地球自转长期变化非潮汐机制之一

地球自转的长期减慢一般归为日月潮汐摩擦，根据古代日月食的记载及珊瑚类生物生长线的研究，可估算地球自转变慢为每世纪２．４ｍｓ左右的日长变化．但是，潮汐摩擦并不是减速的唯一机制，还要考虑其它非潮汐因素．本文试图考虑太阳风和磁层的相互作用，分析地球磁层中的磁力线在背阳面，由于地球自转引起磁力线压缩与稀疏，产生附加磁压力而引起的力矩对地球自转长期变化的影响．结果表明：这一非潮汐变化机制引起的角加速度约为ω＝－１．６１×１０－２２ｒａｄ／ｓ．     

地震引起地球自转速率变化的分析

由地震引起地球内部质量重新分布将影响地球惯量矩的变化，从而引起地球自转速率的变化，即日长的变化。一般说，大地震产生大的附加位移场。它对地球自转特性有较强的影响。本文采用Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ目录中１９７７－１９９４年间的地震有关参数，和根据地震激发地球自转的变化理论及Ｄａｈｌｅｎ和Ｌａｍ－ｂｅｃｋ推出有关公式计算了地震引起地球轴向惯量矩的变化。结果表明：由单个地震引起的日长变化要比观测值小几个量级，它的累积效应表现出长期的变化即日长减小，就是地震活动加速地球自转。地震使地球自转能量随时间稳定地增加。并表明，虽地震活动影响日长，但它不是十年尺度变化的主要原因，它可能是地球自转非潮汐加速机制之一     

地球自转长期变化非潮汐机制之一

地球自转的长期减慢一般归为日月潮汐摩擦,根据古代日月食的记载及珊瑚类生物生长线的研究,可估算地球自转慢为每世纪２．４ｍｓ左右的日长变化,但是,潮汐摩擦并不是减速的唯一机制,还要考虑其它非潮汐因素,本试图考虑太阳风和磁层的相互作用,分析地球磁层中的磁力线在背阳面,由于地球自转引起磁力线压缩与稀疏,产生附加磁压力而引起的力矩对地球自转长期变化的影响,结果表明：这一非潮汐变化机制引起的角加速度约为ｗ＝     

地震引起地球自转速率变化的分析

由地震引起地球内部质量重新分布将影响地球惯量量矩的变化，从而引起地球自转速率的变化，即日长的变化。一般说，大地震产生大的附加位移违抗和。它对地球自转特性有影响。本文采用Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ目录中１９７７－１９９４年产的地震有关参数，和根据地震激发地球自转的变化理论及Ｄａｈｌｅｒ和Ｌａｍｂｅｃｋ有关公式计算了地震引起地球辆向惯量矩的变化。结果表明：由单个地震引起的日长变化要比观测值小几个量级，它的累积效应     

潮汐能量耗散与地月系统演化

对地月系统而言, 在很大程度上角动量守恒是正确的. 地月距离的变化主要是受到月球引起的潮汐能量耗散的影响. 根据月球的平均运动和它的长期加速度, 就可以计算出月潮能量耗散的数值. 海洋是潮汐能量耗散的主要区域. 由于潮汐的高度正比于月球对潮汐隆起的万有引力, 由此可导出总的月球潮汐摩擦力正比于月球平均运动的平方. 如果采用月球平均加速度数值-20.72$''\cdot$cy^-2, 就可以推算出35亿年来地月之间的距离以及回归年日数和朔望月日数的演化. 此理论结果与古生物钟的数据进行比对, 两者符合较好.     

