天气雷达数字视频处理器（DVIP）的积分精度

数字视频积分器(DVIP)较模拟的视频积分器稳定可靠,尤为可贵的是可以与计算机联用因此当代的天气雷达几乎均采用DVIP。如何根据回波功率测量精度的要求设计一个DVIP或相反的情况,对于一个现有的DVIP,如何计算其积分精度,这是一个具有实用价值的课题。为此本文将推导出DVIP积分精度的公式,并对雷达回波在资料经座标转换后落在网格内的数据进行平均,得出平均回波功率测量的精度,在近距离可得到很大的改善。     

对袁立功同志文章的回答

首先需要说明,“距离积分式天气雷达数字视频积分处理器积分精度”一文解决的问题是:由McGill大学首创、南京大学等单位改进研制的高分辨距离积分式数字视频积分处理器(DVIP)的积分精度,和通用的低分辨率距离——方位积分式DVIP积分精度可用单一的数值表示的情况不同,它本质上随距离和方位变化,无法进行理论分     

数字视频积分处理器

美国EEC公司生产的数字视频积分处理器(DVIP)是配备在WSR-74系列天气雷达上的,但也可用于其他型号的天气雷达,只要求雷达能提供对数视频信号和触发脉冲信号。 DVIP是一个独立的装置,可以安装在雷达的主控台上,也可安放在别处。DVIP采用了指数加权积分平均技术,将雷达的对数视频信号进行距离平均和时间平均。进行距离平均的积分库长为1公里或2公里,时间平均的次数为15次或31次,经这样平均后的信号,精度为1db或低于1db。DVIP所能处理的对数视频信号的动态范围大于80db,它可以对从0到450公里范围内的降水信号进行处理,并可对回波信号进行距离订正。     

双线偏振雷达数字视频积分处理器

在双线偏振雷达试制过程中,其视频积分处理器(DVIP)不同于常规雷达的DVIP。即将常规雷达峰值采样的DVIP改为具有距离、方位双重积分的多点采样智能化的DVIP,以减小脉动,提高被测对象的稳定性。本文介绍了双线偏振DVIP的组成方式、特点及工作原理。     

测雨雷达的视频积分处理器

测雨雷达探测到的降水回波,由于降水质点的大小、密度及其相对位置的迅速不规则的变化,其相应的回波强度也迅速地上下变化着,这种现象称为回波的涨落。回波的涨落影响了雷达对降水的定量测量,近年来为了解决这一问题,对回波的涨落进行了研究,设计了一种视频积分处理器,对回波信号进行积分平均处理,使得雷达测定降水趋于定量化。视频积分处理器是应用电子学的方法,将雷达探测范围区分成径向距离为1—2公里的许多小的面积     

雷达估测对流性降水的误差空间分布及Z-R关系的优化

新一代天气雷达联合雨量站数据进行定量降水估测中,雷达回波强度和雨量站观测值较好的匹配是准确拟合出Z-R关系的关键。对流性降水回波强度具有时空变化大的特点,严重影响了雷达和雨量站数据的匹配以及定量降水估测的精度。利用河南地区3次强对流天气过程的雷达和雨量站数据,通过分析雷达对流性降水与地面雨量站观测值的误差空间分布,找到如下规律:雷达回波强度严重高估点和低估点大部分位于强回波的边缘地区(单点回波强度随时间变化较大);部分位于强回波中心的雨量站观测值为零(部分时刻)。通过分析可知,突发的强降水和强回波中心容易造成雨量站观测值误差较大,因此对Z-R关系拟合造成了较大的影响。根据对流性降水回波强度变化特点和本文得到的回波强度与雨量站雨量匹配关系,在Z-R关系拟合中,提出了加入回波强度随时间变化的指标对误差较大雨量站进行剔除的方法,也提出了一种优化的回波强度平均方法和累积时间,得到了用于对流性降水估测的最佳方案。详细分析以上因素对降水估测的影响表明,通过根据回波强度随时间变化的指标对雨量站进行剔除和使用最佳降水估测方案,提高了对流性降水估测的精度。     

可用于雨区边界的雷达方程和有意义的波束范围

目前使用的天气雷达方程不能用于雨区边界附近。为了研究数字雷达平均回波强度的分布、畸变和探测分辨率等规律的需要,本文发展出了可用于雨区边界的天气雷达方程。新建立的方程和已有的把波束限制在半功率点范围内,並假设半功率点范围内天线增益为常数的同类方程不同,它既考虑了半功率点以外的波束能量,也考虑了波束内天线增益的不均匀分布。本文以713天气雷达为例,从保证波束在降水区内时雷达方程能给出一定精度的回波强度和波束边缘进入降水区时能产生可探测回波这两个方面,利用新得到的方程,计算了有意义的波束范围,得到了一些在分析、使用雷达观测资料时值得注意的结果。     

