江西省地面气象台站沿革及其对观测资料序列均一性的影响

介绍了江西省地面气象台站沿革情况,通过资料对比,分析了观测仪器、仪器安装高度和观测方法等的变化对观测资料序列均一性的影响。结果表明,气象台站历史沿革,特别是台站迁移以及观测仪器类型、仪器安装高度、观测时制的改变,直接影响观测记录的连续性和气候资料序列的均一性。研究认为,气象台站历史沿革信息,在检验、订正、分析气候资料序列时不可忽略。在使用历史资料时,应分析和判断台站沿革对气候资料序列均一性的影响。     

RHtest方法对我国降水资料的均一性检验试验

应用RHtest方法结合台站元数据信息对我国1725个气象台站1961-2009年月降水资料进行了均一性检验试验和订正,并以波密站、元阳站和巢湖站为例介绍了检验过程.结果表明:该方法能够适用于对我国降水资料均一性检验且具有较高的应用前景.2400台站高密度月降水资料的使用更加有益于参考序列的选取,采用数理统计分析和结合元数据主观判断的方式来对序列进行均一性检验更加合理.检验出存在非均一性断点的台站仅占2.1％,表明我国降水资料序列均一性情况良好,台站较大距离的迁移是造成部分降水序列非均一的重要原因之一.对检验出存在断点的降水序列采用RHtest提供的订正方法进行了订正和趋势分析,发现订正后降水序列的年变化趋势具有明显的改变,均一性也有很大改善.     

长江三角洲地区降水资料的均一性检验与订正试验

该文对1961—2002年我国长江三角洲地区36个地面观测站的年、月降水资料序列作均一性检验和订正试验, 以探讨我国年、月降水气候观测序列的均一化方法和思路。该文首先从与待检台站序列相关性较好、台站距离较近的台站中选取了若干站点作为待检台站的参考台站建立参考序列, 采用传统的标准正态检验 (SNHT) 方法, 对所研究的地区年降水的均一性进行了检验。检验结果显示, 该地区降水序列中存在非均一性现象。考虑到所选地区站点密度仍然不够, 文中还采用了一种不依赖于参考台站的思路, 对上述检验结果进行了进一步确认后, 最后对不连续序列进行了逐月订正调整。对比分析表明, 对序列的订正较为合理。在已有的研究基础上, 结合我国台站网络实际特点, 提出结合不同思路来研究我国降水量数据均一性是必要的和可行的, 应用该思路对于我国降水序列进行均一性研究具有一定的合理性和应用前景。     

重庆地区降水序列的均一性检验及其对气候变化分析的影响

本文利用最新发布的RHtest软件包中的惩罚最大T检验(PMT)方法并结合各个台站的历史沿革信息对重庆地区所属的34个气象观测台站从建站到2010年的月降水序列进行了均一性检测,并用RHtest软件包中的惩罚最大F检验(PMFT)方法对其进行了验证,结果表明该方法能很好的应用于月降水序列的均一性检验,在被检测的34个台站中,仅3个台站被检测出了间断点,表明重庆大部分台站降水资料均一性情况良好,台站远距离迁移是引起月降水序列非均一性的主要原因。对检验出存在断点的降水序列采用最新发布的RHtest软件包提供的均值订正方法进行了订正,并对订正前后的降水序列进行气候趋势分析,分析发现,订正前后降水序列的年变化趋势具有明显的改变。     

资料均一化对气温变化趋势及其城市化偏差估计的影响：以北京地区为例

当前的地面气候观测资料普遍存在非气候性因素导致的非均一性,对气候变化监测和研究结论可靠性造成重要影响。结合观测台站的历史沿革数据,使用ACMANT和Pairwise Comparisons方法以及RHtest V4软件,对北京地区20个台站均一化前的月平均气温序列进行了非均一性检验和订正,最后评估了均一化对北京地区气温序列变化趋势及其城市化偏差估算的影响。结果表明：除元数据中记录的断点外,无元数据记录的断点也会对序列的趋势变化造成明显影响,其中乡村站最显著;经过订正,1958—2018年整个北京地区、乡村站以及城市站增温趋势分别为0.27℃/(10 a)、0.10℃/(10 a)和0.32℃/(10 a),较订正前分别上升了0.03℃/(10 a)、0.06℃/(10 a)和0.02℃/(10 a)。利用均一化资料估算,1958—2018年北京观象台的城市化影响为0.24℃/(10 a),城市化贡献率为70.2%,评估结果较前人结论有所降低。可见,在现有的北京地区气温资料序列中,仍可能存在较明显的非均一性和未被记录的断点,对区域平均气温趋势估算具有显著影响。     

