震前应变固体潮畸变的物理模式

本文根据岩石力学及固体潮理论，建立了孕震期弹性物体应变固体潮的物理模式，给出了其数学公式。通过分析潮汐应力与寻震应力的合力随潮汐力相位的变化，从物理本质上讨论了不同应力阶段应变固体潮曲线的形态特征；讨论了震前不同异常时期，应变固体潮畸变的不同特．点；并对震例进行了分析，同时，对应变固体潮畸变与地震三要素预报作了初步探讨。     

地震前应变、应力测量异常特征研究

据震例资料显示应变、应力测量异常形态与区域应力场增强失稳状态相关。主要特征：1．震前主应力方向发生明显偏转并指向震中区域；2．临震前应力测量异常显示四象限空间分布，张、压区域与震源机制解有明显相关性；3．异常形态与岩石破裂实验数值模拟结果有较好的一致性。     

利用具有“颗粒语言”的沙层应变记录综合解译地震信息

沙层应变记录是一类新型、独特的观测资料,其测量原理基于介质颗粒特性,在一定条件下可反应地壳颗粒的准应力-应变特性,其观测量具有一定的物理基础,在地震预测中已初步应用,具有独特的演化特征及“颗粒”性前兆意义: (1)沙层应变与传统应变相比,沙层应变记录中不存在季节性变化背景特征,而具有显著的日变现象,类似固体潮图像还是存在一定的差别,没有半日波显著成份,初步分析可能是受沙层中温度对流所致.     

钻孔应变仪方位角的定向反演

<正>日月引潮力在地球内部产生的周期性变化的应变场叫做固体地球的应变固体潮,其观测结果能反映地球介质的某些弹性性质(如勒夫数等),也能反映区域应力场的变化引起的局部地壳弹性参数的变化。理论研究表明,大地震前伴随扩容过程出现明显的应变固体潮变化。因此,应变固体潮的研究引起了许多大地     

乾陵地震台洞体应变NS分量趋势变化分析

乾陵地震台洞体应变观测年变规律明显,固体潮清晰。2020年1月—2022年3月,NS分量变化趋势由拉张发生转折,呈缓慢压缩形态,调查发现,该趋势变化非干扰所致。为厘清该变化的可能成因,选取台站附近GNSS数据、InSAR形变场,以及陕西部分地震台站及相邻的宁夏回族自治区泾源地震台洞体应变观测资料进行分析,结果发现,乾陵台附近区域最大剪应变率和面应变率在2020年前后出现趋势转折变化,InSAR形变场未发生较大范围的地壳形变,乾陵台附近地区洞体应变存在趋势转折的类似同步变化,说明研究区域地下介质应力调整的可能性较大,需密切跟踪。     

旋转弹性椭球地球模型的固体潮理论值计算

根据Wahr 1981年提出的理论,导出了计算旋转弹性地球模型的重力固体潮、地倾斜固体潮和地面应变固体潮的公式,并在此基础上编写出相应的计算程序.为了显示旋转和扁度对地球模型的重力固体潮、地倾斜固体潮和地面应变固体潮的影响,计算了东经120°不同纬度处的旋转弹性椭球地球模型(1066A模型)和G-B地球模型的重力固体潮、地倾斜固体潮和地面应变固体潮.计算结果表明,旋转和扁度对重力固体潮、地倾斜固体潮和地面应变固体潮的最大幅度分别为1.4×10-8 m/s2、0.2ms和0.5×10-9.      

用于地震预报的原位流体压力测量——加利福尼亚州Hi Vista一口深井的例子

短期地震预报需要灵敏的仪器,用以测量震前微小的应力、应变的异常变化。业已证实,设置在地表或地表附近的仪器,对于所要测量的异常来说,噪声太大。目前公认,即使有一种可靠地进行地震预报的仪器,但为了将背景干扰降低到预期的前兆信息以下,需要把仪器放在足够深的钻孔中。为了在钻孔中得到最大的信噪比,我们进行了试验。在加利福尼亚州Hi Vista附近莫哈维沙漠中一口592米深的钻孔里,我们观测到了固体潮引起的幅度大于10厘米的水位变化。消去气压和固体潮应力的影响,得到的日体积应变率的灵敏度为10~(-9)到10(-10)。假如震前应变信息确实存在,那么进一步改进是有可能的。显然,用设置在各钻孔约1000米深处的仪器系列,可以成功地预报地震。     

海潮负荷对地球内部潮汐应力和应变的影响

详细介绍了海潮负荷影响的计算理论,基于PREM地球模型计算了地球内部的负荷勒夫数及负荷格林函数;并以上海台和武汉台为例,计算了海潮负荷对不同深度处的应力和应变潮汐的影响. 结果表明:深度是影响海潮负荷应力的一个重要因素,在靠近计算点的区域,应力负荷的影响随深度增大而减小;而对于远离计算点的区域,应力负荷的影响却随深度增大而增大;另外,深度会影响某些应力和应变潮汐分量时间变化的相位. 在沿海地区,海潮负荷对应力和应变的影响超过了应力和应变固体潮的影响,因此该影响在应力和应变测量中必须要加以考虑.      

