青藏铁路普通路基下部冻土变化分析

高温高含冰量冻土地区,青藏铁路采取了冷却路基、降低多年冻土温度的工程措施.然而青藏铁路仍有大量路段未采用任何工程措施,因此修筑普通路基后冻土变化也是普遍关心的问题.根据青藏铁路普通路基下部土体温度监测的近期结果,分析了季节冻土区、已退化多年冻土区和多年冻土区路基下部冻土变化特征.结果表明,不同区域修筑普通路基,其下部土体温度、最大季节冻结深度、多年冻土上限等存在较大的差异.在季节冻土和已退化多年冻土区,右路肩下部(阴坡)已形成冻土隔年层;在多年冻土强烈退化区,其路基下部形成融化夹层;在高温多年冻土区,其路基下部上限存在抬升和下降,上限附近土体温度有升高的趋势.在低温多年冻土区,其路基下部上限全部抬升,上限附近土体存在"冷量"积累,有利于路基下部多年冻土热稳定性.因此,低温多年冻土区修筑普通路基后,冻土变化基本是向着有利于路基稳定性的方向发展,在其它地段修筑普通路基,冻土变化是向着不利于路基稳定性的方向发展的.特别是阴阳坡太阳辐射差异,导致了土体热状态和多年冻土上限形态产生较大的差异,这种差异将会对路基稳定性产生一定的影响.     

青海省共和-玉树高速公路新建块石路基下的温度状况分析

块石路基是多年冻土区应用最为广泛的多年冻土路基形式. 为了研究多年冻土区修筑高速公路后块石路基的效果,选取青海省新建共和-玉树高速公路3个块石路基监测断面的实测资料,对路基修筑初期多年冻土温度状况进行了分析. 结果表明：路基修筑初期路基中心原天然地表下0.5 m处仍表现出季节变化规律,至原多年冻土上限深度处,温度波动幅度急剧减小. 块石路基的保温效果与年平均地温密切相关,年平均地温越低,对冻土的保护效果越显著. 受阴阳坡效应的影响,左路肩/坡脚温度高于右路肩/坡脚. 左右路肩及中心孔下多年冻土上限都得到不同程度的抬升,抬升幅度主要受路基高度影响,与多年冻土年平均地温没有必然关系.     

青藏铁路遮阳板措施应用效果观测研究

在青藏铁路的施工建设中,许多主动保护冻土的措施已经被采用,遮阳板就是其中之一.遮阳板措施的保温效果在应用只有1 a的时间里面就表现出来,在第1个冷暖季节过后,在遮阳板保护下的路基土体温度就较普通路基低,在路基左路肩部位(阳坡)低出3~5℃;在路基的左右护道、路肩孔和中心孔冻土上限抬升在1.0~1.7 m,平均抬升1.1 m.遮阳板措施对于保护路基冻土效果较其它主动保护冻土措施更快、更明显,是多年冻土区工程建设中主动保护冻土措施的首选措施之一.     

青藏高原多年冻土区碎石护坡降温作用及效果分析

基于青藏高原北麓河多年冻土区碎石护坡路基与普通路基温度监测资料分析,结果表明:碎石层的铺设具有减小坡面年平均温度及坡面温度年较差的作用;与普通路基相比,碎石护坡在暖季主要起到隔热作用,但在冷季主要存在不利于路基散热的弊病.从路基人为冻土上限抬升状况、温度降低程度和路基变形量的差异来看,碎石护坡路基较普通路基有利于冻土路基的热稳定性.但碎石护坡调节路基内部温度场是一个长期过程,即坡面温度对多年冻土温度的影响具有滞后性,若作为青藏铁路多年冻土区补强措施使用时应慎重.     

青藏公路下伏多年冻土的融化分析

基于青藏公路沿线高温冻土区和低温冻土区2组地温观测孔5 a的地温观测资料, 研究了路基下伏多年冻土的融化状态, 定量分析了进入路基下多年冻土内的热状况. 结果表明: 路基近地表地温明显高于对应天然地表下的地温, 路基近地表经历的融化期长于对应天然地表, 高温冻土区路基内已形成贯穿融化夹层;进入高温冻土区路基下伏多年冻土内的热收支处于持续不断的吸热状态, 进入低温多年冻土区的热收支也呈现出吸热明显大于放热的周期性变化;高温冻土区接近0℃的地温及其持续不断的热积累是引起下伏多年冻土不断融化的主要原因. 低温冻土区进入多年冻土的热积累暂时以增高地温耗热为主, 随着地温的增高, 低温冻土区也可能发生强烈的冻土融化.     