山东省观测资料的均一性检验

气象台站历史沿革信息包含了可能影响气候资料序列均一性的重要信息,是分析、检验、订正气候资料序列的科学参考依据。通过对站点资料进行均一性检验,再对比台站历史沿革资料,分析了资料非均一性的可能原因。采用山东省123个站建站起至2007年的气温、降水资料,筛选出49个站分别进行4种方法的均一性检验,最终确定22个台站通过检验。对未通过检验的台站,查找沿革,发现迁站是导致非资料均一的主要原因,另外,还有仪器更换、台站加高等原因以及不明原因,需进一步研究。     

安顺站气温资料的均一性检验

以安顺地面观测站为例,利用1961-2006年年平均气温观测资料,从与该站年平均气温要素序列相关性较好、海拔高度相近、水平距离较近的台站中选取5个站点作为待检台站的参考台站,建立了均一性检验的原始序列,采用国际上应用较为广泛的标准正态检验(SNHT)方法对气温要素进行了统计学检验.结果表明,台站迁移对于温度观测序列的均一性带来的影响非常明显,在此结论上,对该站迁移后的月平均气温资料进行订正处理,使得能够更好的反映气候的真实变化.     

地面气候资料序列均一性检验与订正系统

采用国内外常用的几种气候序列均一性检验与订正方法,研制了气候序列均一性检验与订正系统,用于检验地面测站由于迁站、仪器变更、环境恶化等因素造成气候序列的非均一性,并进行订正.使用该系统对浙江省地面36个测站的年平均温度、年平均风速及年降水量序列进行了均一性检验,效果较好.     

中国探空位势高度资料的非均一性检验与订正

利用加拿大环境部气候研究中心研发的PMFT均一化检验方法,结合国家气象信息中心整理的中国区域各探空台站元数据信息,对我国123个探空台站各标准等压面月平均探空位势高度资料进行了非均一性检验和订正。结果表明：仪器换型、探测系统升级以及辐射订正方法改变是造成中国区域月平均探空位势高度资料不均一的主要原因。两个观测时次位势高度序列不均一的台站数随高度的增加而增加。各标准等压面上月平均位势高度序列不均一的探空台站平均订正幅度也随着位势高度的升高而增大。并且两个观测时次各标准等压面位势高度序列均为负订正,表明我国各标准等压面位势高度资料存在系统性偏高的问题。123个探空台站在对流层顶和对流层高层位势高度序列订正前是位势高度降低趋势,订正后位势高度序列呈增高趋势。对流层中低层原始位势高度序列呈增高趋势,订正后这种增高趋势更加明显。     

气象台站历史沿革信息及其对观测资料序列均一性影响的初步分析

气象台站历史沿革信息包含了可能影响气候资料序列均一性的重要信息, 是分析、检验、订正气候资料序列的科学参考依据。文章介绍了气象台站历史沿革信息的基本内容及我国气象台站变动的基本情况, 通过对气象观测资料比较分析, 说明台站迁移、环境变化、观测仪器类型以及观测时制改变, 直接影响到观测记录的比较性和连续性, 对长年代气候资料序列的均一性也有不同程度的影响。     

南海海洋观测台站海表温度资料的均一性检验与订正

采用最大惩罚T检验（Penalized Maximum T Test,PMT）方法,结合海洋台站元数据信息,选取临近气象站做为参考站,对中国南海9个海洋观测台站月平均SST资料序列进行均一性检验,在充分考虑区域性气候变化因素的影响下,对检验结果进行气候合理性分析并对不连续点进行订正。结果表明:（1）通过多种数据的相关性比较和分析发现,临近气象站的气温资料序列是南海台站SST资料订正最优的参考序列;（2）平均每个海洋台站SST资料序列存在1~2个不连续点,其中站址变迁、仪器变更和环境变化对均一性的影响较大;（3）订正后的南海SST序列质量有大幅提高,表明南海SST具有更明显的增暖趋势。      

