论利用牙形石色变度值研究碳酸盐岩低级—极低级变质作用

牙形石色变度－ＣＡＩ值是一项有效的古地温指标，它不便可能帮助确定低级－极低级变岩酸盐岩的最高变质温度，而且可以差别变质类型。本文在介绍牙形石ＣＡＩ值研究现状及低级－极低级变质作用研究现状的基础上，对运用ＣＡＩ值进行低级－极低级碳酸盐岩的研究进行了综述及探讨。     

极低级变质作用和极低级变质带综述

极低级变质作用是指变质作用最低级的部分，包括成岩作用和浅层变质作用，其变质温度范围大体介于１５０－３７０℃之间。本文简要地对极低级变质作用和极低级变质带的特征和研究领域进行综述，可以看出，通过极低级变质作用和极低级变质带的研究，能够提供造山带、沉积盆地演化及板劈理发育等有关地球动力学过程和流变状态信息；强调指出进一步研究极低级变质作用和极低级变质带的必要性。     

贵州巴金区三叠系极低级变质岩系构造解析

贵州巴金区三叠系极低级变质岩系构造解析索书田（中国地质大学，武汉，４３００７４）极低级变质作用和极低级变质带是当代地质学前沿研究课题之一，国际地科联特设ＩＧＣＰ—２９４项“极低级变质作用”工作组指导该领域的研究。对此项研究已经召开过多次国际专题研讨会...     

浙江长兴煤山二叠-三叠系界线层牙形石序列及其全球对比

在详细研究全球二叠－三叠系界线层候选剖面───中国浙江长兴煤山剖面Ｐ／Ｔ界线层牙形石动物群序列基础上，自下而上识别出４个牙形石带：（１）ＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｃｈａｎｇｘｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｄｅｆｌｅｃｔａ带；（２）Ｉｓａｒｃｉｃｅｌｌａｐａｒｖａ带；（３）Ｉｓａｒｃｉｃｅｌｌａｉｓａｒｃｉｃａ带；（４）ＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｃａｒｉｎａｔａＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｐｌａｎａｔａ带，并在第一带中划分出３个动物群，从下向上是：ＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｃｈａｎｇｚｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＣｌａｒｋｉｎａｄｅｆｌｅｃｔａ－Ｃｌａｒｋｉｎａｓｕｂｃａｒｉｎａｔａ动物群，Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓｌａｔｉｄｅｎｔａｔｕｓ－Ｃｌａｒｋｉｎａｍｅｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．动物群和Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓｔｙｐｉｃａｌｉｓ动物群，煤山剖面二叠、三叠系界线层牙形石序列的建立、完善，对确立该剖面在全球二叠、三在系界线高精度对比中的标准地位具重要意义。     

成岩-极低级变质-低级变质作用及有关矿产

介于成岩作用与低级变质作用之间的极低级变质作用是一个重要过程 ,对于全面认识地球浅层动力学与成矿作用有重要意义。文中简要地回顾了国内外极低级变质研究的历史与现状 ,在大量资料的基础上提出了关于成岩—极低级变质—低级变质带划分的改进方案 ,应用许多研究实例讨论了成岩—极低级变质—低级变质作用研究在化石能源及固体矿产勘查、评价与成矿研究方面的意义 ,指出煤、石油、天然气形成于高级成岩—极低级变质条件 ,很多非金属矿产的成因及质量直接受到变质程度的控制 ,大量低温—低中温铜、铅、锌、金、银、锑、汞等金属矿床分布在高级成岩—极低级变质—低级变质区中。为了获得准确的伊利石K Ar同位素测年数据 ,文中建议应保证所测粘土样品中自生K型伊利石的含量 >90 % ,并且不含钾长石 ,还要根据变质程度的高低来确定分析样品的合适粒度。     

四川盆地上二叠统牙形石颜色与有机质成熟度

一、牙形石颜色指标的石油地质意义有机质成熟度是研究和预测油气的重要参数之一。由于泥质岩类广泛含有镜质体,其反射率值是最佳标志。丙碳酸盐岩基本上不含镜质体,这就难于获得成熟度的资料。牙形石的颜色变化正好补充这一不足。牙形石的颜色变化是由于牙形石内部的有机质在     

