滑行波震相对珠江口地区壳内低速层的约束作用

深入研究珠江口地区海陆过渡带壳内低速层的结构和构造特征对于理解板内地震的发震机理、孕震构造及该区域的地壳结构具有重要的地质地球物理意义。利用2015年珠江口区域海陆地震联测L2-ME测线上的19个地震台站(包括陆上台站14台, 海底地震仪5台)记录到的地震数据来探明该区域低速层的结构和构造特征。在常规震相的基础上, 加入了大量的滑行波震相(Ph)进行结构模型计算, Ph震相的增加使得地壳内部10~20km范围内的射线覆盖密度有了显著提高, 从而获得了L2-ME测线下方更为精确的地壳纵波速度结构模型。结果发现, 模型中测线下方13~18km深度范围内稳定连续展布的壳内低速层被清晰成像, 其内部速度稳定在5.7~6.0 km·s^-1之间, 与上下层界面速度差分别为0.5km·s^-1、0.4km·s^-1, 低速特征明显。该低速层厚度由陆侧的3.5km左右降至海侧的1km, 呈现出向海侧逐渐减薄的趋势, 低速层底界面起伏变化较大且具有与莫霍面相似的起伏特征。     

琼东南盆地深水区长昌凹陷地壳结构特征

长昌凹陷位于琼东南盆地深水区,向东通过西沙海槽与南海西北次海盆相通,其近东西向的展布形态明显异于深水区其他凹陷的NE-NEE向形态,为了弄清其地壳结构,从而更好地分析凹陷的结构和演化机制,这里根据深反射地震资料、VSP资料和最新重力资料对长昌凹陷的地壳结构进行了综合地球物理模拟.结果显示:长昌凹陷北侧地壳厚度为22～24 km,南侧地壳厚度约20～22 km,从两侧向长昌凹陷中央地壳厚度逐渐减薄,最薄处只有2.8 km;莫霍面深度与沉积基底呈镜像关系,沉积基底最深的地方莫霍面深度最浅,最浅深度距海平面13.8 km;凹陷中央东部存在一层厚约4 km的下地壳高速层,该层在地震剖面和层速度剖面上均可识别.     

广角地震速度结构反演中的不确定性分析

海底地震仪(ocean bottom seismometer,OBS)广角地震探测是研究海洋深部精细壳幔结构的重要地球物理手段,其主要原理是利用广角折射/反射震相信息来反演地壳深部结构,从而为深入认识海底构造特征提供最为基础的地震学信息。文章基于地震层析成像结构反演的基本原理,针对OBS广角地震速度结构反演中可能存在的一些不确定性因素,用Tomo2D软件构建了不同的理论模型和数据体,对初始模型中沉积层的变化是如何影响整个地壳速度结构的反演结果、不同台站间距所构建的数据体对下地壳高速层分辨精度的控制影响以及不同数据体在分辨深部异常体的有效性等方面进行了分析研究,以此深入了解OBS广角地震速度结构反演中的不确定性因素。研究结果显示,地壳深部较厚(大于4km)的高速层能够被很好地反演出来,而较薄(小于2km)的高速层虽能够识别,但其形态规模恢复得较差;初始模型中沉积层速度结构的失真度影响着高速层的识别,沉积层失真度越大,对高速层的恢复越差;地壳内部存在低速层对反演高速层的规模有较为明显的影响,但低速层的厚度变化对其影响不大;对于文中10km台站间距的模型,能够识别的速度异常体规模在水平方向上最小约为5km,在纵向上最小约为3km,而20km和30km台站间距的模型最小能够识别的速度异常体规模为水平向10km、纵向3km。     

