盆地地史模拟述评

论述了盆地地史模拟的一般研究方法，认为回剥法是现今重建盆地沉积史与构造史最精确的方法详细讨论了地坟实校正、不整合处理和构造沉隆分析等主要数学模型及其适用范围；并在介绍地史模拟研究历史和研究现状的基础上，指出了地史模拟的发展方向。     

砂岩压实作用研究现状及进展

砂岩压实作用研究主要包括压实作用机制、影响因素和响应特征三方面内容,重点阐述了砂岩压实作用模型与数值模拟研究、压实作用物理模拟与数值模拟融合研究两方面的新进展,结果表明:1）压实作用模型包括机械压实作用和化学压实作用模型,机械压实作用模型重点介绍了石英砂岩的粒间体积-深度曲线;而化学压实作用模型是与压溶作用相关的溶解作用和胶结作用,着重介绍了压溶成因的石英胶结作用。2）压实作用物理模拟与数值模拟的融合研究,主要是在压实作用机理认识基础上,通过压实模拟实验,建立基于实验数据的压实作用模型,进而开展数值模拟研究。最后指出压实作用研究趋势将朝着砂岩组分更加复杂的压实作用模型、压实作用与流体流动耦合、垂向-侧向多动力学机制、砂岩-泥岩协同机制、构造-沉积-成岩"三相"耦合的压实作用数值模拟等方面发展。     

Inversion of dynamical indicators in quantitative basin analysis models. II. Synthetic tests and a case history using dynamical indicator tomography

The dynamical evolution of sediments in basins, and their compaction, is the underpinning keystone on which rests the ability to model thermal history of the basin and hydrocarbon generation, migration, and accumulation histories. A presentation is given of the dynamical tomography method, which inverts dynamical indicators to evaluate the parameters in a 1-D fluid-flow/compaction model, including values dealing with geological events as well as values dealing with intrinsic, or assumed, lithologic equations of state. Synthetic tests illustrate the operation of the system. Using observed downhole quantities: total depth, formation thicknesses, variation of porosity, permeability, and total fluid pressure with depth from the Navarin Basin COST No. 1 well, Bering Sea, Alaska, the numerical algorithm was tested and found to be effective in a nonlinear inverse sense to determine and/or constrain the parameters entering quantitative models of dynamical sedimentary evolution. The predictions of present day total depth, formation thicknesses, porosity, permeability, and fluid pressure with depth are close to the measured data. The minimization provides the uncertainty in each parameter and so the geohistory of a well can be defined better.     

三维地质结构模型精度评估理论与误差修正方法研究

三维地质模型精度评估与误差修正问题已成为制约三维地质模拟技术深入发展应用的瓶颈。在综合国内外研究现状与发展趋势的基础上,提出了三维地质结构模型精度评估、误差检测、动态修正的总体研究框架。在模型精度评估方面,提出分别构建三维地质结构模型精度评估的一般理论模型、面向特定地质体的实际操作模型和地质结构构造不确定性的三维空间分布模型的研究思路,指出应重点研究地质实体自身特性、三维地质建模方法对三维地质结构模型精度的影响,解决由一般地质界面的内插误差和特殊地质体的外推误差引起的精度评估问题。在模型误差修正方面,提出基于建模初始数据的模型误差修正方法和基于建模中间结果的模型误差修正方法,在具体实现时,引入“数据 模型的可视化交互技术”。这些研究成果为建立一套完整的三维地质结构模型精度评估与误差修正的理论体系和方法体系奠定了基础,有助于完善复杂地质条件下三维地质模拟的方法与技术。     

地史过程中煤岩显微组分含量的恢复及其意义

在地史过程中煤岩显微组分的相对含量是变化的,用其现今实测值代替地史演化过程中的含量值计算生烃量势必产生误差。提出了一种恢复地史过程中煤岩显微组分相对含量的方法并进一步研究表明:煤岩中稳定组的相对含量在地史过程中变化最大,其次是镜质组和丝质组。用煤岩当前显微组分相对含量计算的地史过程中甲烷气、重烃气和液态烃的生成量较实际值要小,它们的最大偏差在理论上分别可达到14.04 % 、32.25%和 32.71 %.     