大气对地球自转参数（ERP）的高频激发

本文采用１９８３—１９９２年期间由空间大地测量技术观测和归算的地球自转参数（ＥＲＰ）序列，以及由全球气象资料归算的大气角动量（ＡＡＭ）序列，分析和研究了大气对地球自转参数的日长变化（ＬＯＤ）和极移（ｘ和ｙ）在一个月时间尺度以内的高频激发作用，得到的主要结果如下：１大气对ＬＯＤ分量高频潮汐的估计值存在着影响，但是，潮汐形变参数ｋ／ｃ随时间和频率的变化却是受非大气因素的扰动引起的．２．大气可以解释３０天以下ＬＯＤ非潮汐的大部分变化．３．极移分量３０天以内的高频变化也主要由大气激发．ｘ分量与大气的相关性要强于ｙ分量，而且更为稳定，主要表现为平均时间尺度约为２７天的波动，大气对这个波动的贡献可达７０％．     

太阳风对地球自转可能影响的讨论

地球自转的长期减速原因一般归结为日－月潮汐摩擦，而非潮汐因素会引起地球自转的加速。本计算了由太阳风引起的地球磁层力矩的上限值，其量级为2.56×10^22cm sec^-2。结果表明：估算非潮汐加速度的量级为·/Ω=0.33×10^22cm sec^-2，它比推算出的·/ΩNT=1.6×10^22cm sec^-2要小。由于造成地球自转变化的非潮汐因素是一个经典而又复杂的问题，所以由太阳风引起的地球磁层的力矩作为非潮汐变化的机制是模棱两可的，但它表明：太阳风力矩可通过太阳风舆到地球并渗透到地核响应地核运动，因此它可以作为本计算的几千年时间尺度的地磁场向西漂移的最可能原因之一。     

国内天文地球动力学中的潮汐研究

简要说明了天文地球动力学范畴内所研究的潮汐现象，包括由日月引潮力引起的固体潮、海洋潮、大气潮和由于地球自转轴的极移引起的极潮，以及这些潮汐对地球自转和地球自转的测量产生的效应。重点阐述中国天文学界在这一领域里的研究成果。这些研究涉及潮汐影响地球自转的机制，也就是各种潮汐效应与极移、自转速率变化和章动的关系，包括构建这类关系的理论模型，分析潮汐对它们的影响，利用中国古代丰富的天象记录计算地球自转的长期减慢，计算弹性或滞弹地球的洛夫数，依据某一地球模型计算潮汐效应或章动序列等等。研究也涉及在测量地球自转参数的不同技术中各种潮汐效应对测量结果产生的影响及其改正，并涉及与潮汐有关的观测方法的优化和数据处理过程的改进。最后介绍了中国学者所发现的脉冲星的周期和周期变率测量中的潮汐效应，尽管它们的量级甚微，但不容忽视。     

液核地球自转速率变化的带谐潮效应Ⅱ——数值计算与比较

地球自转速率的潮汐变化可由无量纲参数k／Cm)(k和Cm分别为壳幔的有效Love数和有效板转动惯量)来表征。对于一个具有弹性地幔、平衡海潮和核幔不耦合的地球k／Cm=0．944，且与潮波频率无关。海潮的非平衡扰动使k／Cm为复数，且与频率有关。大气对自转速率有效勒夫数的贡献约为△kat=0．0075。同时地幔滞弹性对勒夫数也产生扰动。利用本文得到的理论公式和最新的潮汐数据计算了地球自转速率的潮汐变化，及其有关地球物理机制的影响。     

大气和带谐潮汐对日长高频变化的影响

用国际地球自转服务提供的高精度日长序列△LOD(IERS(EOP99CO4)，和由美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)对过去的气象资料进行重新分析和计算，提供的轴向大气角动量序列(AAM)来研究大气和带谐潮汐对地球自转变化(△LOD)中高频振荡激发的贡献。由Multitaper功率谱分析表明，△LOD序列在9．13d(天)、13．63d、13．66d、27．55d周期时呈现出比较强的谱峰，这些谱都在95％的显著性水平以上，有比较强的信噪比。从△LOD和AAM之差值序列谱分析结果及地球带谐响应系数k的估计，表明大气不是△LOD的高频变化的主要激发源。根据理论潮汐周期可知，有可能存在其它的激发源，如海洋对地球自转变化的激发。这还有待于进一步深入探讨。     