南海西南次海盆反射莫霍面成像及其地质意义

深部地质结构是研究海盆动力成因的重要基础。南海西南次海盆以往多道地震资料中莫霍面的成像普遍不清,选取NH973-1测线长排列多道地震数据对西南次海盆的莫霍面反射成像进行研究。该地震资料中层间多次波非常发育,严重掩盖或干扰了莫霍面有效反射信号。针对地震资料特征,首先采用抛物线型Radon变换滤波对部分层间多次波进行压制以拾取一个相对准确的初始速度,在此基础上进一步采用速度滤波和内切除组合方法对层间多次波进行压制。从资料处理效果看,层间多次波得到有效压制,莫霍面成像清晰,呈现出断断续续的特征。由此解释的海盆区地壳(除沉积层外)厚度整体较薄,约为2.3~3.9km,有别于正常洋壳结构,更接近于构造拉伸主导型的地壳。     

东海莫霍面起伏与地壳减薄特征初步分析

收集、整理大量由地震剖面提供的沉积层厚度资料,得到东海沉积层等厚图。对完全布格重力异常进行沉积层重力效应改正后,得到剩余重力异常,利用地震资料揭示的莫霍面深度值来约束界面反演得到东海莫霍面埋深。结果表明,东海陆架盆地莫霍面深度在25～28 km之间平缓变化,地壳厚度为14～26 km,西厚东薄;冲绳海槽盆地莫霍面深度为16～26 km,地壳厚度为12～22 km,北厚南薄。东海陆架盆地东部与冲绳海槽盆地南部地壳减薄明显,拉张因子分别达到2.6和3。初步分析认为冲绳海槽地壳以过渡壳为主,并未形成洋壳。     

崂山湾附近海域内波的侧视雷达(SLAR)图像信息研究

在1987年5月进行的海洋航空遥感实验中,获得了黄海西部崂山湾附近海域(36°16′—36°30′N 120°45′—121°05′E)的内波侧视雷达(SLAR)图像。这组由8个波组成的内波,平均波长为1.32±0.24km,向岸传播的平均相速度为38cm/s,平均周期为57min;波峰线与等深线平行,图像上记录的波峰线长达40km。分析表明,这组内波可以用最低型内波理论模型来描述。     

华南海陆过渡带的地壳结构与壳内低速层

壳内低速层与地质构造背景的联系已逐渐引起人们的重视。华南沿海众多的地震测深剖面揭示出地壳不同深度上存在着壳内低速层。根据海陆联合深地震探测取得的数据,通过射线追踪和走时模拟方法,获得了沿OBS-2001测线海陆过渡带的地壳结构。根据低速层的走时间断特性辨识了海区地壳中部低速层。剖面中壳内低速层分布在新塘经南澳岛至南澳岛东南约150.0 km的陆架区,尖灭于东沙隆起,其顶面深度为10.0—18.0 km,速度为5.5—5.9 km.s-1,与上、下岩层的速度差均为0.5 km.s-1,其空间展布较为稳定,厚度为3.0—4.0 km,推断其为华南沿海陆上低速层的延伸,含水矿物脱水和部分熔融可能是引起该区壳内低速层弹性波速下降的主要因素。该区壳内低速层的研究对于深入认识岩石圈结构及动力学作用过程具有重要的地质地球物理意义。     

南极罗斯海重力场特征及莫霍面深度反演

本文基于中国南极考察第30航次、第32航次所获得的实测重力资料,结合NGDC资料,开展12个航次重力场数据的平差融合工作,全部386个交点平差后标准差减小为±1.53×10−5 m/s2,与卫星重力差值平均值为1.49×10−5 m/s2,均方差为±3.81×10−5 m/s2,并在此基础上采用频率域界面反演法计算莫霍面深度。研究发现,与沉积盆地对应重力异常低值相悖,在罗斯海北部盆地、维多利亚地盆地、中央海槽、东部盆地4个主要盆地腹地却表现为重力异常高值,跨度达100 km以上。莫霍面深度分布整体呈南深北浅之势,范围为10~28 km。伴随着罗斯海西部盆地的多次拉张及岩浆活动,该区域的地壳厚度和莫霍面深度高值和低值相间分布,并表现出越来越大的差异性。综合剖面结果表明,罗斯海重力异常值的长波长变化与莫霍面的起伏呈正相关关系,但是反演的莫霍面深度与区域重力场特征并非完全对应,所以岩浆底侵和地壳侵入仍不足以导致罗斯海盆地的重力异常或盆地几何形状。     