内蒙古林西—乌兰浩特地区二叠系极低级变质作用与生烃潜力

极低级变质作用对年轻造山带构造演化和油气勘探有重要意义,近年来成为地质学家探讨的热点领域。文章以中国东北地区南缘石炭—二叠系为研究对象,探讨了其极低级变质作用的特征。通过对兴蒙造山带东段林西—乌兰浩特地区二叠纪地层的伊利石结晶度、b₀值和多型等参数进行测试分析发现,伊利石结晶度Kübler指数在0.175~0.47之间,大多数集中于0.25~0.35,平均值为0.30;样品b₀值主要在9.0155~9.0316 ?之间,平均值为9.0249 ?;伊利石多型主要为2M₁。以上结果表明研究区二叠系林西组和哲斯组主要经历了葡萄石-绿纤石相的极低级变质作用,变质温度200~370 ℃,压力为中压,同时表明其具有较高的生烃潜力。结合二叠系生烃期研究和区内广泛发育的白垩纪侵入体推测,二叠系极低级变质作用可能发生在早白垩世,且与岩体侵入导致的地温梯度升高有关。      

塔里木盆地东北地区早古生代牙形石色变指数与生油岩成熟度

塔里木盆地古生代的海相沉积都不同程度的发育和保存了具有一定生油能力的层段。下古生界油气潜量较大的有奥陶系、寒武系。判别生油岩成熟度的方法很多,用牙形石的色变指数（ＣＡＩ）来反映生油母质岩的成熟度就是其中之一。根据塔里木盆地东北部牙形石色变指数的大小。变化可判别生油岩的演化、成熟度、生成的温度。     

华南和喜马拉雅古,中生代之交牙形石生物相和生物分区

在前人工作的基础上，对华南和喜马拉雅地区二叠世－早三叠世不同生态类型的牙形石进行了详细研究研究，依水体深浅不同，从浅到深识别出５种牙形石生物相即Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓ生物相，Ｐｃａｃｈｙｃｌａ，ｄｉｎａ－ｐａｒａｃｈｉｒｏｇｎａｔｈｕｓ生物相，Ｈｉｎｄｅｏｄｕｓ－Ｇｏｎｄｏｌｅｌｌａ生物相Ｇｏｎｄｏｌｅｌｌａ－Ｎｅｏｓｐａｔｈｏｄｕｓ生物相和Ｘａｎｉｏｇｎａｔｈｎｓ生物相。通过这些牙形石生物相在时间和     

极低级变质作用的研究现状

只有１０余年研究历史的极低级变质作用研究对低温矿产的形成、环境保护、许多地质构造学关键问题的解决均具有重要意义。当前国外主要运用先进的分析仪器,对微细矿物的结构、成分进行分析,获得矿物组合、粘土矿物的结晶度、多型、混层比、ｂ０值等以及有机质参数、流体包裹体等信息作为判断极低级变质作用的依据。中国对极低级变质研究刚刚起步,文中介绍了一些学者对内蒙、右江、新疆、北京、台湾等地区所作的一些研究工作。     

Conodont colour alteration indices: Palaeotemperatures and metamorphism in the Northern Calcareous Alps — a general view

The middle and eastern parts of the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) can be subdivided into two distinct units with a lateral boundary marked by abrupt changes in the conodont colour alteration index (CAI-values). The first of these is a northern unit (Tirolikum) with a relatively homogeneous distribution of no or low grade conodont alteration (CAI 1.0–2.0). The thermal overprint is thought to be relatively young and related to a heat flow from the Tauern crystallization. The second unit consists of the Juvavic nappe system (Juvavikum), which is distributed along the southern rim of the NCA but also covers some of the northern parts of the Tirolikum. With respect to its CAI-distribution the Juvavikum is more heterogeneous on a regional and local scale, with some local CAI-inversions. The Juvavikum additionally shows distinctly different sets of CAI-values one with weak (CAI 1.0–1.5) and another with strong alteration (CAI 5.5–7.0) — at present the highest known thermal overprint measured in the NCA. The metamorphism is relatively old as it predates the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous gravity tectonic emplacement of the Juvavikum onto the Tirolikum. The high CAI-values of parts of the Juvavic nappe system are though to be related to tectonic burial in an accretionary wedge formed parallel to the closure of the Vardar Ocean. The low CAI values of the Tirolikum apparently exclude a direct juxtaposition of the two units at the time of metamorphism.     

