南海海神信仰文化研究——以南海神和妈祖为例

海神信仰是海洋文化中的一种特殊的历史文化现象.文章从起源、封号、发展现状3个方面对比分析了南海神和妈祖两种海神信仰的差异,不同的发展轨迹使得两者的影响广度和深度都有很大不同,而如何更好地继承和发展海神文化是亟待进一步研究的课题.     

南海金枪鱼开发利用现状与发展策略

南海金枪鱼资源量较丰富,有记录的金枪鱼种类有10多种,是未来中国开发南海渔业资源的重要对象。文章扼要介绍了南海金枪鱼的渔场渔汛和资源量等资源状况,总结分析了南海金枪鱼渔业的发展历史和资源利用状况,分别探究中国台湾和越南在南海开发金枪鱼的成功经验,并提出了中国发展南海金枪鱼渔业的对策建议。目的是为了加强中国对开发南海金枪鱼资源的重视程度,推动金枪鱼产业的迅速发展。     

南海岛礁渔业可持续利用的探讨

随着南海北部近海渔业资源的衰退,南海岛礁渔业成为南海渔业的重要组成部分。文章分析了南海岛礁渔业的开发现状,阐述了南海岛礁渔业可持续利用的重要地位以及制约发展因素,并提出实现南海岛礁渔业可持续利用的建议和保护措施。     

我国南海海洋国家公园建设

为进一步保护我国南海海洋生态环境和海洋历史文化,促进南海地区社会经济的可持续发展,同时完善我国国家公园制度建设,文章在概述我国国家公园和国内外海洋公园建设情况的基础上,分析建设我国南海海洋国家公园的必要性和面临的挑战,并提出政策建议。研究结果表明:我国相继建设国家级风景名胜区和国家公园,其中国家公园规模更大,且以生态环境保护为主;美国等海洋国家公园的建设实践较完善;我国具有海洋公园建设和管理优势,但也存在不足,尤其尚未建立海洋国家公园;我国南海海洋国家公园建设在保护生态环境、传承传统文化、管理旅游活动和恢复渔业资源等方面的意义重大,但面临体制机制创新、管理技术突破以及人与自然和谐相处等方面的挑战;建设我国南海海洋国家公园应以珊瑚礁保护区为基础、以国家公园体制改革为契机、生态环境保护与社会经济发展并行、发扬海洋历史文化以及建立海洋科研基地。     

对南海“共同开发”问题的现实思考

近十几年来的事实证明,围绕南海问题搞对抗,不是解决问题的根本办法.鉴于南海主权争端争议较大,相对复杂,我国政府自1986年以来一直主张"搁置争议、共同开发",把问题的焦点放在南海的使用价值上.该主张对于各方互惠互利、求同存异、促进共同发展具有重要的意义,是解决南海争端最现实也是最有效的办法.本文旨在对世界其他海域共同开发模式进行归纳和总结,并分析其对南海"共同开发"的借鉴和指引作用.在此基础上分析研究南海"共同开发"可能面临的困难,并对我国与南海周边国家"共同开发"的可能性和发展前景进行探究.     

南海深地震探测的重要科学进程:回顾和展望

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海之一,研究其深部地壳的结构对深入认识南海共轭边缘的构造属性、深海盆形成演化历史、含油气盆地的形成机制均具有十分重要的科学意义。南海地壳结构的深地震探测从构造区域上可分为南海北部陆缘、南海南部陆缘、南海中部深海盆等几个海域,在探测技术上经历了声纳浮标、双船扩展剖面(expanding spread profile,ESP)、海底地震仪(ocean bottom seismometer,OBS)探测3个阶段。特别是近20年OBS探测蓬勃发展,从南海北部、发展到南海南部、再到南海中部,从二维直线探测到三维网格探测。这些探测和研究得到了宝贵的深部地壳结构信息,为南海的形成演化理论提供了重要依据,同时也推动了国产OBS的应用和人才队伍的培养。而最新完成的深海盆三维OBS探测标志了一个新的历史阶段,具有非常深远的科学意义。     

怎样做好南海的气象保障

就影响南海的气象保障特点和主要天气系统进行了分析和总结,南海地理条件复杂,是我国商船西行的必经之地,因此,船舶驾驶员做好南海海域的气象预报,显得至关重要.同时结合某商船A规避热带气旋的经过,旨在揭示南海主要天气系统发生、发展和移动的一些规律,并对船舶驾驶员的气象保障思路进行了探讨.     

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”建设对我国南海地区的影响分析

"21世纪海上丝绸之路"是我国在新时期提出的重大战略举措,我国南海地区作为"21世纪海上丝绸之路"的起点海域和战略基点,同时也作为连接我国与东南亚、南亚以及非洲与欧洲的桥梁,在这一战略中扮演着举足轻重的角色。文章立足于"21世纪海上丝绸之路"的丰富内涵并结合南海地区的历史发展脉络和开发利用现状,分别从地理位置、资源保护与开发、海洋经济繁荣与发展、地区安全稳定和国家海洋战略5个方面,分析"21世纪海上丝绸之路"建设对我国南海地区的影响:1强化南海地区"桥梁与枢纽作用";2促进南海地区海洋"资源宝库"保护与开发;3推动南海地区海洋经济发展与繁荣;4维护南海地区周边地区安全与稳定;5提升南海地区在国家海洋战略中的地位。南海地区必将在新时期我国建设海洋强国的潮流中大放异彩。     

对南海“共同开发”问题的现实思考

近十几年来的事实证明．围绕南海问题搞对抗。不是解决问题的根本办法。鉴于南海主权争端争议较大，相对复杂，我国政府自1986年以来一直主张“搁置争议、共同开发”，把问题的焦点放在南海的使用价值上。该主张对于各方互惠互利、求同存异、促进共同发展具有重要的意义，是解决南海争端最现实也是最有效的办法。本文旨在对世界其他海域共同开发模式进行归纳和总结．并分析其对南海“共同开发”的借鉴和指引作用。在此基础上分析研究南海“共同开发”可能面临的困难．并对我国与南海周边国家“共同开发”的可能性和发展前景进行探究。     

南海海洋科技发展回顾与展望

1 南海海洋调查与海洋科学技术研究概况 随着我国海洋科技事业的发展,南海的海洋科技工作发展很快,在海洋调查方面,已从单一的断面调查逐步向多学科、多元化的综合性调查与研究方向发展。 1.1 近海断面调查与环境污染调查 继1958年～1960年全国海洋综合调查之后,南海从1975年4月开始实施南海北部断面     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...