南海区域岩石圈的壳-幔耦合关系和纵向演化

南海区域岩石圈由地壳层和上地幔固结层两部分组成。具典型大洋型地壳结构的南海海盆区莫霍面深度为９～１３ｋｍ,并向四周经陆坡、陆架至陆区逐渐加深;陆缘区莫霍面一般为１５～２８ｋｍ,局部区段深达３０～３２ｋｍ,总体呈与水深变化反相关的梯度带;东南沿海莫霍面深约２８～３０ｋｍ,往西北方向逐渐增厚,最大逾３６ｋｍ。南海区域上地幔天然地震面波速度结构明显存在横向分块和纵向分层特征。岩石圈底界深度变化与地幔速度变化正相关;地幔岩石圈厚度与地壳厚度呈互补性变化,莫霍面和岩石圈底界呈立交桥式结构,具有陆区厚壳薄幔—洋区薄壳厚幔的岩石圈壳－幔耦合模式。南海区域白垩纪末以来的岩石圈演化主要表现为陆缘裂离—海底扩张—区域沉降的过程,现存的壳－幔耦合模式显然为岩石圈纵向演化产物,其过程大致可分为白垩纪末至中始新世的陆缘裂离、中始新世晚期至中新世早期的海底扩张和中新世晚期以来的区域沉降等三个阶段。     

东海的地壳结构特征

介绍了国内外有关东海地壳结构特征的调查研究状况,并利用前人大量的调查研究成果,根据自西向东地壳速度结构的差异,将东海海区划分为东海陆架区、冲绳海槽区、琉球岛弧-海沟区三部分。东海陆架区主要由沉积盖层(速度为5.8～5.9km/s)、基底层(速度为6.0～6.3km/s)和下地壳层(速度为6.8～7.6km/s)三个速度层组成,属于典型的大陆型地壳。冲绳海槽则位于大陆地壳和大洋地壳的过渡地带,它仍然具有大陆地壳的结构特征,并无洋壳的形成,但在海槽的轴部地壳已经减薄。琉球岛弧-海沟区的地壳结构总的来说属于过渡型地壳,但在海沟靠洋一侧已属于大洋型地壳,而从琉球海沟往东的西北菲律宾海盆,就完全属于典型的大洋地壳。     

Inversion of teleseismic waves at Shidao Seismographic Station

1 IntroductionThe temporary Shidao seismographic station,the farthest one from China s Mainland (except Tai-wan Province) supported by a national fundamentalresearch project for the study of the evolution ofcontinental margin, is located at Shidao island(…     

3-D Shear Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle in South China Sea and its Surrounding Regions by Surface Wave Dispersion Analysis

In this study, we construct a 3-D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in South China Sea and its surrounding regions by surface wave dispersion analysis. We use the multiple filter technique to calculate the group velocity dispersion curves of fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love waves with periods from 14 s to 120 s for earthquakes occurred around the Southeast Asia. We divide the study region (80° E–140° E, 16° S–32° N) into 3° × 3° blocks and use the constrained block inversion method to get the regionalized dispersion curve for each block. At some chosen periods, we put together laterally the regionalized group velocities from different blocks at the same period to get group velocity image maps. These maps show that there is significant heterogeneity in the group velocity of the study region. The dispersion curve of each block was then processed by surface wave inversion method to obtain the shear wave velocity structure. Finally, we put the shear wave velocity structures of all the blocks together to obtain the three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure of crust and upper mantle. The three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure shows that the shear wave velocity distribution in the crust and upper mantle of the South China Sea and its surrounding regions displays significant heterogeneity. There are significant differences among the crustal thickness, the lithospheric thickness and the shear wave velocity of the lid in upper mantle of different structure units. This study shows that the South China Sea Basin, southeast Sulu Sea Basin and Celebes Sea Basin have thinner crust. The thickness of crust in South China Sea Basin is 5–10 km; in Indochina is 25–40 km; in Peninsular Malaysia is 30–35 km; in Borneo is 30–35 km; in Palawan is 35 km; in the Philippine Islands is 30–35 km, in Sunda Shelf is 30–35 km, in Southeast China is 30–40 km, in West Philippine Basin is 5–10 km. The South China Sea Basin has a lithosphere with thickness of about 45–50 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.3–4.7 km/s; Indochina has a lithosphere with thickness of about 55–70 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.3–4.5 km/s; Borneo has a lithosphere with thickness of about 55–60 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.1–4.3 km/s; the Philippine Islands has a lithosphere with thickness of about 55–60 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.2–4.3 km/s, West Philippine Basin has a lithosphere with thickness of about 50–55 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.7–4.8 km/s, Sunda Self has a lithosphere with thickness of about 55–65 km, and the shear wave velocity of its lid is about 4.3 km/s. The Red-River Fault Zone probably penetrates to a depth of at least 200 km and is plausibly the boundary between the South China Block and the Indosinia Block.     

