基于网格走时计算的弯曲界面下菲涅尔体研究

为了研究弯曲界面曲率变化对分辨率的影响,首先推导了垂直入射下来自弯曲界面的反射波和透射波界面菲涅尔带近似的解析公式,证明了公式中曲率为零恰好对应已经被推导的平界面菲涅尔带的解析公式,然后给出了利用网格走时计算方法计算弯曲界面下反射波和透射波菲涅尔体的数值实现策略,这一实现策略同时保证了网格走时计算的精度和菲涅尔体计算的精度,最后对比了不同弯曲界面（不同曲率）下的菲涅尔体相对于平界面（曲率为零）下菲涅尔体的变化.研究结果表明,界面下高速时,向斜弯曲造成菲涅尔体在界面附近变宽,使得分辨率降低;背斜弯曲造成菲涅尔体在界面附近变窄,使得分辨率提高.并且向斜弯曲对分辨率的影响程度要明显大于背斜弯曲.而界面下低速时,结论正好相反.     

在随机噪音背景下地震反射信号的增强

提高地震资料的信噪比，增强反射波同相轴连续性是地震勘探的基本问题之一。本文针对因存在噪音和信号比较弱，致使正常时差（NMO）校正加方法难以奏效的问题，提出提高信噪比和增强反射信号同相轴连续性的共反射面元（CRS）迭加方法，该方法将来自菲涅尔带的信息经校正迭加在一起，计算结果表明，该方法能有效提高信噪比，增强反射信号同相同的连续性。     

二维菲涅耳带共反射面元叠加方法研究

大量研究证明CRS叠加能提高地震勘探的信噪比,但是能否提高分辨率的关键在于如何确定CRS叠加孔径.本文详细探讨了地震波反射过程中菲涅耳带的特征,认为起伏地形下菲涅耳带可以采用椭圆予以近似,在此基础上提出了一种通过菲涅耳带来确定CRS叠加孔径的方法,并应用于泌阳凹陷陡坡带的地震剖面.结果表明,由于菲涅耳带确定的叠加范围使地震信号的能量达到最佳,相对于CMP叠加,菲涅耳带CRS叠加同时提高了地震资料的信噪比和分辨率,特别显示了中深部较弱的地震信息,而常规的CRS叠加则只在于提高资料的信噪比和改善浅部的地震信息.     

粘弹各向异性反射体模型方位地震AVO模拟及分析（英文）

基于岩石物理模型和广义各向异性Zoeppritz方法在频率域计算裂缝型反射体模型反射波方位地震AVO响应。反射体模型为粘弹各向异性、有限厚度的地质体,其地震反射波形序列包含如下动力学信息,即分界面处介质的波阻抗和非弹性差异、反射体内部波的各向异性传播、在传播路径上的频散与衰减,以及来自顶底界面的反射波的调谐与干涉等。计算表明,速度频散和衰减增顶界面反射波大入射角反射时的振幅,而减弱底界面反射振幅。对于固定入射角的方位地震方位地震响应,PP波反射特征表现为随方位角的增加反射波形序列延续时间变长,而PSV和PSH转换类型反射波的方位各向异性变化特征稳定且受储层厚度影响较小,表现为PSV波反射振幅随方位角增加而增加,PSH波在0°和90°方位无反射能量,在45°方位反射振幅最强。     

初至波菲涅尔体地震层析成像

根据地震波传播的有限频理论,对于某个特定震相的观测信息,不仅射线路径上的点对该信息具有影响,射线领域上的其他点对接收信息也具有影响,这种影响可以用核函数来表达.本文基于波动方程的Born近似与Rytov近似,给出了非均匀介质情况下初至地震波振幅与走时菲涅尔体层析成像单频、带限层析核函数的计算方法.通过对均匀介质情况下初至地震波菲涅尔体层析成像核函数解析表达式的理论模型实验与分析,给出了不同维度振幅、走时单频菲涅尔体的空间分布范围,进而给出了带限菲涅尔体边界的确定方法.将本文的走时菲涅尔体层析成像理论应用于表层速度结构反演中,理论模型试验与实际资料处理结果表明,初至波菲涅尔体地震层析成像方法比传统的初至波射线层析成像理论具有更高的反演精度.     