A fully implicit and consistent finite element framework for modeling reservoir compaction with large deformation and nonlinear flow model. Part II: verification and numerical example

A fully implicit, fully coupled, and fully consistent finite element framework has been formulated in part I of this work for modeling reservoir compaction through linearizing coupled solid and flow field equations and constructing a local material integrator. In part II of this work, we focus on verification and performance analysis of our numerical formulation and computer implementation using several numerical examples. First, we design a cube problem in triaxial compression to verify our numerical formulation and computer code implementation especially for rock formation in compaction using cap plasticity models. The finite element prediction on stresses is compared with the analytical solution. The second problem we select is a strip footing problem popular in the geotechnical area where the evolution of soil consolidation degrees following the diffusion of pore pressure is the main interest. In this example, we demonstrate a good performance of the proposed numerical formulation on solving different shear and compaction-dominated deformation behaviors by varying the footing length. Importantly, an extremely sharp cap model based on real experimental data for Leda clays, a challenging cap model, is successfully applied in this footing problem. Our focus in this work is to model field reservoirs undergoing serious compaction. A reservoir with complex payzone geometries, multiple horizontal wells, and cap plasticity models with sharp cap surfaces has been successfully solved using our fully implicit formulation. The last example is to model a horizontal wellbore damage problem. Finally, the sensitivity of predicted subsidence to nonlinear flow model, cap hardening parameters, and Lode angles have been systemically investigated and documented in detail, which can provide a constructive guidance on how to successfully model field reservoir compaction problems with cap plasticity models.     

决策支持系统在资源评价中的应用

决策支持系统（DSS）是综合利用各种数据、信息、知识和模型技术，辅助决策者解决决策问题的人机交互系统。根据源岩与油气藏的空间组合关系建立模型，将盆地与油气藏模拟技术与决策支持系统的思想相结合建立资源评价系统，能将盆地模拟技术与地质描述技术有机结合起来，可以有效地避免纯正演模拟带来的偏差。     

沉积盆地石油地质过程和油气运移聚集模拟系统及其应用

在吸收消化国外先进模型基础上，以信息系统论思想确定了以油气运移聚集为核心的石油地质过程系统边界及主要事件；研制开发了沉积盆地油气运移聚集计算机模拟系统。该系统主要由４大部分构成：参数输入部分、模型主部件、中间数据链、成果输出部分，模型主部件包括原始厚度恢复模型、沉积压实、异常地层压力演化模型、成烃模型、油气运移聚集模型。系统在中国东部的渤海湾盆地、西部酒西盆地得到广泛应用检验，取得了满意的效果。     

冲击碾压模拟试验设备研制

冲击压路机已大量用于各种原位地基土以及填土的压实处理,压实深度明显大于传统压路机和平板压实设备。但冲击压路机在冲击碾压过程中的能量传递过程、土中应力和位移的分布情况等尚不清楚。为探讨冲击碾压加固地基的机制和加固效果的主要影响因素,研制了冲击碾压模拟试验设备。该设备主要由模型箱、模型冲击轮、简易缓冲装置以及支架与牵引系统四部分组成,其中核心组成部分是具有不同外接圆尺寸大小和质量的三边形模型冲击轮。模型冲击轮可通过牵引系统中电机的牵引作用,在试验土体表面沿直线滚动,对土体施加冲击碾压作用。采用该设备进行了不同尺寸的模型冲击轮冲击碾压砂土的模型试验,并采用直径为2.5 cm的小型静力触探仪对冲击碾压加固效果进行检测。结果表明：该试验设备可用于实现对非圆形冲击轮冲击压实土体过程的模拟,同时显示冲击轮尺寸对冲碾加固效果的影响与冲碾遍数有关,且该影响在不同深度的土体中会有不同的响应,增大冲击轮的尺寸可以在土体的浅层深度范围内获得更好的加固效果。     

珠江口盆地低阻油层饱和度评价方法

珠江口盆地的低阻油层具有高泥质含量、低电阻率以及低产能的特点, 其真实含油饱和度的确定存在很大的困难。首先分析了区域低阻油层的地质成因, 指出地层束缚水含量高, 以及由此形成的发达的导电网络是导致油层低阻的主要原因;在此基础上, 利用多种适合于泥质砂岩地层的饱和度模型进行计算, 并根据密闭取心资料, 重点分析了在不同地层条件下, 对岩样含油、水饱和度进行脱气校正、压实校正、体积系数校正以及漏失校正的方法;并结合核磁共振测井, 对测井计算的含水饱和度进行标定。结果显示, 低阻油层的含水饱和度平均在70%以上, 且印度尼西亚公式计算的含水饱和度与岩心校正后的饱和度以及核磁束缚水饱和度吻合均很好, 因此印度尼西亚公式是最适合本区域低阻油层的饱和度评价模型。     

鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界地层地史模拟与油气聚集

根据沉积压实原理，应用“反剥离模式”恢复盆地内各地层层系在不同地质历史时斯的古厚度及古埋深，并得到陶系柄部风化剥蚀面的一系列时间－埋深平面图及单井埋藏史图，由此对盆地下古生界奥陶系顶面的加里东期古风化剥蚀面的构造演化规律作出定量分析，结合盆地的生、排烃史研究成果，分析预测盆地内古古生界的油气聚集规律，为油气勘探与部署提供定量依据。     

与温度全相关的有效骨架压力模型及其在库车坳陷的应用

鉴于世界上极大多数盆地模拟系统的超压史尚未达到实用水平,本文基于力平衡方程、质量守恒法则及达西定律,完整地推导出了与温度全相关的有效骨架压力史的数学模型,使之适用于盆地模拟。通过塔里木盆地库车坳陷的实际模拟,尤其是克拉2井和依南2井超压史的现今值接近于实测数据,即平均相对误差绝对值分别约为3%和5%,证明该有效骨架压力模型具有较高的精度,既能使超压数值模拟避免通过岩石力学实验来测试有效骨架压力,又能达到实用水平。库车坳陷的实例指出:1)在有效骨架压力计算中所用的孔隙流体的密度和黏度与温度相关是必要的,否则超压计算结果会远离实测压力数据。这也恰好与盆地模拟中这两个参数原本与温度相关一致了;2)影响超压的最敏感参数是渗透率,将实测压力数据作为约束条件,在容许的范围内对Kozeny-Carman渗透率公式中的Sa(骨架的颗粒比面)进行校准,这是获得正确的超压史之关键;3)剥蚀事件对地史、热史乃至超压史的模拟结果的影响。     

塔里木盆地阿克库勒凸起油气输导体系类型与演化

阿克库勒凸起受多期构造叠加影响,具有长期生烃、多期供烃的烃源特征,油气输导体系复杂。在分析输导路径、输导能力及作用的基础上,将输导系统分成断裂型、不整合型、输导层型及复合型4类。利用地震和钻井资料恢复古构造格局,分析输导体系的演化及配置关系,认识油气运移的动态过程,指出区域性深大断裂是油气垂向运移的主要通道,而输导层和不整合面(中-下奥陶统顶面、奥陶系顶面和志留系顶面)的叠置是油气侧向运移的关键因素,并且油气成藏关键时刻输导体顶面的几何形态,尤其是古构造脊线的展布特征,决定了油气优势运移的方向和路径。由断层—不整合面—岩溶网络组成的"层—面—网"复式输导系统相互匹配,沿构造脊线呈立体网状阶梯式运移是研究区油气输导体系最鲜明的特点。     

重磁数据处理系统设计

作者在文中采用Windows开发平台的面向对象程序设计语言Visual C^ ，设计开发了可视化和高度集成化的重套数据处理系统，系统包括预处理，小波分析，频谱分析，正演，反演，输入，输出，图形显示，帮助等九个模块，系统能够充分利用用户微机资源，特别是不受内存的限制，适用于重磁处理大面积，高密度数据的需要，系统提供给用户良好的图形用户界面和友好的应用环境，方便用户操作，使用；同时系统具有良好的可移植性和兼容性能，不受操作系统的限制，实例说明系统具有实用性强，快速，高效，高精度等特点。     

Single-element Anomaly Mapping from Stream Sediment Geochemical Landscapes Aided by Digital Terrain Analysis

The identification of anomalies within stream sediment geochemical data is one of the fastest developing areas in mineral exploration. The various means used to achieve this objective make use of either continuous or discrete field models of stream sediment geochemical data. To map anomalies in a discrete field model of such data, two corrections are required: background correction and downstream dilution correction. Topography and geomorphology are important factors in variations of element con...     

Inversion of dynamical indicators in quantitative basin analysis models. III. Multiwell information and two-dimensional case histories

A dynamical tomography method, which inverts dynamical indicators to evaluate the parameters controlling geological processes as well as those in intrinsic equations of state, was introduced into a 2D fluid flow/compaction model termed GEOPETII (developed at the University of South Carolina), with the assumption of invariance to spatial location of parameters in equations of state, but allowing geologic process parameters to change with well location. Synthetic tests, including sensitivity analysis, are given to illustrate the operation of the system. The nonlinear inverse two-dimensional tomography method, together with a systematic linear search procedure, provides a useful approach to determine and constrain the parameters entering quantitative models of dynamical sedimentary evolution. Applying the method to an interpreted section from a seismic line in the Navarin Basin. Bering Sea. Alaska, the predictions of present-day formation thicknesses, porosity, and fluid pressure with depth are improved at four controlling well locations (Amoco Mishu No. 1, Exxon Redwood 1, Exxon Redwood 2, and Amoco Danielle), relative to previous results which used only a forward model. In this way the geohistory and structural development of the basin can be defined better, which helps in the reconstruction of thermal history, and so of hydrocarbon generation, migration, and accumulation histories in relation to structural and stratigraphic development.     