地面气候资料均一性研究进展

气象台站观测的地面气候资料是气候变化研究的重要基础,气候资料的均一性检验和订正对于提高气候资料的质量和均一性状况具有实用意义和价值.通过回顾近年来国内外地面气候资料均一性研究进展、研究技术及发展趋势,总结了目前国内广泛应用的两种较为成熟的均一化方法(RHtest和MASH)及其对气温、风速资料均一性研究取得的一些成果,...     

中国地面相对湿度非均一性检验及订正

利用加拿大环境部气候研究中心研发的PMTred和PMFT方法,选取均一的邻近站为参考站,使用相关系数权重平均构建参考序列,结合元数据信息,对1951-2014年中国2400多个国家级地面站月平均相对湿度进行了非均一性检验与订正,并分析了造成相对湿度序列非均一的主要原因。结果表明,中国地面相对湿度资料存在较严重的非均一问题,68%的台站存在断点,人工观测转自动观测、迁站和时次变化是造成序列非均一的主要原因。整套资料负订正量所占比例较高,订正范围主要集中在-5%～0之间,这种负订正量与人工转自动观测后相对湿度观测值偏低有密切关系。这也使得订正后中国平均相对湿度趋势与订正前存在明显差异,订正前中国平均相对湿度呈下降趋势,订正后相对湿度没有趋势性变化。     

地面气象站环境变化对气温序列均一性影响

为研究浙江省地面气象站环境变化对气温序列均一性的影响程度,采用测站历史沿革资料,对全省测站环境的时空演变进行了分析。采用距平累加、偏差界限值、F值检验法,对36个代表站的年平均气温序列进行均一性检验,并对非均一性产生的原因进行分析。结果表明:1971~2004年,浙江省测站的地理环境有显著改变;36站中有39%的测站为非均一性,产生非均一性的测站中,迁站原因占57%,环境恶化占36%;测站迁站引起的非均一性多发生在1980年以后;测站迁站时,新旧站址海拔高度差大且地理环境差异显著是造成气温序列非均一性的主要原因,迁站后气温序列较旧址存在偏高或偏低现象,其值对累年平均值有影响。指出了测站在迁移或环境变化过程中应注意的事项,以助于减少气温序列非均一性。     

多种方法在年平均风速均一性检验中的效果对比

针对安徽省天长和宿松气象站建站至2010年逐年平均风速资料,分别利用直接检验方法和3种间接检验方法：标准正态均一检验（the standard normalhomogeneity test,SNHT）、惩罚最大t检验（the penalized maximal t test,PMTT）和惩罚最大F检验（the penalized maximal Ftest,PMFT）,对这两个气象站逐年平均风速序列进行了均一性检验,并对不同检验方法的效果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：1）站址迁移、观测场环境变化、仪器变更以及测风手段变化等均能对年平均风速序列的均一性产生影响,其中测风手段变化的影响最为明显。2）由于以气象台站观测记录为依据,直接检验得到的结果最为真实可信;此外SNHT、PMTT和PMFF方法对年平均风速序列的间断点均有一定的检验能力,但遗漏间断点的情况也比较明显。因而在年平均风速序列的均一性检验中,若气象台站观测记录相对较齐全,首先考虑采用直接检验,然后再考虑补充采用其他间接检验手段。     

Detecting and adjusting temporal inhomogeneity in Chinese mean surface air temperature data

Adopting the Easterling-Peterson (EP) techniques and considering the reality of Chinese meteorolog-ical observations, this paper designed several tests and tested for inhomogeneities in all Chinese historicalsurface air temperature series from 1951 to 2001. The result shows that the time series have been widelyimpacted by inhomogeneities resulting from the relocation of stations and changes in local environmentsuch as urbanization or some other factors. Among these factors, station relocations caused the largestmagnitude of abrupt changes in the time series, and other factors also resulted in inhomogeneities to someextent. According to the amplitude of change of the difference series and the monthly distribution featuresof surface air temperatures, discontinuities identified by applying both the E-P technique and supportedby China‘s station history records, or by comparison with other approaches, have been adjusted. Basedon the above processing, the most significant temporal inhomogeneities were eliminated, and China‘s mosthomogeneous surface air temperature series has thus been created. Results show that the inhomogeneitytesting captured well the most important change of the stations, and the adjusted dataset is more reli-able than ever. This suggests that the adjusted temperature dataset has great value of decreasing theuncertaities in the study of‘ observed climate change in China.     