多震相菲涅耳体射线走时同时反演成像

高频假设下的地震射线理论以及相应的地震成像理论表明,在射线稀疏条件下,不可能得到较高分辨率的构造成像;而有限频射线理论更符合实际地震的传播规律,即地震波的走时不仅与中心射线(传统的几何射线)上的速度分布有关,而且与中心射线附近一定范围(称其为第一菲涅耳体)内的速度异常分布有关.鉴于此,本文提出了计算多震相地震波菲涅耳体有限频射线的方法,并定义了走时敏感核函数,同时给出了利用多震相菲涅耳体有限频射线进行速度模型和反射界面同时反演成像的公式.利用多震相走时资料,使用传统射线层析成像方法与有限频射线层析成像方法进行了速度和界面的同时反演成像.结果表明,当射线密度较小时,无论是对速度模型的重建还是对反射界面几何形状的更新,有限频射线层析成像方法均优于传统射线层析成像方法, 而变频有限频射线层析成像则是实际地震层析成像的首选反演算法.      

地震勘探空间分辨力分析

未偏移地震剖面的空间分辨力研究通常采用第一菲涅尔带的解释方法,它是以几何地震学的射线理论为基础,仅考虑了地震波的运动学特征,不能详细描述地震波的动力学特征.本文从物理地震学的广义绕射叠加观点出发,综合分析地震波的运动学和动力学特征,由绕射叠加效应推导出了零炮检距地震道空间分辨力的计算公式.该公式的计算结果与第一菲涅尔带半径在数值上相当,并通过正演模拟验证了计算公式的合理性.因此利用物理地震学的原理研究地震勘探空间分辨力更符合地震波客观实际的传播特征.     

部分共反射面元叠加技术在海上数据中的应用

本文对共反射面元(CRS)叠加方法做改进,利用得到的波场参数来提高叠前地震资料的质量.利用CRS波场参数做部分CRS叠加,对菲涅尔带内的多个相邻CMP道集做倾角、曲率等校正后合并为一个道集即CRS超道集,可以补齐缺失地震道,实现叠前数据规则化,并提高信噪比.从而使得叠前道集中的同相轴尤其是来自深层的反射有更好的连续性,有利于识别和追踪.提高质量后的叠前道集可用于后续的速度分析、叠加、偏移等常规处理中,效果好于原始CMP道集.模型和实际数据的计算结果验证了该方法的正确性和有效性.该方法在低信噪比资料的处理中将会有广阔的应用前景.     

基于倾角-偏移距域道集的绕射波成像

地震绕射波是地下非连续性地质体的地震响应,绕射波成像对地下断层、尖灭和小尺度绕射体的识别具有重要的意义.在倾角域共成像点道集中,反射波同相轴表现为一条下凸曲线,能量主要集中在菲涅耳带内,绕射波能量则比较发散.由于倾角域菲涅耳带随偏移距变化而存在差异,因此本文提出一种在倾角-偏移距域道集中精确估计菲涅耳带的方法,在各偏移距的倾角域共成像点道集中实现菲涅耳带的精确切除,从而压制反射波.在倾角-偏移距域道集中还可以分别实现绕射波增强,绕射波同相轴相位校正,因此能量弱的绕射波可以清晰地成像.在倾角域共成像点道集中,反射波同相轴的最低点对应于菲涅耳带估计所用的倾角,因此本文提出一种在倾角域共成像点道集中直接自动拾取倾角场的方法.理论与实际资料试算验证了本文绕射波成像方法的有效性.     

叠前三维共反射面叠加在实际地震资料处理中的应用

针对复杂地表地质条件下地震资料覆盖次数不均、部分数据缺失而导致的地震资料品质下降、陡倾角地区成像质量变差等问题,文中采用了叠前三维共反射面叠加技术.共反射面叠加是一种与宏观速度无关且考虑了反射点曲率的地震成像方法.它利用共反射点道集一个邻域内(菲涅尔带)道之间的相关性,并将相干区域内道集的能量相加来增强地震反射信号和绕射波能量,并借助于相邻CMP道集数据形成CRS超道集,使得面元内的覆盖次数更加均匀;同时利用超道集的高覆盖次数来压制噪声,最终得到高信噪比道集数据.实际地震资料处理表明,该方法可大幅度地提高地震资料信噪比和分辨率,增强地震同相轴的连续性,此外还可为叠前偏移成像处理、AVO属性分析、叠前地震反演等提供高质量的输入数据.     