Lunar gravity derived from long-period satellite motion — A proposed method

A new method has been devised to determine the spherical harmonic coefficients of the lunar gravity field. This method consists of a two-step data reduction and estimation process. In the first step, a weighted least-squares empirical orbit determination scheme is applied to Doppler tracking data from lunar orbits to estimate longpperiod Kepler elements and rates. Each of the Kepler elements is represented by an independent function of time. The long-period perturbing effects of the Earth, Sun, and solar radiation are explicitly modeled in this scheme. Kepler element variations estimated by this empirical processor are then ascribed to the non-central lunar gravitation features. Doppler data are reduced in this manner for as many orbits as are available. In the second step, the Kepler element rates are used as input to a second least-squares processor that estimates lunar gravity coefficients using the long-period Lagrange perturbation equations.Pseudo Doppler data have been generated simulating two different lunar orbits. This analysis included the perturbing effects of the L1 lunar gravity field, the Earth, the Sun, and solar radiation pressure. Orbit determinations were performed on these data and long-period orbital elements obtained. The Kepler element rates from these solutions were used to recover L1 lunar gravity coefficients. Overall results of this controlled experiment show that lunar gravity coefficients can be accurately determined and that the method is dynamically consistent with long-period perturbation theory.     

Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history since early precambrian

The daily growth layers arranged into seasonal and tidal patterns, present in calcified structures of many modern as well as fossil organisms, provide evidence on the length of lunar month and year in the geological past.The data presented are mainly from molluscan shells and indicate that the number of days per lunar month and per year has decreased significantly since Ordovician time. The change possibly has not taken place at a uniform rate.Banding and periodical patterns in stromatolites reflect cycles of daily, tidal, and seasonal nature, but rarely, if ever, represent a complete growth record. Such lack of completeness is a function of many parameters like water depth, energy of the environment, biological and physical disruptions, which are not always determinable in fossils. Phanerozoic stromatolites show a higher degree of incompleteness than precambrian ones. Figures obtained from stromatolites counts cannot be compared to those from molluscs. Preliminary data indicate that the length of the synodic month during Gunflint time (1750 m.y. ago) was between 36 and 39 days. The oldest known stromatolites ( 2800 m.y.) show patterns that are interpreted as due to tidal influence and have a periodicity of 10, 20 and 40 laminae. The obvious conclusions are that the Moon has been associated with Earth since at least Early Precambrian times, that all theories implying a late capture of the Moon should be revised and that the calculated secular changes in the Earth's rotation rate cannot be accepted as representative for the all geological history.Paper presented at the AAAS Symposium on the Early History of the Earth and Moon in Philadelphia on 28 December 1971.     

On the evolution of the lunar orbit

It is generally accepted that the Earth-Moon separation is at present increasing due to tidal dissipation. Values for the corresponding lunar deceleration and the related slowing of the Earth's rotation are obtained from astronomical observations and by studies of ancient eclipses. Extrapolation of these values leads to a close approach of the Earth and Moon 1–3 b.y. BP. However, justification for such an extrapolation is required. It has been hypothesized that periodicities in the Precambrian stromatolites can be used to determine the number of solar days in a lunar month prior to 500 m.y. BP. These data combined with dynamic constraints on the number of solar days in a lunar month indicate a close approach of the Earth and Moon at 2.85 ± 0.25 b.y. BP. It is suggested that the mare volcanism on the Moon and high-temperature Archean volcanism on the Earth prior to this date were caused by tidal heating. It is also suggested that the strong tidal heating during a close approach could have contributed to the formation of the first living organisms.     

The Flux of Lunar Meteorites onto the Earth

Numerous new finds of lunar meteorites in Oman allow detailed constraints to be obtained on the intensity of the transfer of lunar matter to the Earth. Our estimates show that the annual flux of lunar meteorites in the mass interval from 10 to 1000 g to the entire Earth's surface should not be less than several tenths of a kilogram and is more likely equal to tens or even a few hundred kilograms, i.e., a few percent of the total meteorite flux. This corresponds to several hundred or few thousand falls of lunar meteorites on all of Earth per year. Even small impact events, which produce smaller than craters on the Moon smaller than 10 km in diameter, are capable of transferring lunar matter to the Earth. In this case, the Earth may capture between 10 to 100% of the mass of high-velocity crater ejecta leaving the Moon. Our estimates for the lunar flux imply rather optimistic prospects for the discovery of new lunar meteorites and, consequently, for the analyses of the lunar crust composition. However, the meteorite-driven flux of lunar matter did not play any significant role in the formation of the material composition of the Earth's crust, even during the stage of intense meteorite bombardment.     