Conodont colour alteration indices (CAI) of Upper Ordovician limestones from the Iberian Peninsula

Conodont colour alteration index (CAI) data in Upper Ordovician rocks from several areas of the Variscan domain in the Iberian Peninsula indicate conditions ranging from diagenesis to low-grade metamorphism. In most of the areas, where studies using other indicators, such as illite crystallinity (IC) or where vitrinite reflectance are lacking, the CAI method has permitted a preliminary estimation of the metamorphic grade. In the Almadén syncline (Central-Iberian Zone), where IC studies are available, the thermal conditions inferred from CAI data agree with those obtained by the IC method. In the Puertollano–Almuradiel syncline, the thermal interval obtained primarily from fluid inclusions (270–370°C) overlaps considerably with that obtained from CAI data (180–340°C). In general, cleavage in rocks is present in anchizonal or epizonal conditions, whereas in diagenetic conditions with CAI 2.5, cleavage is scarce. The conodont texture changes with increasing metamorphism, and apatite recrystallisation appears in general with CAI 5. Variation of CAI values within a single sample and/or within short stratigraphic distances observed at several localities is due to hydrothermal activity.     

Geothermal palaeogradients and metamorphic zonation from the conodont colour alteration index (CAI)

The conodont colour alteration index (CAI) is potentially valuable in thermal history investigations, but there are problems in its use. An approach is proposed herein to overcome the problem of establishing reliable geothermal palaeogradients in areas with burial metamorphism, based on knowledge of the stratigraphic succession thickness, the boundaries of chronostratigraphic units, and the age and duration of deformation episodes. Although also problematical that a correlation between CAI and Kübler index (KI) values does not exist, there are areas where CAI and KI values are notably consistent for the anchizone boundaries; however, anomalous correlations between CAI and KI values have also been found in some areas. A CAI anchizone (or ancaizone) is defined in order to enable CAI values to be used independently to establish a metamorphic zonation.     

Tectono-thermal evolution in a region with thin-skinned tectonics: the western nappes in the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan belt of NW Spain)

 The palaeotemperature distribution in the transition from diagenesis to metamorphism in the western nappes of the Cantabrian Zone (Somiedo, La Sobia and Aramo Units) are analysed by conodont colour alteration index (CAI) and illite crystallinity (IC). Structural and stratigraphic control in distribution of CAI and IC values is observed. Both CAI and IC value distributions show that anchizonal conditions are reached in the lower part of the Somiedo Unit. A disruption of the thermal trend by basal thrusts is evidenced by CAI and IC values. There is an apparent discrepancy between the IC and CAI values in Carboniferous rocks of the Aramo Unit; the IC has mainly anchizonal values, whereas the CAI has diagenetic values. Discrepant IC values are explained as a feature inherited from the source area. In the Carboniferous rocks of the La Sobia Unit, both IC and CAI indicate diagenetic conditions. The anchimetamorphism predated completion of emplacement of the major nappes; it probably developed previously and/or during the early stages of motion of the units. Temperature probably decreased when the metamorphosed zones of the sheets rose along ramps and were intensely eroded. In the context of the Iberian Variscan belt, influence of tectonic factors on the metamorphism is greater in the internal parts, where the strain and cleavage are always present, than in the external parts (Cantabrian Zone), where brittle deformation and rock translation are dominant, with an increasing role of the burial on the metamorphism. Received: 11 May 1998 / Accepted: 19 January 1999     

Tectonothermal evolution of a foreland fold and thrust belt: the Cantabrian Zone (Iberian Variscan belt,NW Spain)