WEIGHTED STACKING OF SEISMIC DATA USING AMPLITUDE-DECAY RATES AND NOISE AMPLITUDES1

The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of seismic reflection data can be significantly enhanced by stacking. However, stacking using the arithmetic mean (straight stacking) does not maximize the S/N ratio of the stack if there are trace-to-trace variations in the S/N ratio. In this case, the S/N ratio of the stack is maximized by weighting each trace by its signal amplitude divided by its noise power, provided the noise is stationary. We estimate these optimum weights using two criteria: the amplitude-decay rate and the measured noise amplitude for each trace. The amplitude-decay rates are measured relative to the median amplitude-decay rate as a function of midpoint and offset. The noise amplitudes are measured using the data before the first seismic arrivals or at late record times. The optimum stacking weights are estimated from these two quantities using an empirical equation. Tests with synthetic data show that, even after noisy-trace editing, the S/N ratio of the weighted stack can be more than 10 dB greater than the S/N ratio of the straight stack, but only a few decibels more than the S/N ratio of the trace equalized stack. When the S/N ratio is close to 0 dB, a difference of 4 dB is clearly visible to the eye, but a difference of 1 dB or less is not visible. In many cases the S/N ratio of the trace-equalized stack is only a few decibels less than that of the optimum stack, so there is little to be gained from weighted stacking. However, when noisy-trace editing is omitted, the S/N ratio of the weighted stack can be more than 10 dB greater than that of the trace-equalized stack. Tests using field data show that the results from straight stacking, trace-equalized stacking, and weighted stacking are often indistinguishable, but weighted stacking can yield slight improvements on isolated portions of the data.     

Common-reflection-surface stack — a real data example

The simulation of a zero-offset (ZO) stack section from multi-coverage reflection data is a standard imaging method in seismic processing. It significantly reduces the amount of data and increases the signal-to-noise ratio due to constructive interference of correlated events. Conventional imaging methods, e.g., normal moveout (NMO)/dip moveout (DMO)/stack or pre-stack migration, require a sufficiently accurate macro-velocity model to yield appropriate results, whereas the recently introduced common-reflection-surface stack does not depend on a macro-velocity model. For two-dimensional seismic acquisition, its stacking operator depends on three wavefield attributes and approximates the kinematic multi-coverage reflection response of curved interfaces in laterally inhomogeneous media. The common-reflection-surface stack moveout formula defines a stacking surface for each particular sample in the ZO section to be simulated. The stacking surfaces that fit best to actual events in the multi-coverage data set are determined by means of coherency analysis. In this way, we obtain a coherency section and a section of each of the three wavefield attributes defining the stacking operator. These wavefield attributes characterize the curved interfaces and, thus, can be used for a subsequent inversion. In this paper, we focus on an application to a real land data set acquired over a salt dome. We propose three separate one-parametric search and coherency analyses to determine initial common-reflection-surface stack parameters. Optionally, a subsequent optimization algorithm can be performed to refine these initial parameters. The simulated ZO section obtained by the common-reflection-surface stack is compared to the result of a conventional NMO/DMO/stack processing sequence. We observe an increased signal-to-noise ratio and an improved continuity along the events for our proposed method — without loss of lateral resolution.     

CRS-stack-based seismic imaging considering top-surface topography

In this case study we consider the seismic processing of a challenging land data set from the Arabian Peninsula. It suffers from rough top‐surface topography, a strongly varying weathering layer, and complex near‐surface geology. We aim at establishing a new seismic imaging workflow, well‐suited to these specific problems of land data processing. This workflow is based on the common‐reflection‐surface stack for topography, a generalized high‐density velocity analysis and stacking process. It is applied in a non‐interactive manner and provides an entire set of physically interpretable stacking parameters that include and complement the conventional stacking velocity. The implementation introduced combines two different approaches to topography handling to minimize the computational effort: after initial values of the stacking parameters are determined for a smoothly curved floating datum using conventional elevation statics, the final stack and also the related residual static correction are applied to the original prestack data, considering the true source and receiver elevations without the assumption of nearly vertical rays. Finally, we extrapolate all results to a chosen planar reference level using the stacking parameters. This redatuming procedure removes the influence of the rough measurement surface and provides standardized input for interpretation, tomographic velocity model determination, and post‐stack depth migration. The methodology of the residual static correction employed and the details of its application to this data example are discussed in a separate paper in this issue. In view of the complex near‐surface conditions, the imaging workflow that is conducted, i.e. stack – residual static correction – redatuming – tomographic inversion – prestack and post‐stack depth migration, leads to a significant improvement in resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio and reflector continuity.     

THE PERFORMANCE OF OPTIMUM STACKING FILTERS IN SUPPRESSING UNCORRELATED NOISE*

Optimum stacking filters based on estimates of trace signal-to-uncorrelated noise ratios are assessed and compared in performance with conventional straight stacking. It is shown that for the trace durations and signal bandwidths normally encountered in seismic reflection data the errors in estimating signal/noise ratios largely counteract the theoretical advantages of the optimum filter. The more specific the filter (e.g. the more frequency components included in its design) the more this is true. Even for a simple weighted stack independent of frequency, the performance is likely to be better than a straight (equal weights) stack only for relatively high signal/noise ratios, when the performance is not critical anyway.     