Utilisation of the lunar field for interplanetary travel by the Oslo system

This paper presents preliminary results of orbital investigations by a data processing machine aimed at the utilisation of the lunar gravitational field in interplanetary travel. The lunar field is utilised in two successive steps. In the first step a spacecraft in an Earth-bound orbit is deviated into an orbit similar to but separated from the Earth's orbit around the Sun. In a successive approach between the spacecraft and the Earth-Moon system the combined fields of the Earth and the Moon are utilised as a means to convey to the spacecraft a main portion of the momentum required in order to carry it to the proximity of Venus.A substantial portion of the fuel required for space travel can be saved by this kind of procedure.The CD 3300 machine time needed for this investigation was supplied by the computing facility of the University of Oslo at Blindern.     

Some similarities of expansion phenomena in the vicinity of the earth and in the universe as a whole

Some expansion phenomena in the immediate vicinity of the Earth and their influence on the Earth's angular momentum are considered. It is noted that the tidal mechanism which is traditionally used to explain the lunar retreat is actually unfounded. These expansion effects are compared with the Hubble expansion of the universe and their similarity is shown. A way for the solution of the lunar retreat paradox is suggested combining the tidal effects and Hubble expansion. An increase of the Earth-Sun distance is predicted and the rate of this removal is estimated.Published in Astrofizika, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 667–674, October–December, 1995.     

大气对地球自转变化的影响-方法和数据的深入分析

大气相对固体地球的运动产生大气相对角动量，它的变化可以激发地球自转多时间尺度的变化．计算大气相对角动量现在采用两种不同的垂直积分高度，一种为从地形表面积分到顶层大气，称之为SP方法；另一种为从1000hPa积分到顶层大气，称之为BP方法，对采用这两种方法所得到的大气相对角动量进行了详细的比较．应用欧洲中距气象预报中心（ECMWF）和美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）大气再分析数据，重新研究了大气相对角动量变化的时空特征．通过对大气相对角动量季节平均，季节振幅和时空特征的分析，得出ECMWF和NCEP的大气相对角动量变化对地球自转周年极移的影响，在亚洲季风区域和南极洲区域差别最为明显．     

Insight-building models for lunar range and range rate

The analysis of range or Doppler data between sites on the Earth and Moon requires an accurate computation of the lunar orbit and detailed models of the orientation of the Earth and Moon. Models constructed to understand range and range rate can lack detail, but if they include the largest lunar orbit variations, tracking stations on a rotating Earth, and lunar sites on a synchronously rotating Moon, then they will display the largest effects for orbit elements, Earth orientation, tracking station locations, and lunar site coordinates. The range and range rate are expanded into periodic series. To understand accurate solutions, the largest periodic terms that are sensitive to various solution parameters indicate the sensitivity of data to solution parameters and the time spans needed for their determination. Conclusions include: cylindrical coordinates work well for sites on the rapidly rotating Earth, but Cartesian coordinates are more natural for the synchronously rotating Moon since the series for the three coordinate projections are distinct. For range and range rate data, daily, semimonthly, monthly, and longer periods are present. For Doppler data, the daily periods may be stronger and more useful than the long periods, particularly for terms associated with the terrestrial tracking station. Doppler data do not determine the lander coordinate toward the Earth well. Observational strategies for range and Doppler data are not identical. For all data types, one wishes a variety of hour angles, lunar declinations, times of month, and longer periods. A long span of high-quality range data can improve the lunar orbit, orientation of the Earth’s equator, and physical librations. The locations of new lunar sites or new tracking stations can be determined from shorter spans of data.     

月球卫星轨道变化的分析解

由于月球自转缓慢及其引力位的特点,使得讨论月球卫星与人造地球卫星轨道变化的方法有所不同。