A seismic refraction study of cretaceous oceanic lithosphere in the Northwest Pacific Basin

A seismic refraction study on old (110 Myr) lithosphere in the northwest Pacific Basin has placed constraints on crustal and uppermantle seismic structure of old oceanic lithosphere, and lithospheric aging processes. No significant lateral variation in structure other than azimuthally anisotropic mantle velocities was found, allowing the application of powerful amplitude modeling techniques. The anisotropy observed is in an opposite sense to that expected, suggesting the tectonic setting of the area may be more complex than originally thought. Upper crustal velocities are generally larger than for younger crust, supporting current theories of decreased porosity with crustal aging. However, there is no evidence for significant thickening of the oceanic crust with age, nor is there any evidence of a lower crustal layer of high or low velocity relative to the velocity of the rest of Layer 3. The compressional and shear wave velocities rule out a large component of serpentinization of mantle materials. The only evidence for a basal crustal layer of olivine gabbro cumulates is a 1.5 km thick Moho transition zone. In the slow direction of anisotropy, upper mantle velocities increase from 8.0 km s^-1 to 8.35 km s^-1 in the upper 15 km below the Moho. This increase is inconsistent with an homogeneous upper mantle and suggests that compositinal or phase changes occur near the Moho.     

Modeling wave�Ccurrent bottom boundary layers beneath shoaling and breaking waves

The boundary layer characteristics beneath waves transforming on a natural beach are affected by both waves and wave-induced currents, and their predictability is more difficult and challenging than for those observed over a seabed of uniform depth. In this research, a first-order boundary layer model is developed to investigate the characteristics of bottom boundary layers in a wave–current coexisting environment beneath shoaling and breaking waves. The main difference between the present modeling approach and previous methods is in the mathematical formulation for the mean horizontal pressure gradient term in the governing equations for the cross-shore wave-induced currents. This term is obtained from the wave-averaged momentum equation, and its magnitude depends on the balance between the wave excess momentum flux gradient and the hydrostatic pressure gradient due to spatial variations in the wave field of propagating waves and mean water level fluctuations. A turbulence closure scheme is used with a modified low Reynolds number k-ε model. The model was validated with two published experimental datasets for normally incident shoaling and breaking waves over a sloping seabed. For shoaling waves, model results agree well with data for the instantaneous velocity profiles, oscillatory wave amplitudes, and mean velocity profiles. For breaking waves, a good agreement is obtained between model and data for the vertical distribution of mean shear stress. In particular, the model reproduced the local onshore mean flow near the bottom beneath shoaling waves, and the vertically decreasing pattern of mean shear stress beneath breaking waves. These successful demonstrations for wave–current bottom boundary layers are attributed to a novel formulation of the mean pressure gradient incorporated in the present model. The proposed new formulation plays an important role in modeling the boundary layer characteristics beneath shoaling and breaking waves, and ensuring that the present model is applicable to nearshore sediment transport and morphology evolution.     