The use of minimum curvature surface technique in geoid computation processing of Egypt

According to the wide spread use of satellite-based positioning techniques, especially Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), a greater attention has been paid to the precise determination of geoid models. As it is known, leveling measurements require high cost and long time in observation process that make it not convenient for the practical geodetic purposes. Thus obtaining the orthometric heights by GNSS is the most conventional way of determining these heights. Verifying this goal was the main objective behind the current research. The current research introduces a numerical solution of geoid modeling by applying a surface fitting for a few sparse data points of geoid undulation using minimum curvature surface (MCS). The MCS is presented for deriving a system of linear equations from boundary integral equations. To emphasize the precise applicability of the MCS as a tool for modeling the geoid in an area using GPS/leveling data, a comparison study between EGM2008 and MCS geoid models, is performed. The obtained results showed that MCS technique is a precise tool for determining the geoid in Egypt either on regional and/or local scale with law distortion at check points.     

Artificial Neural Networks: A Solution to the Ambiguity in Prediction of Engineering Properties of Fine-Grained Soils

Determination of soaked california bearing ratio (CBR) and compaction characteristics of soils in the laboratory require considerable time and effort. To make a preliminary assessment of the suitability of soils required for a project, prediction models for these engineering properties on the basis of laboratory tests—which are quick to perform, less time consuming and cheap—such as the tests for index properties of soils, are preferable. Nevertheless researchers hold divergent views regarding the most influential parameters to be taken into account for prediction of soaked CBR and compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils. This could be due to the complex behaviour of soils—which, by their very nature, exhibit extreme variability. However this disagreement is a matter of concern as it affects the dependability of prediction models. This study therefore analyses the ability of artificial neural networks and multiple regression to handle different influential parameters simultaneously so as to make accurate predictions on soaked CBR and compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils. The results of simple regression analyses included in this study indicate that optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) of fine-grained soils bear better correlation with soaked CBR of fine-grained soils than plastic limit and liquid limit. Simple regression analyses also indicate that plastic limit has stronger correlation with compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils than liquid limit. On the basis of these correlations obtained using simple regression analyses, neural network prediction models and multiple regression prediction models—with varying number of input parameters are developed. The results reveal that neural network models have more ability to utilize relatively less influential parameters than multiple regression models. The study establishes that in the case of neural network models, the relatively less powerful parameters—liquid limit and plastic limit can also be used effectively along with MDD and OMC for better prediction of soaked CBR of fine-grained soils. Also with the inclusion of less significant parameter—liquid limit along with plastic limit the predictions on compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils using neural network analysis improves considerably. Thus in the case of neural network analysis, the use of relatively less influential input parameters along with stronger parameters is definitely beneficial, unlike conventional statistical methods—for which, the consequence of this approach is unpredictable—giving sometimes not so favourable results. Very weak input parameters alone need to be avoided for neural network analysis. Consequently, when there is ambiguity regarding the most influential input parameters, neural network analysis is quite useful as all such influential parameters can be taken to consideration simultaneously, which will only improve the performance of neural network models. As soils by their very nature, exhibit extreme complexity, it is necessary to include maximum number of influential parameters—as can be determined easily using simple laboratory tests—in the prediction models for soil properties, so as to improve the reliability of these models—for which, use of neural networks is more desirable.     

抽灌水作用下土层变形及应力－应变本构律的研究

简要介绍了自行研制的高压渗透固结仪的主要结构及模拟试验方法，根据模拟试验资料，详细地分析了抽水压密与回灌膨胀过程的基本特征，确定了适用于解释含水层（组）土骨架抽水压密与回灌膨胀（回弹）力学机制的线性粘弹性应力－应变本构律的函数表达式。     

CSAMT法静态效应模拟及其校正方法对比

在可控源音频大地电磁法中,由于浅层不均匀体的存在,总会存在一些静态现象。而静态问题又一直是电磁测深领域一个棘手的问题,它直接影响到电磁测量结果的解释。因此,必须对这种影响进行校正。这里通过对低阻静态模型的响应特征进行分析,并选用几种常见的静校正方法进行校正,对比其校正效果。