地震记录小波域高阶相关叠加技术

水平叠加技术能够有效地压制随机噪声和多次波，但是对于由于相邻道的噪声表现出相关性和一致性而产生的某些相干干扰，常规的叠加技术容易产生假的同相轴，难以取得较高的信噪比.基于小波理论和高阶统计理论本文提出了小波域高阶相关叠加技术(HOCS)，其基本原理是将经动静校正的CMP道集变换到小波域，然后在小波域求取高阶相关系数，进而加权叠加.数值实验和实际资料计算的结果表明，此方法比常规叠加更能够有效地提高信噪比，剔除常规加权叠加无法抑制的某些相关噪声.     

Treatment of conflicting dips in the 3D common-reflection-surface stack

The 3D common-reflection-surface stack is a tool to simulate zero-offset sections from the prestack data. In conventional implementations conflicting dip situations, i.e., the contribution of more than one stacking operator per output location, are not taken into account. This leads to stacked sections with fragmentary events and to incomplete sets of stacking parameters. Subsequent applications based on the results of the common-reflection-surface stack and its attributes will show deteriorated quality.
In this paper, I present a modified workflow for the handling of the conflicting dip problem in context of the 3D common-reflection-surface stack. The strategy utilizes the path-summation technique to obtain an improved input for the conflicting dip search in the zero-offset domain. The actual detection is done by means of an adapted peak detection algorithm. For each detected event consistent sets of attributes are obtained by a newly introduced search step.
Two 3D real data applications show the applicability of the proposed technique. The strategy proves to resolve most of the conflicting dip situations even for poor signal-to-noise ratio. With only moderate additional computational cost the presented method provides superior results compared to the conventional 3D common-reflection-surface stack.     

Common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack for common offset

We provide a data-driven macro-model-independent stacking technique that migrates 2D prestack multicoverage data into a common-offset (CO) section. We call this new process the CO common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack. It can be viewed as the generalization of the zero-offset (ZO) CRS stack, by which 2D multicoverage data are stacked into a well-simulated ZO section. The CO CRS stack formula can be tailored to stack P-P, S-S reflections as well as P-S or S-P converted reflections. We point out some potential applications of the five kinematic data-derived attributes obtained by the CO CRS stack for each stack value. These include (i) the determination of the geometrical spreading factor for reflections, which plays an important role in the construction of the true-amplitude CO section, and (ii) the separation of the diffractions from reflection events. As a by-product of formulating the CO CRS stack formula, we have also derived a formula to perform a data-driven prestack time migration.     

CRS strategies for solving severe static and imaging issues in seismic data from Saudi Arabia

Static shifts from near‐surface inhomogeneities very often represent the key problem in the processing of seismic data from arid regions. In this case study, the deep bottom fill of a wadi strongly degrades the image quality of a 2D seismic data set. The resulting static and dynamic problems are solved by both conventional and common‐reflection‐surface (CRS) processing. A straightforward approach derives conventional refraction statics from picked first breaks and then goes through several iterations of manual velocity picking and residual statics calculation. The surface‐induced static and dynamic inhomogeneities, however, are not completely solved by these conventional methods. In CRS processing, the local adaptation of the CRS stacking parameters results in very detailed dynamic corrections. They resolve the local inhomogeneities that were not detected by manual picking of stacking velocities and largely compensate for the surface‐induced deterioration in the stack. The subsequent CRS residual statics calculations benefit greatly from the large CRS stacking fold which increases the numbers of estimates for single static shifts. This improves the surface‐consistent averaging of static shifts and the convergence of the static solution which removes the remaining static shifts in the 2D seismic data. The large CRS stacking fold also increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio in the final CRS stack.     

折射波地震记录叠加成像方法研究

多次覆盖折射波地震勘探是用来追踪反射波成像质量较差地区的地质构造或用于追踪深层基底形态及研究基岩面的一种勘探方法.基于折射波理论，用折射地震记录中的折射波对地下折射界面进行成像，应用共深度折射面元叠加成像理论方法，给出用共深度折射面元叠加成像技术对地下折射界面进行成像的速度分析与动校正计算方法，提出一种适用于折射波发育探区的共深度折射点叠加成像方法，最后以模型和实际例子说明方法的正确性和实用性.     

N次根倾斜叠加方法在间断面研究中的应用

将N次根倾斜叠加应用于地幔间断面研究,通过实例计算,给出了不同次根倾斜叠加的结果,展示了N次根倾斜叠加方法的特点,不但可以增加信噪比,而且还提高了信号的清晰度,但有时会引起信号的畸变.N的选取取决于资料的噪声分布、信噪比和台站个数等因素.本文讨论了间断面倾斜对信号相对于参考震相的走时差、水平慢度差的影响,为分析倾斜叠加结果提出了修正标准,并为准确确定间断面深度提供了依据.