甘肃大地电场的变化特征分析

对甘肃省平凉、松山、古丰、山丹、高台、嘉峪关、瓜州7个台站的地电场分钟值、小时值的日变特征进行了对比,对2012年3月地电场小时值进行了频谱分析,同时结合地磁场H分量、分量应变(固体潮)进行了对比分析。结果表明:1地电场静日的日变化都很明显,呈明显"双峰"和"单谷"形态,并且NS向与EW向变化形态基本相同;各台站同测向及相互之间的自相关系数基本在0.85;不同台站之间同测向的相关系数多数在0.75以上;这是地磁场H分量与固体潮共同影响的结果。2通过频谱分析各台站的优势周期主要以12h和8h为主,但存在差异性,谱值最大相差20倍。3各台站的日变幅也不尽相同,其中,差异性主要表现为与地磁场和固体潮影响量的差异性,并与台站的位置、地质构造、电性结构、浅层电阻率等有很大关系。     

地球内部应变与应力固体潮

本文详细介绍了地球内部应变和应力固体潮的计算理论,基于PREM地球模型计算了地球内部的Love数,并计算了地球内部的应力和应变的6个独立分量在不同深度和纬度处的时间变化序列.结果表明:应力潮汐的振幅达到10³Pa,应变潮汐振幅达到10^-8;不管应力或是应变潮汐,其振幅随深度的不同都有较大的变化;6个应力和应变分量对纬度依赖较大,但没有表现出南北纬度上的严格的对称性,与纬度的对应关系由引潮位展开的大地系数确定.本文结果可有效应用于地球内部应变或应力潮汐观测的固体潮改正;另外,将本文结果应用于研究潮汐触发地震问题,给出了中国中部地区的一个算例,结果表明地震断层正应力潮汐和应力张量第一不变量潮汐与发震时刻具有明显的相关性,而这种相关性并未在其他如剪切应力以及库伦破坏应力潮汐中表现出来.     

吉林通化地震台四分量钻孔应变在日本9.0级地震前后的变化特征

基于通化地震台四分量应变观测,通过K-L最佳直线拟合及傅立叶滑动去年周期对数据进行处理,进一步分析日本9.0级地震前后应变变化特征。结果表明,K-L最佳直线拟合和傅立叶滑动去年周期,可以较好地消除通化台应变观测中的长趋势变化项和年变成分,使应力应变的微动态变化更加显著地表现出来;通化台四分量应变在日本9.0级地震前的压性变化与同一构造带的另外两个台站分量应变观测的大幅压性变化一致;日本9.0级地震使通化台面应变出现持续约8个月左右的扩张变化,变化性质与由GPS计算得到的同震位移结果较为一致。     

An experiment on temperature variations in sandstone during biaxial loading

The temperature response to stress–strain variations in rock is useful in developing an understanding of the thermodynamic property of crust. In this study, the temperature of sandstone during loading was investigated using laboratory biaxial testing. By changing the loading patterns, the deformation of a specimen was controlled to produce two distinct modes of strain: volume strain only and shear strain only. These strain modes were produced separately such that the temperature variation associated with the different deformation modes could be analysed. Experimental results indicate that temperature, as a scalar quantity, is notably sensitive to rock deformation. In the case of the volume strain, the temperature variation is positively correlated with the variation in the bulk stress. The temperature rises with the increase in hydrostatic pressure, and vice versa. In the case of the shear strain, experimental results repeatedly show two characteristics: firstly, there appears obvious increase in temperature in the area of pure shear strain, which is most likely related to local plastic deformation; secondly, the temperature drops in the area of tension during loading, whereas the temperature rises within the area of compression. This is to say, the state of crustal stress–strain should be obtained through the measurement of rock temperature.     

Evolving Towards a Critical Point: A Review of Accelerating Seismic Moment/Energy Release Prior to Large and Great Earthquakes

—There is growing evidence that some proportion of large and great earthquakes are preceded by a period of accelerating seismic activity of moderate-sized earthquakes. These moderate earthquakes occur during the years to decades prior to the occurrence of the large or great event and over a region larger than its rupture zone. The size of the region in which these moderate earthquakes occur scales with the size of the ensuing mainshock, at least in continental regions. A number of numerical simulation studies of faults and fault systems also exhibit similar behavior. The combined observational and simulation evidence suggests that the period of increased moment release in moderate earthquakes signals the establishment of long wavelength correlations in the regional stress field. The central hypothesis in the critical point model for regional seismicity is that it is only during these time periods that a region of the earth’s crust is truly in or near a "self-organized critical" (SOC) state, such that small earthquakes are capable of cascading into much larger events. The occurrence of a large or great earthquake appears to dissipate a sufficient proportion of the accumulated regional strain to destroy these long wavelength stress correlations and bring the region out of a SOC state. Continued tectonic strain accumulation and stress transfer during smaller earthquakes eventually re-establishes the long wavelength stress correlations that allow for the occurrence of larger events. These increases in activity occur over longer periods and larger regions than quiescence, which is usually observed within the rupture zone of a coming large event. The two phenomena appear to have different physical bases and are not incompatible with one another.     