陕西新一代天气雷达数据质量控制

统计分析了陕西新一代天气雷达资料中的固定地物、超折射和径向干扰回波分布情况,并介绍了相应的数据处理方法,重点对西安雷达数据中的强地物、超折射和径向干扰回波数据进行了质量控制,结果表明：（1）利用模板匹配和回波纹理结构能够有效识别抑制固定地物回波;（2）倾斜测试法结合回波强度和径向速度识别抑制超折射回波效果明显;（3）采用相邻径向有效库数比较和中值滤波识别抑制径向电磁干扰效果明显。

     

CINRAD/SC新一代天气雷达回波地物检测与校正方法探讨

文章提出了一种基于CINRAD/SC新一代天气雷达地物回波强度和速度数据的质量检测方法。通过采集天气雷达按统一的参数进行标定后的晴空标准地物回波强度作为模版,与实时采集的回波强度进行比较和误差分析,以及通过移相来自动检测速度数据理论值和实测值的误差大小,对回波强度数据和速度数据质量进行检测和校正,以此来实现对天气雷达探测精度的提高。     

应用双踪示波器检修数字化713雷达DV IP 故障

视频积分的研究和应用是为了消除大气中云和雨滴之间存在复杂的相对运动造成的回波涨落现象 ,实现对降水回波的定量探测。CTL- 71 3C天气雷达是国家气象局规划布点的常规雷达 ,是原 71 3天气雷达的换代产品 ,在全国气象部门已布点 30多台。其视频积分处理器 ( DVIP)全部采用数字电路设计 ,硬件量大 ,电路复杂 ,不易理解 ,大部分机务员对维修该部分电路故障感到棘手 ,是 CTL- 71 3C雷达的维修难点。1　视频积分器工作原理　　 CTL- 71 3C雷达视频信号处理器 ( DVIP)将雷达的对数视频信号经过定标放大、模数变换后 ,按照预先设计…     

一类非线性Volterra积分不等式

本文简要讨论Gronwall不等式的研究进展,并给出关于如下的一类非线性Volterra积分不等式的一个结果：w(u(t))≤g(t))+∑_i=1ⁿ∫_αi(t0)^α_i(t)f_i(t,s)∏_j=1^mH_ij(u(s))G_ij(max_s-h≤ξ≤s u (ξ))ds.     

On the integral modelling of katabatic flows

The integral model for katabatic flows proposed by Manins and Sawford (1979) is solved numerically. It is shown that numerical solutions can be approximated by Ball's (1956) model in the upper part of the slope, while they tend toward Manins and Sawford's simplified solution farther downslope. The importance of entrainment and ambiant stable stratification is shown. Some limitations of Manins and Sawford's model are discussed.     

Radar measurements of integral parameters of hailstorms used on hail suppression projects

The exact quantitative estimation of hailstorm precipitation intensity, allowing determining successfully the crop hail damage, is extremely necessary while carrying out of programs of experimental researches of the hail clouds as well as at realization of operative projects on hail suppression. On the other hand, the possibility of obtaining a trustworthy information about changes of hailfall intensity during cloud seeding operations enables to judge more objectively about seeding effect and to make a decision about its beginning and termination. Just because of such a parameter, the kinetic energy of hailfalls presents a great interest for the researchers. As it is known, measuring the kinetic energy of hailfalls is carried out both directly by ground network of hailpads, and by radar methods. The accuracy of the radar methods of the hail kinetic energy measurement strongly depends not only on the choice of an optimum formula for calculation but also on the algorithm used for separating hail and rain parts of radar echo and on the way it was used in the hail–rain mixture zone of precipitation.The method of calculating the kinetic energy of the hailfalls, based on empirical dependence of hail probability P_h on a height of a zone of a radar echo with a reflectivity of 45 dBZ above a level of zero isotherm ΔH₄₅, is offered in the given work. The algorithm of separating hail and rain parts of a radar echo and the way it was applied in a hail–rain mixture zone is described. The examples of hail streaks in contours of radar reflectivity and in isopleths of hail kinetic energy obtained using the given algorithm are shown.In Mendoza province (Argentina), a hail suppression project (1993–1997) for the analysis of the vertical structure of a radar echo with Z_max > 45 dBZ, such new parameter is an integral altitude, was used. This dimensionless parameter is most sensitive to such a condition of radar echo when all four contours of increased reflectivity Z₄₅, Z₅₅, Z₆₅, and Z₇₅ synchronously reach the maximal values. The analysis of time distributions of the main radar parameters of hailstorms on a background of values of integral altitude is resulted. It is shown that local hailfall maximum intensities on the ground are observed after the achievement of maximum integral altitude with a certain delay. It enables to predict zones of the greatest hail damage in a mode of radar observation.     