塔城地区气象（候）站温度的均一性检验

采用SNHT方法．结合台站历史沿革信息,对塔城地区气象（候）站1960--2006年的年平均温度、年平均最低温度序列进行均一性检验。结果表明,年平均温度资料质量基本可靠,站址迁移是引起年最低温度非均一性的主要原因：     

Homogenization of Surface Pressure Data in Tianjin,China

Based on a hydrostatic check, a preliminary quality control procedure was applied to the hourly surface air pressure(SAP) and sea level pressure(SLP) data from 13 surface observation stations in Tianjin, China. The daily and monthly series of the two pressures were tested for homogeneity with the RHtestsV5 software package and corrected by using the surface air temperature data as a reference. The results showed that 5 and 3 of the 13 stations had significant breakpoints in their SAP and SLP data, respectively, mainly caused by station relocation. Quantile matching adjustments showed that both pressures were dominated by positive deviation corrections and adjustments, with probability densities 0.2 concentrated in the ranges 0.02 to 1.80 and-0.02 to 1.64 hPa. Comparison of the variances and trends of the two pressures before and after adjustment showed that homogeneity correction can greatly reduce the influence of abnormal discrete pressure data and make the long-term trends of the series more reasonable.Taking Baodi station(54525), which has the most significant correction results, as an example, the trend amplitude of the adjusted SAP and SLP was increased by 0.316 and 0.294 hPa(10 yr)-1(95% confidence level), respectively,clearly weakening the sudden reduction induced in the two pressure series by the relocation of this station. Comparison with similar products showed that the adjusted data were better than those from the China Meteorological Administration. Therefore, the reliability of the surface pressure data and the processing techniques have been improved.     

Homogeneity assessment of a station climate series (1933–2005) in the Metropolitan Area of S?o Paulo: instruments change and urbanization effects

This work assessed homogeneity of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences (IAG) weather station climate series, using various statistical techniques. The record from this target station is one of the longest in Brazil, having commenced in 1933 with observations of precipitation, and temperatures and other variables later in 1936. Thus, it is one of the few stations in Brazil with enough data for long-term climate variability and climate change studies. There is, however, a possibility that its data may have been contaminated by some artifacts over time. Admittedly, there was an intervention on the observations in 1958, with the replacement of instruments, for which the size of impact has not been yet evaluated. The station transformed in the course of time from rural to urban, and this may also have influenced homogeneity of the observations and makes the station less representative for climate studies over larger spatial scales. Homogeneity of the target station was assessed applying both absolute, or single station tests, and tests relatively to regional climate, in annual scale, regarding daily precipitation, relative humidity, maximum (TMax), minimum (TMin), and wet bulb temperatures. Among these quantities, only precipitation does not exhibit any inhomogeneity. A clear signal of change of instruments in 1958 was detected in the TMax and relative humidity data, the latter certainly because of its strong dependence on temperature. This signal is not very clear in TMin, but it presents non-climatic discontinuities around 1953 and around 1970. A significant homogeneity break is found around 1990 for TMax and wet bulb temperature. The discontinuities detected after 1958 may have been caused by urbanization, as the observed warming trend in the station is considerably greater than that corresponding to regional climate.     

RESEARCH OF THE INHOMOGENEITY TEST OF CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA SERIES IN CHINA*

Some achievements on the inhomogeneity test of climatological data series and some correlative conclusions were described,from which we concluded that it was very necessary to test the homogeneity of the Chinese climatological data series.Many techniques on this field developed by foreign experts are suitable for Chinese climatological series,and the main factors for the inhomogeneity of the Chinese climatological data are the relocation of stations and the change of instruments.