Møre Margin: Crustal structure from analysis of Expanded Spread Profiles

Analysis in both the x—t and —p domains of high-quality Expanded Spread Profiles across the Møre Margin show that many arrivals may be enhanced be selective ray tracing and velocity filtering combined with conventional data reduction techniques. In terms of crustal structure the margin can be divided into four main areas: 1) a thicker than normal oceanic crust in the eastern Norway Basin; 2) expanded crust with a Moho depth of 22 km beneath the huge extrusive complex constructed during early Tertiary breakup; 3) the Møre Basin where up to 13–14 km of sediments overlie a strongly extended outer part with a Moho depth at 20 km west of the Ona High; and 4) a region with a 25–27 km Moho depth between the high and the Norwegian coast. The velocity data restricts the continent-ocean boundary to a 15–30 km wide zone beneath the seaward dipping reflector wedges. The crust west of the landward edge of the inner flow is classified as transitional. This region as well as the adjacent oceanic crust is soled by a 7.2–7.4 km s^–1 lower crustal body which may extend beneath the entire region that experienced early Tertiary crustal extension. At the landward end of the transect a 8.5 km s^–1 layer near the base of the crust is recognized. A possible relationship with large positive gravity anomalies and early Tertiary alkaline intrusions is noted.     

Geology of the Continental Margin of Enderby and Mac. Robertson Lands, East Antarctica: Insights from a Regional Data Set

In 2001 and 2002, Australia acquired an integrated geophysical data set over the deep-water continental margin of East Antarctica from west of Enderby Land to offshore from Prydz Bay. The data include approximately 7700 km of high-quality, deep-seismic data with coincident gravity, magnetic and bathymetry data, and 37 non-reversed refraction stations using expendable sonobuoys. Integration of these data with similar quality data recorded by Japan in 1999 allows a new regional interpretation of this sector of the Antarctic margin. This part of the Antarctic continental margin formed during the breakup of the eastern margin of India and East Antarctica, which culminated with the onset of seafloor spreading in the Valanginian. The geology of the Antarctic margin and the adjacent oceanic crust can be divided into distinct east and west sectors by an interpreted crustal boundary at approximately 58° E. Across this boundary, the continent–ocean boundary (COB), defined as the inboard edge of unequivocal oceanic crust, steps outboard from west to east by about 100 km. Structure in the sector west of 58° E is largely controlled by the mixed rift-transform setting. The edge of the onshore Archaean–Proterozoic Napier Complex is downfaulted oceanwards near the shelf edge by at least 6 km and these rocks are interpreted to underlie a rift basin beneath the continental slope. The thickness of rift and pre-rift rocks cannot be accurately determined with the available data, but they appear to be relatively thin. The margin is overlain by a blanket of post-rift sedimentary rocks that are up to 6 km thick beneath the lower continental slope. The COB in this sector is interpreted from the seismic reflection data and potential field modelling to coincide with the base of a basement depression at 8.0–8.5 s two-way time, approximately 170 km oceanwards of the shelf-edge bounding fault system. Oceanic crust in this sector is highly variable in character, from rugged with a relief of more than 1 km over distances of 10–20 km, to rugose with low-amplitude relief set on a long-wavelength undulating basement. The crustal velocity profile appears unusual, with velocities of 7.6–7.95 km s⁻¹ being recorded at several stations at a depth that gives a thickness of crust of only 4 km. If these velocities are from mantle, then the thin crust may be due to the presence of fracture zones. Alternatively, the velocities may be coming from a lower crust that has been heavily altered by the intrusion of mantle rocks. The sector east of 58° E has formed in a normal rifted margin setting, with complexities in the east from the underlying structure of the N–S trending Palaeozoic Lambert Graben. The Napier Complex is downfaulted to depths of 8–10 km beneath the upper continental slope, and the margin rift basin is more than 300 km wide. As in the western sector, the rift-stage rocks are probably relatively thin. This part of the margin is blanketed by post-rift sediments that are up to about 8 km thick. The interpreted COB in the eastern sector is the most prominent boundary in deep water, and typically coincides with a prominent oceanwards step-up in the basement level of up to 1 km. As in the west, the interpretation of this boundary is supported by potential field modelling. The oceanic crust adjacent to the COB in this sector has a highly distinctive character, commonly with (1) a smooth upper surface underlain by short, seaward-dipping flows; (2) a transparent upper crustal layer; (3) a lower crust dominated by dipping high-amplitude reflections that probably reflect intruded or altered shears; (4) a strong reflection Moho, confirmed by seismic refraction modelling; and (5) prominent landward-dipping upper mantle reflections on several adjacent lines. A similar style of oceanic crust is also found in contemporaneous ocean basins that developed between Greater India and Australia–Antarctica west of Bruce Rise on the Antarctic margin, and along the Cuvier margin of northwest Australia.     