The effect of orchard crop structure on the integral length-scale of turbulence

The integral length-scalesL for the three orthogonal components of diffusivityK=L are derived from spectral analysis of velocity time series measurements. A 3-D sonic anemometer was used to make these velocity measurements at heights in the range 0.7–7.0 m in and above a 2 m orchard canopy with near-neutral atmospheric boundary-layer stability conditions. The integral length-scale is compared with another length-scale of diffusionL obtained by fitting an exponential model to the auto-correlation spectrumR _E (t) in the region 0.95<R _E (t)<0.5 for smallt. This length-scale is appropriate to a high frequency region of the energy spectrum where turbulent momentum transport becomes diffusion-like and the turbulent energy varies with the inverse square of frequence. This region has been shown by others to determine the magnitude of the dissipation rate of turbulent energy by the action of viscosity even though the dominant dynamics are inviscid. Within the crop, the ratio of the length-scalesL/L were found to be smaller than the values measured above the crop for vertical turbulence. This was attributed to the enhanced decay rate of turbulent energy due to the effect of the airflow interaction with the crop. It is unclear whether similar effects are present in the horizontal plane because of greater scatter in the data, resulting from the more variable nature of the wind direction in the horizontal plane.     

On an effect of the integral scale of turbulence on one-dimensional spectra

Summary Assuming that in isotropic and stationary turbulence the Lagrangian correlation functions of the velocity components are of a simple exponential form, it is shown that the greater the integral scale of turbulence, the lower is the one-dimensional wave number to which a minus five-thirds law will appear to hold. It is pointed out, following a paper byGifford, that the apparent extension to low one-dimensional wave numbers of a minus-fivethirds law, does not necessarily mean thatKolmogoroff's inertial subrange of the three-dimensional turbulence extends to low (three-dimensional) wave numbers.

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Zusammenfassung Unter der Annahme, daß die Korrelationsfunktionen vonLagrange für isotrope und stationäre Turbulenz eine einfache exponentielle Form haben, wird bewiesen, daß, je größer das Integralmaß der Turbulenz ist, desto niedriger die eindimensionale Wellenzahl ist, bis zu der ein –5/3-Gesetz zu gelten scheint. Anschließend an eine Arbeit vonGifford wird betont, daß die scheinbare Erweiterung in Richtung auf niedrige eindimensionale Wellenzahlen nicht notwendigerweise bedeutet, daßKolmogoroffs Inertialteilbereich der dreidimensionalen Turbulenz sich bis zu niedrigen (dreidimensionalen) Wellenzahlen erstreckt.

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Résumé En supposant que les fonctions de corrélation lagrangiennes des composantes de vitesse de la turbulence isotropique et stationnaire sont d'une forme exponentielle simple, il est demontré que l'échelle intégrale de turbulence est d'autant plus grande que le nombre de l'onde unidimensionelle est petit, nombre, auquel une loi de –5/3 apparaît convenir. On pourra remarquer que, suivant un ouvrage deGifford, l'étendue apparente des petits nombres de l'onde unidimensionelle, ne signifie pas nécessairement que le rang d'inertie deKolmogoroff à propos de la turbulence en trois dimensions s'étend aux petits nombres de l'onde.

     

Influence of water vapor and aerosol on the integral transparency of the atmosphere

The temporal variability of the total atmospheric water content W and the connection of the coefficient of integral transparency P ₂, reduced to the air mass m = 2, with W and aerosol optical depth τ _a ,λ₀ at a wavelength of 550 nm were analyzed and studied from the observational data of the Meteorological Observatory of Moscow State University for 50 years (1955–2004). The regression equations between mean daily and monthly τ _a ,λ₀ and τ₂ = ?ln P ₂ were derived in different months and seasons and can be used for retrieving τ _a ,λ₀ from the coefficient of the integral transparency for the temperate latitudes. The P ₂ intervals are given for which these equations can be used.     

带积分边界条件的奇异方程组边值问题的正解

考虑了一类具p-Laplacian算子型带积分边界条件的三点奇异方程组边值问题正解的存在性.通过使用锥上的不动点定理,在适当的条件下,建立了这类方程组边值问题存在一个或多个正解的充分条件,并给出两个例子来验证主要结果.     

Changes in integral and aerosol atmospheric turbidity in Trans-Baikal and Central Siberia

The analysis of time series of the Linke turbidity factors is performed for the atmosphere mass m = 2 (T ₂) and atmospheric aerosol optical thickness for the wavelength λ₀ = 0.55 μm (AOT) from the data of 14 actinometrical stations of Central Siberia and Trans-Baikal territory. It is shown that over the period from 1976 to 2006, the increased atmospheric transparency is observed in the region. Quantitative estimates of changes in multiyear mean annual variations of T ₂ and AOT at different periods of averaging and for different time periods are derived.     

Experiments on integral length scale control in atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel

Accurate predictions of turbulent characteristics in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) depends on understanding the effects of surface roughness on the spatial distribution of velocity, turbulence intensity, and turbulence length scales. Simulation of the ABL characteristics have been performed in a short test section length wind tunnel to determine the appropriate length scale factor for modeling, which ensures correct aeroelastic behavior of structural models for non-aerodynamic applications. The ABL characteristics have been simulated by using various configurations of passive devices such as vortex generators, air barriers, and slot in the test section floor which was extended into the contraction cone. Mean velocity and velocity fluctuations have been measured using a hot-wire anemometry system. Mean velocity, turbulence intensity, turbulence scale, and power spectral density of velocity fluctuations have been obtained from the experiments for various configuration of the passive devices. It is shown that the integral length scale factor can be controlled using various combinations of the passive devices.