Research into the Regional Characteristics of the Tectonic Stress Field in Jiashi, Xinjiang and Its Surrounding Areas

Jiashi and its surrounding areas are composed of many structural zones. Using the focal mechanism solutions of 59 moderately strong earthquakes in Jiashi and its surrounding areas, and combining these with the calculation results of system cluster and stress field inversion, we analyzed the evolvement characteristics of the stress field for different times and different regions. The results were as follows: The earthquakes in Jiashi are mainly strike-slip. However, those of the Kalpin block are mainly reverse events, showing an obvious thrusting. The regional characteristics are different from other areas. The direction of the regional principal stress field is near NS. However, under different tectonic backgrounds, the directions of the stress fields are different. The direction of the principal compress stress is near NS in the Kashi-Wuqia area. But before and after the 3 earthquakes with M7.0, dynamic evolution from NW to NS and then to NE with time process was observed. The Kalpin block has been dominated by a consistent stress field in the NW direction for a long time. However, the direction of the stress field of the Jiashi region is NE. Since 1996, the direction of the regional stress field has changed obviously. The direction of the P axis was deflected towards the NE, and the plunge angle increased. The result shows clearly the regional characteristics and variation of the distribution pattern of the stress field in different tectonic environments.     

新疆伽师及周围构造应力场区域特征探讨

在利用伽师及周围58次中强地震震源机制解对这一地区的构造应力场进行分析的基础上,结合系统聚类和应力场反演计算结果,对不同时期、不同区域应力场的变化特征进行了分析。该区域地震以走滑错动为主,柯坪块体逆冲作用更为明显。区域最大主压应力方向近SN,但不同构造背景下的主压应力方向存在着较明显的差异。乌恰-喀什地区P轴基本近SN向,但存在着由NW—SN—NE的随时间变化的过程;柯坪块体内部长期以来受较为一致的NW-SE向压应力作用;伽师震区P轴方向为NE-SW。1996年区域应力场方向开始发生明显的变化,P轴方位向NE偏转,倾角增大。结果表现出不同构造环境下应力场分布格局的特征或变化     

Activity Tendency and Dynamic Characteristics of Shanxi Fault Zone

INTRODUCTIONTheShanxifaultzoneisoneofthemajorseismiczonesinNorthChinaandmanymoderateandsmallearthquakeshaveoccurredthere (WangXiuwen ,1995 ) .TheM6 1Datongearthquakewhichoccurredatthenorthernendofthefaultin 1989isoneofthem (YangGuohuaetal.,1994 ) .Inordertomakeearthquakepredictionsandtostudytherelationshipbetweentheseismicityandfaultactivityofthefault,theSeismologicalBureauofShanxiProvinceestablishedaGPSmonitoringnetworkalongthefaultfromthesouthtothenorthin 1995 .Now ,thereisalarge…     

Study of Triggering Action Between the Mani （Ms7.9） and the West Kunlun Mountains Pass （ Ms 8.1 ） Great Earthquakes and Their Dynamic Background

Based on Coulomb static stress variation, the stress trigging action of the Mani ( Ms7.9, Nov.1997) earthquake on the West Kuulun Mountains Pass (MsS.1, Nov. 2001 ) earthquake is researched. Results of different source mechanism resolutions show that a 10_3 MPa Coulomb stress due to the Mani earthquake was added to the fracture fault of the Kunlun earthquake, and this may shift the broken date to about 10 years earlier, and infer that the stress level in the crust is not low. Comparing the relationship between strong earthquake strength and frequency and earth rotation change, it is shown that the strength‘s decrease and the variation period‘ s shortening of earth rotation are important controlling factors on strong earthquake activity. This great event with Ms = 8.1 took place probably due to a gradual strengthening background of regional stress field within the Qinghai-Xizang block in the period of acceleration of change of day‘s length and stress triggering from the Mani earthquake.     

压容式钻孔应变仪的初步试验结果

本文介绍一种应变灵敏度达到110-11的压容式钻孔应变仪,该仪器在软地层中接收到了地震波和固体潮波,至少对于周期从0.3秒到数天的频段所收到的信号中包含着地层应变变化的真实信息。      

地下水位与应变的相关性分析

根据弹性动态理论，变形介质中流体的动态，是由封闭含水层所受压力变化引起的。利用川－18井水位与仁和台钻孔应变资料，使用最大相关系数方法进行分析，结果表明在强震的孕育、发展的某一阶段，测点处的应力－应变场对于水位的变化起主导作用，这种相关性也可以作为异常判据。