Crustal structure of the Southwest Subbasin,South China Sea,from wide-angle seismic tomography and seismic reflection imaging

The Southwest Subbasin (SWSB) is an abyssal subbasin in the South China Sea (SCS), with many debates on its neotectonic process and crustal structure. Using two-dimensional seismic tomography in the SWSB, we derived a detailed P-wave velocity model of the basin area and the northern margin. The entire profile is approximately 311-km-long and consists of twelve oceanic bottom seismometers (OBSs). The average thickness of the crust beneath the basin is 5.3 km, and the Moho interface is relatively flat (10–12 km). No high velocity bodies are observed, and only two thin high-velocity structures (~7.3 km/s) in the layer 3 are identified beneath the northern continent-ocean transition (COT) and the extinct spreading center. By analyzing the P-wave velocity model, we believe that the crust of the basin is a typical oceanic crust. Combined with the high resolution multi-channel seismic profile (MCS), we conclude that the profile shows asymmetric structural characteristics in the basin area. The continental margin also shows asymmetric crust between the north and south sides, which may be related to the large scale detachment fault that has developed in the southern margin. The magma supply decreased as the expansion of the SWSB from the east to the west.     

Structure and thickness of the Earth’s crust in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean

A digital database on the seismostratigraphy of the oceanic crust of the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean is compiled. In the first layer of the crust, the interval seismic wave velocities are 3.02 ± 0.16 km/s; in the second layer, they equal to 5.31 ± 0.27 km/s; and, in the third layer, the values are 6.46 ± 0.30 km/s. The bottom of the third seismic layer is represented by mantle rocks with an average velocity of 8.10 ± 0.16 km/s. Schemes of the distribution of the thicknesses of the second and third layers of the oceanic crust, of the total thickness of the crust, of the surface of the basement, and of the Mohorovicic discontinuity for the area considered are presented. The schemes compiled allow one to update and complement the ideas about the configuration of the major tectonic structures of the area.     

An integrated geophysical study of Vestbakken Volcanic Province, western Barents Sea continental margin, and adjacent oceanic crust

This paper describes results from a geophysical study in the Vestbakken Volcanic Province, located on the central parts of the western Barents Sea continental margin, and adjacent oceanic crust in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. The results are derived mainly from interpretation and modeling of multichannel seismic, ocean bottom seismometer and land station data along a regional seismic profile. The resulting model shows oceanic crust in the western parts of the profile. This crust is buried by a thick Cenozoic sedimentary package. Low velocities in the bottom of this package indicate overpressure. The igneous oceanic crust shows an average thickness of 7.2 km with the thinnest crust (5–6 km) in the southwest and the thickest crust (8–9 km) close to the continent-ocean boundary (COB). The thick oceanic crust is probably related to high mantle temperatures formed by brittle weakening and shear heating along a shear system prior to continental breakup. The COB is interpreted in the central parts of the profile where the velocity structure and Bouguer anomalies change significantly. East of the COB Moho depths increase while the vertical velocity gradient decreases. Below the assumed center for Early Eocene volcanic activity the model shows increased velocities in the crust. These increased crustal velocities are interpreted to represent Early Eocene mafic feeder dykes. East of the zone of volcanoes velocities in the crust decrease and sedimentary velocities are observed at depths of more than 10 km. The amount of crustal intrusions is much lower in this area than farther west. East of the Kn?legga Fault crystalline basement velocities are brought close to the seabed. This fault marks the eastern limit of thick Cenozoic and Mesozoic packages on central parts of the western Barents Sea continental margin.