风积沙环境下高等级公路冻土块石路基降温性能分析

青藏高原脆弱的生态系统以及人类工程活动,加剧了青藏工程走廊线性工程两侧沙漠化、荒漠化发展趋势,尤其冻土块石路基面临日益严重的风积沙灾害问题。以多年冻土区高等级公路块石路基为研究对象,采用数值模拟分析风积沙环境下封闭块石路基的降温性能和长期热稳定性。结果表明：风积沙堆积对封闭块石路基下部土层冻土温度的影响程度高于冻土上限,1.0 m湿沙工况降低冻土温度,0.2 m干沙则增大冻土温度。升温背景下,随年平均气温增加风沙堆积对路基冻土上限影响程度增强,干沙增大冻土融化深度,湿沙抬升冻土上限。随冻土含冰量减小,路基中心冻土上限对气候升温敏感性增加,风沙堆积影响减弱。气候升温和风沙堆积条件下,在年平均气温低于-5.5℃时,宽幅沥青路面封闭块石路基能够满足降温要求,使人为冻土上限保持在块石层内。研究成果可为风沙危害区多年冻土块石路基的病害治理和拟建青藏高速公路块石路基设计提供科学依据。     

路基施工对青藏高原多年冻土的影响

青藏高原上施工会扰动其下多年冻土的存在状态. 近些年来, 高原上相继修建的大量的线性工程, 这些大型工程的建设必将进行多年冻土区的开挖和夯填, 从而会引起下伏多年冻土的结构发生很大变化. 研究了路基施工对青藏高原多年冻土的影响, 并以青藏铁路、青藏公路沿线典型实例进行分析. 结果表明: 开挖施工扰动最大, 可引起斜坡失稳滑塌、地表积水和热融湖塘等;填土路堤会引起其下伏多年冻土升温, 路基两侧形成的小气候往往起着提高地面温度的作用;挡水、排水设施施工也会导致多年冻土上限下降, 地表沉陷. 可见, 填土路基、开挖、地表工程扰动都会导致多年冻土发生变化, 这些冻土变化对路基稳定必将构成威胁.     

青藏铁路冻土区遮挡式路基结构安全可靠性预测分析

冻土区路基的安全可靠性取决于路基地温场特征和路基面抗自然侵蚀特征。在路基基床上部修筑遮阳棚和在边坡上修筑遮阳板既可阻挡太阳对路基面和路基边坡的直接辐射,改变路基地温场形态,降低土层温度,又可防止降水渗入路基或降雪覆盖路面。这对防止冻土退化,提高冻土区铁路路基安全可靠性是一种非常有效而又简单易行的工程措施。本文以青藏铁路冻土区遮挡式路基结构路基表面温度数据和该地段气象资料为基础,运用带有相变的一维热传导方程模拟分析了青藏铁路长期运营过程中遮挡式路基结构对冻土区路基人为上限的抬升效果及对路基稳定性的影响,认为遮挡式路基结构是一种安全可靠的冻土区路基工程结构形式,同时也是未来铁路运营过程整治路基病害的一种有效工程措施。     

青藏铁路普通路基下冻土过程动态评价

本文主要利用青藏铁路北麓河厚层地下冰试验段中普通路基下部冻土温度的监测资料,对路基下部冻土温度变化和热收支特征进行了分析,并对修筑普通路基后多年冻土热融蚀敏感性和热稳定性进行了计算。结果表明,修筑普通铁路路基后,虽然多年冻土人为上限有较大幅度抬升,但原天然上限以下多年冻土温度却逐年升高,表现为显著的吸热状态。同时冻土热融蚀敏感性增强,冻土热稳定性下降,对路基热稳定性将产生较大的影响。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区普通路基热状况监测分析

基于现场地温监测数据,选取年平均地温不同的监测断面对青藏铁路普通路基的热状况进行分析,包括多年冻土上限变化及其地温变化、下伏多年冻土温度变化、原天然地表附近热收支等方面. 结果表明：在低温多年冻土区,路基下部多年冻土上限均有所提升,且新近形成的人为上限较为稳定,冷季时负温积累显著;路基下伏多年冻土总体热稳定性较好. 而在高温多年冻土区,左（阳坡）路肩下部多年冻土上限多表现为下降,右（阴坡）路肩下部多年冻土上限有升有降,但是新近形成的上限均温度较高且有进一步升温的趋势;与天然场地地温相比,路基下部多年冻土均出现一定的升温. 尤其在高温极不稳定多年冻土区,天然场地多年冻土自身处于吸热升温状态;路基修筑后,下部多年冻土已经出现了融化夹层及双向退化的情况,路基热稳定性较差. 对于普通路基来说,由于青藏高原强烈的太阳辐射及青藏铁路总体走向原因,普通阴阳坡效应显著,左、右路肩下部多年冻土热稳定性差异较大.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.