜长石环带中的An值随Al2O3、FeO、MgO和CaO含量的升高而升高,但随SiO2、Na2O和K2O含量的升高而降低。寄主岩石和暗色微粒包体中角闪石富镁铁,阳离子特征为：CaB=1.56~1.75,Ti=0.08~0.13,属于钙质角闪石,具壳源特征,其结晶温度分别为697~725 ℃和680~705 ℃。花岗闪长岩中黑云母的Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)为0.37~0.45,显示出富Fe贫Ca、Mg,属于典型的岩浆成因黑云母。黑云母TiO2含量变化范围为3.54%~4.62%,Al2O3含量变化范围为13.89%~15.15%;黑云母的氧化系数为0.08~0.11,Mg#为0.39~0.46,MF值为0.36~0.44,单位分子中阳离子数AlⅥ为0.03~0.11,以单位分子中Ti和Al阳离子数计算的黑云母结晶温度为584~624 ℃,表明其结晶温度较高,具壳幔混源特征。稻城岩体是以壳源为主的壳幔混源成因的I型花岗岩,暗色微粒包体是由镁铁质岩浆与长英质岩浆不同程度的混合作用形成的。     

西藏拉萨地块革吉石英闪长岩及镁铁质微粒包体成因及其对班——怒特提斯洋晚侏罗世构造演化的启示

在班公湖—怒江结合带南缘,新识别出一条中-晚侏罗世岩浆岩带,其形成时代并非前人所认为的早白垩世,这一发现为重新认识班公湖—怒江特提斯洋俯冲极性与过程提供了新的资料。笔者以西藏阿里地区革吉岩体为研究对象,开展岩体地质及岩相学、锆石U--Pb年代学、地球化学及全岩Sr--Nd同位素研究。研究表明,革吉岩体岩性主要为石英闪长岩,岩体中普遍发育暗色的镁铁质微粒包体。革吉石英闪长岩及镁铁质微粒包体的锆石U--Pb年龄分别为153±2 Ma和150±2 Ma,两者在误差范围内一致,代表了同期岩浆事件的产物。地球化学特征显示革吉石英闪长岩属于钙碱性准铝质岩石系列,镁铁质微粒包体属于拉斑系列的准铝质岩石。镁铁质微粒包体与寄主石英闪长岩具有相似的稀土、微量元素配分曲线,但总体上微粒包体Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf等元素含量更低,而稀土总量更高。石英闪长岩样品(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值介于0. 714 2～0. 715 2之间,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-12. 0～-14. 0;镁铁质微粒包体样品(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i值为0. 712 9～0. 714 4,ε_(Nd)(t)值介于-11. 4～-13. 8之间。综合岩相学、地球化学的特征,革吉岩体中的寄主石英闪长岩及其镁铁质微粒包体很可能是富集地幔来源的镁铁质岩浆与古老地壳物质熔融形成的长英质岩浆发生不同比例混合作用的结果。结合区域构造演化的研究,革吉岩体可能形成于班公湖—怒江特提斯洋南向俯冲的体制下,狮泉河多岛弧盆系统与古拉萨地块发生弧-陆软碰撞的构造背景。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。