最大有效力矩准则及其构造地质学意义

摩尔-库伦准则广泛用于解释断裂的形成。然而却不能说明自然界广泛存在的大变形。一新的变形理论——最大有效力矩准则(MEMC),其数学表达式为:Meff=0.5(σ1-σ3)Lsin2αsinα,式中σ1-σ3为相关岩石的屈服强度,L为单位长度,α是最大主压应力轴(σ1)与变形带间的夹角。该准则证明有效力矩的最大值出现在σ1轴两侧54.7°方向上,其大小在55°±10°区间内无显著变化、覆盖全部自然和实验数据。最大有效力矩准则的主要构造意义为:1可用以确定相关变形构造形成时的应力状态;2在涡度与应变速率保持恒定的条件下,确定相关韧性剪切带运动学涡度(…     

最大有效力矩准则的理论拓展

在分析"导致变形带内先存面理或层理发生转动的最大有效力矩与先存面理或层理方向有关"的基础上, 对最大有效力矩准则(M_eff=0.5(σ₁-σ₃) Lsin2αsinα)进行理论上的拓展, 提出了可以判定任意方向先存面理最大有效力矩的准则——泛最大有效力矩准则(M_G-eff=0.5(σ₁-σ₃)Lsin2αsin(α-θ)), 其中当先存面理与最大主压应力(σ₁)平行时, 则成为最大有效力矩准则。该准则的理论分析表明:①当先存面理与σ₁平行时, 在σ₁左右两侧±54.7°方向出现2个有效力矩的最大值, 形成共轭的变形带, 钝角(109.4°)对着σ₁方向; ②当先存面理与σ₁斜交时, 在σ₁的另一侧出现1个有效力矩的最大值, 从而只出现一个方向的变形带, 并随着先存面理偏离σ₁方向, 变形带与σ₁的夹角逐渐减小(从θ=0°时的54.7°, 减小到θ=90°时的35.3°), 而与先存面理之间的夹角逐渐增大(从θ=0°时的54.7°, 增加到θ=90°时的125.3°); ③当先存面理与σ₁垂直时, 在σ₁左右两侧± 35.3°方向出现2个有效力矩的最大值, 也形成共轭的变形带, 但锐角(70.6°)对着σ₁方向。在主应变平面上变形带与先存面理方向及变形带剪切方向(左旋或右旋)已知的情况下, 可以确定最大主压应力方向。泛最大有效力矩准则克服了最大有效力矩准则与滑移线理论不相容的问题, 可以解释大多膝褶带非共轭发育等多种现象, 预期在韧性变形域中具有广阔的应用前景。      

摩尔-库伦强度准则在水压致裂数值模拟中的应用

水压致裂的基本计算原理是以最大张应力准则为基础的。一般认为水压致裂过程中,孔壁在水压力的作用下只会发生拉张破坏。最近的实践表明,孔壁的破坏不仅会产生张性破坏还会产生剪切破坏。本文基于摩尔-库伦准则,通过理论推导得出水压致裂过程中孔壁不仅产生张性破坏,也产生剪切破坏,同时验证了摩尔-库伦准则在水压致裂孔壁破坏机理研究中的适用性;利用数值模拟的手段以莫尔-库伦准则来说明水压致裂应力测量中裂缝并不总是拉张破坏引起的,也有可能是剪切破坏,且起裂位置与应用最大拉应力准则时重合;由于围压对莫尔-库伦剪切破坏准则破裂应力有较大影响,因此即使同一种岩石在不同的应力状态下的破裂对应正应力也将不同,该研究为摩尔-库伦准则在水压致裂中的应用有重要的参考价值。     

新世纪构造地质学两大支柱理论: 最大有效力矩准则与变位形分解

传统构造地质学用摩尔-库伦准则和贝克尔的应变椭球体理念分别解释地壳中的脆性断层和塑性变形,将变形局部化的韧性剪切带形成解释为平行应变椭球体的圆切面,却无法解释变形局部化的共轭剪切带稳定夹角~110°面对应缩短方向。变形局部化是独立于脆性和塑性变形外的变形领域,受最大有效力矩准则控制。20世纪末提出的变位形分解理念,摆脱连续介质力学的束缚,合理地说明广泛存在的走滑断层平行俯冲带或逆冲断层带。非均匀变形和非连续介质力学理念的建立,为地质学与力学的结合开辟了新的前景。文章试用上述两理念概略分析中国和邻区中新生代构造格局,以期引发讨论。      

神秘的109.4°——共轭变形带的夹角

塑性力学的滑移线理论、Watterson零伸长度理论和最大有效力矩准则均获得共轭变形带的夹角为109.4°。该值与黄金规则相容,然而,滑移线理论的预测值面对伸长方向,与实际不符。零伸长度理论所预测的109.4°,不能解释实际观察到的平面共轭剪切带。根据最大有效力矩准则理论,预测韧性变形域共轭变形带面对主压应力方向或瞬时最小伸长度方向的夹角为109.4°。迄今获得的全部野外观测值和岩石力学实验结果均位于该预测值的±20°范围内,证明最大有效力矩准则的有效性。最大有效力矩准则可解释或求解:1)折劈理的形成,2)大型低角度正断层和高角度逆冲断层的形成,3)地震反射剖面中的鳄鱼嘴构造,4)变质结晶基底的基本构造型式——菱网状韧性剪切带,5)拆离褶皱的形成,6)古主应力和相关的运动学涡度。     