Analysis of the conodont colour alteration index and the Kübler index of illite allowed us the characterization of four types of very low‐ or low‐grade metamorphism in the Cantabrian Zone (CZ) and determination of their regional and temporal distribution. These types are: (1) an orogenic Variscan metamorphism present only in restricted areas of the western and north‐western parts of the CZ where epizonal conditions are reached; (2) a burial metamorphism that appears in the basal part of some nappes, where anchizonal conditions are sometimes achieved; the thermal peak preceded emplacement of the nappes; (3) a late‐Variscan metamorphism in the southern and south‐eastern parts of the CZ; a cleavage, cutting most of the Variscan folds, is associated with this metamorphism, which has been related to an extensional episode; (4) a contact metamorphism and hydrothermal activity associated with minor intrusive bodies. The extension continued after the Variscan deformation giving rise to hydrothermal activity during Permian times.     

川西北壤塘地区三叠纪西康群极低级变质作用

通过区域地质调查和伊利石的结晶度指数、晶格参数（bo）的测定，揭示川西北壤塘地区三叠纪西康群遭受了区域极低级变质作用，进一步讨论区域极低级变质作用与构造变形的关系，并指出区域极低级变质作用是成岩－埋藏变质作用（造山前）和同造山变质作用的综合结果。     

有机质热演化与极低级变质作用

岩石中有机质热演化特征可以灵敏于反映岩石的成岩作用到变质作用之间（即极低级变质作用）的温度、压力变化情况。笔者对有机质热变指标在极低级变质作用界线、变质带划分和变质作用温度、压力和时间演化等方面的应用进行了综述和探讨。     

介绍一种寻找隐伏岩体的好方法:岩浆热场法

隐伏岩体对于热液矿床找矿是非常重要的。寻找隐伏岩体的方法很多,其中以物探(磁法、电法、重力、地震等)方法应用得最广泛、效果最好。本文介绍的岩浆热场法,是专门寻找隐伏岩体的方法。岩浆热场法是地球物理方法的一种,它以感知温度场的差别为目的,没有多解性是它最大的优点。它以岩浆热场理论为基础,以各种能够恢复古温度场的方法为手段。能够感知岩浆热场温度的方法很多,本文介绍了其中的五种:接触变质带法、煤质和煤级法、伊利石结晶度法、牙形石色变度法和镜质体反射率法等。接触变质带是岩浆热场直接的具体的体现,传统的接触变质带范围有限(一般不超过1km)。但是,如果考虑到极低级变质作用,将大大扩展接触变质带的范围(达6~8km)。煤质和煤级是煤田地质部门应用得非常娴熟的方法,中国无烟煤分布区大多与岩浆热场有关,是隐伏岩体的良好指示剂。伊利石结晶度、牙形石色变度和镜质体反射率法是极低级变质作用研究中非常重要的三个指标。在上述各种方法中,笔者推荐镜质体反射率方法。该方法具有简单、精确、适用、经济、快速的特点。与物探方法比较,该方法有很多优点,但也有其局限性。如果能够将该方法从煤田和石油部门移植到岩石学和矿床学部门,与磁法、电法、重力法配合使用,可以提高寻找隐伏岩体的效果。     

Infrared spectroscopy of Triassic conodonts: a new tool for assessing conodont diagenesis

The Fourier transform infrared spectra of individual conodonts with various CAI values indicate definite changes in conodont francolite during diagenesis. Steady decarbonation can be observed in the increasing intensity of the band with the wavenumber 2340 an^-1, which is assigned to trapped molecular CO₂. Carbon dioxide originates from decomposing CO^2-₃-ions occupying the B-site in francolite. Furthermore, the intensity of the water-deformation band at 1644 cm^-1 decreases with higher CAI values. These changes of intensity can be quantified by calculating the maximum extinction (E_max) for the corresponding absorption maxima and correlated with the CAI. Unaltered conodonts have a relative variable water 'content' and very little CO₂. Up to a CAI value of 4 conodont francolite continuously expells water and carbon dioxide is trapped. Conodonts with CAI = 5 have similar water 'contents' to CAI = 4 conodonts, but decarbonation continues to take place during this stage of diagenesis.