钻孔应变观测与洞室形变观测的干扰分析

钻孔应变观测系指通过安装于钻孔中的钻孔型仪器进行的应变(含倾斜)观测。洞室形变观测则在深山洞或矿井巷道的观测室内,使用较大尺度的形变观测仪器进行。 大约十年前,我们即已开展洞室形变观测。近几年来,钻孔应变观测日益风行。后者与近年来刚生产出和引进了钻孔型仪器分不开。     

数字化钻孔体应变干扰机理及异常分析

对山东省钻孔体应变仪数字化观测资料的干扰及突跳异常进行了分析、讨论，认为：(1)山东省四个台站的钻孔体应变观测资料不同程度地受降雨、地下水位、气压、温度的影响，其中，烟台台体应变观测受到的干扰最多，影响最显，主要与其钻孔的地质条件有关。(2)长清台体应变观测资料中出现的几次突跳异常是由井孔内破碎带处掉下的岩块引起的变化。     

钻孔应变观测技术发展方向探讨

从大地测量技术、地震观测技术和钻孔应变观测技术３种地面运动观测方法在观测频频带和观测精度方面的互补性,探讨了钻孔应变观测技术的发展方向,指出钻孔应变观测应将观测重点放在周期数十秒到数十天的短临信息频段,同时指出,钻孔应变观测可以同时用于声和高频地震观测,以获取更多的短临信息。     

用固体潮观测资料将钻孔应变变化换算为地层的应力变化

利用钻孔应变观测值中潮汐频段部分和钻孔岩芯的弹性系数,将钻孔应变换算为地层应力的格值,用此格值可将钻孔应变的非潮汐变化换算成该地地层的非潮汐应力变化。从潮汐模型研究和潮汐观测结果来看,勒夫数受地球在结构的影响,空间变化不大,据此可用勒夫数的模型值去求定标应力。由钻孔应变观测值求定钻孔应变的面应力系数和差应力系数,而不必知道耦合介质的力学性能。探头周围介质若非各向同性时,应力系数可用椭圆的解析式拟合     

榆树沟分量钻孔应变资料可靠性检验与分析

利用固体潮调和分析和分量应变自检公式,对榆树沟地震台分量钻孔应变观测资料的可靠性进行检验分析。分析结果显示:(1)榆树沟分量应变仪两组互相正交的分量应变之和S_1+S_3、S_2+S_4的自检相关性达到0.999 1;(2)各分量(除东西向)观测精度均小于0.05,达到中国地震局形变I类台的标准。分析认为,除春季融雪对观测精度有影响外,该台分量钻孔应变资料有较高的可靠性。     

贵阳台钻孔应变观测记震能力研究

使用2008～2011年Mw6.0以上地震目录资料,统计贵阳台钻孔应变观测资料记录同震效应情况,进行记震能力统计分析,给出了贵阳台钻孔应变观测的记震区域,创新性采用二元统计方法中的Logit模型对贵阳台钻孔应变记震能力进行统计预测.该方法可运用于其他形变观测项目记震能力(监测能力)的对比研究.     

钻孔应变仪观测及其研究课题

引言近年来 ,钻孔观测与 GPS同时逐渐成为地壳运动观测方法的主流。钻孔观测是将探头安放在直径十几厘米的纵向井孔的底部进行观测的方法。气象厅在东海及南关东地区布设的体积应变仪 ,就相当于这种方法。由于 GPS观测设施的建设比钻孔式更便宜 ,因此比较容易形成高密度观测网 ,有效捕捉面上的运动。另外 ,由于积分效应 ,观测点间的短波长变化被消除了 ,因此适用于把握大范围的应变场 ,但精度远不及钻孔观测 ,尤其是存在如何评估能与倾斜相比较的垂直分量中由于大气水蒸气造成的电波传播延迟效应的重大课题。此外 ,受载波波长 (约 2 0 cm…     

探头安装偏心对钻孔应变观测影响的分析

钻孔应变仪安装时出现的探头偏心现象会使观测数据质量受到影响.四分量钻孔应变仪设计独特,第一、三组元件观测值之和与第二、四组观测值之和相等,此为钻孔应变观测自洽.钻孔应变观测质量可由观测值能否自洽进行检测.本文将有限元数值计算和钻孔应变观测理论模型相结合,主要分析应变仪安装探头偏心是否造成观测数据不自洽,并讨论造成不自洽的原因.考虑仪器不同程度偏心,结果显示偏心引起观测数据不自洽,偏心尺度越大,不自洽越明显.本文也发现仪器不偏心时,耦合系数为常数,一旦仪器偏心,耦合系数随着元件方位角改变而变化,这与通常总将耦合系数看作常数是不一致的.而引起不自洽的原因是探头偏心导致耦合系数随着元件方位角发生改变.此外,耦合系数A,B和加载载荷无关.本文对偏心情形下的数据进行校正,通过校正去除了偏心对结果的影响,同时也分析了钻孔应变观测相对标定的合理性和有效性.     

德令哈地震台分量钻孔应变干扰分析

使用德令哈地震台钻孔水位和黑石山水库水位记录数据,与德令哈钻孔应变观测数据进行相关分析;采用集中载荷模型计算水库负载作用对钻孔应变观测的理论干扰值,与实际观测值进行对比。结果显示,水库蓄水对钻孔应变观测造成严重干扰;水库负载作用与渗透作用对钻孔应变观测影响较小,水库水位变化导致周围岩体所受水压作用出现变化,可能是影响钻孔应变观测的主要因素。     

荷载对钻孔应变测值影响的实验及力学解析

介绍了弦频钻孔应变仪和体积式应变仪二次地表荷载试验的结果。根据弹性力学的理论和方法,对钻孔地壳应变测量及荷载试验的力学模型、边界条件等予以简化,使得经典的集中力作用于半无限弹性体表面的布辛奈斯克(Boussinesq)解,可有条件地运用于钻孔应变测量中地表荷载变化问题的定量分析研究。所给出的实验方法、研究思路及计算方法等,对定量研究钻孔应变测量中的荷载干扰、研究岩石力学性质、制定台站钻孔应变观测技术标准及观测规范等具有一定意义。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...