神秘的109.4°——共轭变形带的夹角

塑性力学的滑移线理论、Watterson零伸长度理论和最大有效力矩准则均获得共轭变形带的夹角为109.4°.该值与黄金规则相容,然而,滑移线理论的预测值面对伸长方向,与实际不符.零伸长度理论所预测的109.4°,不能解释实际观察到的平面共轭剪切带.根据最大有效力矩准则理论,预测韧性变形域共轭变形带面对主压应力方向或瞬时最小伸长度方向的夹角为109.4°.迄今获得的全部野外观测值和岩石力学实验结果均位于该预测值的±20°范围内,证明最大有效力矩准则的有效性.最大有效力矩准则可解释或求解:1)折劈理的形成,2)大型低角度正断层和高角度逆冲断层的形成,3)地震反射剖面中的鳄鱼嘴构造,4)变质结晶基底的基本构造型式--菱网状韧性剪切带,5)拆离褶皱的形成,6)古主应力和相关的运动学涡度.     

最大有效力矩准则及相关地质构造

摩尔-库伦准则广泛用以说明断裂构造的形成,然而却不能解释自然界广泛分布的大变形。最近提出的岩石变形新理论——最大有效力矩准则,其数学表达式为Meff=0.5(σ1-σ3)L.sin2α.sinα。式中,σ1-σ3代表变形岩石的屈服强度,L为单位长度,α为σ1与变形带间的角度。该准则证明最大有效力矩出现在σ1轴左右54.7°方向,55°±10°区间力矩无显著变化,天然和实验的全部观测值全部位于该区间内。相关地质构造包括:膝褶带、伸展褶劈理、膏盐层中的屈服带、低角正断层、高角逆断层、结晶基底中的菱网状剪切带、地震反射剖面中的鳄鱼嘴构造和前陆盆地中的拆离褶皱等。据该准则可确定有关构造形成时的应力状态和运动学涡度,并扩展说明深俯冲超高压岩石的折返-出露机制。     

最大有效力矩准则及相关地质构造

摩尔-库伦准则广泛用以说明断裂构造的形成,然而却不能解释自然界广泛分布的大变形。最近提出的岩石变形新理论--最大有效力矩准则,其数学表达式为Meff=0.5(σ1-σ3)L.sin2α.sinα。式中,σ1-σ3代表变形岩石的屈服强度,L为单位长度,α为σ1与变形带间的角度。该准则证明最大有效力矩出现在σ1轴左右54.7°方向,55°±10°区间力矩无显著变化,天然和实验的全部观测值全部位于该区间内。相关地质构造包括:膝褶带、伸展褶劈理、膏盐层中的屈服带、低角正断层、高角逆断层、结晶基底中的菱网状剪切带、地震反射剖面中的鳄鱼嘴构造和前陆盆地中的拆离褶皱等。据该准则可确定有关构造形成时的应力状态和运动学涡度,并扩展说明深俯冲超高压岩石的折返-出露机制。     

煤体脆—韧性变形微观识别标志

以煤体的光学显微镜和扫描电镜观测为主,结合手标本和井下宏观观测,以华北西部部分矿区的主要煤层为研究对象,研究了煤体的脆-韧性变形标志,发现煤体在构造应力的作用下先后经历了脆性、脆—韧性和韧性变形阶段。脆性变形阶段以煤体破裂为主要特征,初期以格里菲斯裂隙为主,后期以剪性裂隙为主,偶尔见张性裂隙。处于脆-韧性变形阶段的煤体脆性和韧性变形的标志共存。典型韧性变形主要集中在糜棱煤中。岩石中发现的韧性变形标志在煤体中,除了重结晶现象,几乎都存在。      

结构面力学性质的定量鉴定

变形带力学性质的鉴定是地质力学研究中的先行基础步骤.近来出现一些新的概念和方法,可用以定量表征变形带的力学性质.天然变形带通常是一般剪切作用的产物,是纯剪切(共轴缩短或伸展)和简单剪切的组合.为了定量说明两者间的相对贡献,提出了运动学涡度(W_k)这一物理量,并简单地定义为cos υ.υ是主变形面内两特征方向间的夹角.纯剪切的υ=90°,W_k=0;简单剪切的υ=0°,W_k=1.一般剪切的υ介于0°和90°之间,W_k为0到1.运动学涡度符号的正负分别代表变形带的减薄和增厚.υ可通过极摩尔圆法求出.主压应力(σ₁)方向与W_k的关系为W_k=sin2ξ.ξ是σ₁与变形带法线间的夹角.因此,可用以确定变形带的W_k和力学性质.根据最大有效力矩准则,韧性变形带与主压应力(σ₁)方向间的夹角为55°,可用以确定古应力轴的方向,并可能确定变形时差应力的大小.      

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with