多波束测深及影响精度的主要因素

通过多波束测深的基本原理、参数校正和数据改正方法的讨论,阐述了保证多波束测深精度的主要校改正方法,并在模型分析的基础上,探讨了声速剖面的结构及其时空变化对多波束测深精度的影响,指出了三个特征海区声速结构的分布特点,并提出了抑制三海区声速改正误差的可能方法及控制多波束测量中声速改正精度的措施     

声速剖面改正对多波束测深的影响

声波在水中的传播受水的温度、盐度、深度以及时间等因素的影响,并且受水介质的运动而经常发生复杂变化。不同的声速结构将直接影响波束射线的空间路径,因此声速剖面的改正直接影响着多波束测深的精度。通过实测的几种变形的海底地形,阐明了声速剖面改正对多波束测深精度的影响,以及如何在测量过程中和数据后处理中避免、消除声速剖面改正带来的测深误差,提出了切实可行的方法。     

多波束测深系统声速校正

海水声速是多波束测深系统进行水深测量的基本参数之一,声速剖面正确与否直接影响测量结果的精度和可靠性。声速校正为多波束测深系统提供了正确的声速剖面,根据声速剖面垂向上的变化规律,对原始声速数据进行科学采点,运用软件方法或实验方法对声速剖面进行编辑获得声速数据,最终取得合理可靠的水深值。这里对南海SA12试验区采集的声速资料进行了分析,以SeaBeam2100多波速测深系统为例,对声速校正的技术方法进行了探讨。     

多波束测深系统声速校正

海水声速是多波束测深系统进行水深测量的基本参数之一,声速剖面正确与否直接影响测量结果的精度和可靠性,本文阐述了声对多波束水深测量的影响机理,并通过对南海ＳＡ１２试验区采集的声速资料的分析,以ＳｅａＢｅａｍ２１００多波束测深系统为例,对声速校正的技术方法进行了探讨。     

多波束测深数据处理及成图

针对多波束测深系统测量的特点,分别分析声速改正技术和潮位改正技术。从声速在海水中的传播出发,阐述海水中声速的测量,对声速的较正方法进行探讨,随后针对潮汐效应的影响,对多波束测深数据进行潮位改正,并利用海上试验实测的多波束测深数据,将处理后的数据绘制成海底地形数字地图。     

远海多波束水深测量中声速剖面获取方法研究

声速剖面正确与否直接影响多波束测深系统测量结果的精度和可靠性,为了获得准确可靠的多波束测深数据,必须努力获取正确的声速剖面数据,来对测深数据进行声速校正。为进一步解决如何高效、准确地获取深远海声速剖面问题,在介绍几种声速剖面获取方法及特点基础上,重点对比了几种方法在远海多波束水深测量中获取的声速剖面数据,并给出了声剖数据的质量检查方法和声剖获取的一般要求,可为同类测量工作提供参考。     

温、盐、深探头在多波束测量中的综合运用

针对多波束测量中存在的声速误差问题,探讨了声速误差对多波束测量的影响以及影响表层声速和换能器动态吃水深度变化的主要因素,提出了一种旨在提高多波束测量精度的有效手段——温、盐、深探头的综合运用,以便实时测定表层海水的声速和换能器的动态深度吃水改正。     

基于等效声速剖面法的多波束测深系统声线折射改正技术

多波束测深技术是近几年比较流行的海洋勘测手段之一,其具有全覆盖、无遗漏、高精度和高效率等特点。多波束测深系统的声学原理和海水的不均匀性,使得声波在传播过程中发生声线的折射现象,对波束测点的最终位置的归算带来较大的误差。针对多波束数据后处理方法,介绍了利用等效声速剖面法对多波束测深系统的声线折射进行改正的一种新方法,并通过试验对比,证明了该方法可以提高多波束测深系统的整体测量精度。     

多波束测深数据确定声速剖面方法研究

分析了声速剖面测量方法及其误差对多波束测深数据精度的影响.根据多波束测深仪45°倾角渡束测深数据对声速剖面误差不敏感的现象,提出了利用多波束测深仪45°倾角波束测深数据确定声速剖面的A-法并结合检查线计算测线交叉区特征点声速剖面误差,为测区声速剖面的外推提供控制,从而减小声速剖面测量误差对多波束测深的影响提高测深数据精度.     

MVP在综合调测中对多波束声速改正的应用

走航式温盐深剖面系统(Moving Vessel Profiler,MVP)在走航情况下,快速获取每一海水深度层的温度、盐度和电导率等数据,在现代远洋综合调测中发挥越来越重要作用。文中主要分析了MVP采集的声速剖面数据,提供给多波束测深系统进行声速改正的应用。经分析论证,此改正方式可行,不仅满足多波束测深数据的精度,而且能最大限度的实现数据共享,节约了时间成本和经济成本。     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

中国海洋腹足类分类学研究进展——纪念中国科学院海洋研究所建所70周年

中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来，在海洋贝类分类学研究领域取得了长足发展与进步，做出一系列开创性研究成果。本文综述了建所以来我所海洋腹足类分类学研究方面的主要进展，概述了取得的主要科研成果，分析了现代腹足类分类学研究的发展趋势以及面临的挑战，并对今后的发展提出了相应对策和建议。     

Mesozooplankton in the Arctic Ocean in summer

The biomass, species and chemical composition of the mesozooplankton and their impact on lower food levels were estimated along a transect across the Arctic Ocean. Mesozooplankton biomass in the upper 200 m of the water column was significantly higher (19–42 mg DW m^-3) than has previously been reported for the Arctic Ocean, and it reached a maximum at ca. 87°N in the Amundsen Basin. The lowest values were recorded in the Chukchi Sea and Nansen Basin, where ice cover was lower (50–80%) than in the central Arctic Ocean. In the deeper strata (200–500 m) of the Canadian and Eurasian Basins, the biomass was always much lower (4.35–16.44 mg DW m^-3). The C/N (g/g) ratio for the mesozooplankton population was high (6.5–8.5) but within the documented range. These high values (when compared to 4.5 at lower latitudes) may be explained by the high lipid content. Mesozooplankton accounted for approximately 40% of the total particulate organic carbon in the upper 100 m of the water column. Mesozooplankton species composition was homogeneous along the transect, consisting mainly of copepods (70–90% of the total number). It was dominated by four large copepod species (Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, C. finmarchicus and Metridia longa), which together accounted for more than 80% of the total biomass. According to measurements of gut pigment and gut turnover rates, the mesozooplankton on average ingested between 6 and 30% of their body carbon per day as phytoplankton. Microzooplankton may have provided an additional source of energy for the mesozooplankton community. These data emphasize the importance of mesozooplankton in the arctic food web and reinforce the idea that the Arctic Ocean should no longer be considered to be a “biological desert”.     

微生物对土壤中镉的固定作用

镉是一种重要的环境污染物,它通过沉淀作用、磷酸肥料的使用等排放到农田中。由于镉具有较高的蒸气压,因此,人为排放的镉大部分来自工业的挥发。排放到大气中的镉通过沉积作用转移到植物、土壤及水体中。在污染的土壤中镉被植物吸收并且在植物体内富集,通过这种机制镉进入了食物链。镉是一种诱导有机体突变的物质,能对动物和人类产生有害影响,并能够抑制植物的光合作用,因此,环境中镉的存在一直被人们所关注。     

海水双壳类受精生物学研究进展

1 研究概况,在海水双壳类中开展的大量受精生物学研究表明,绝大部分的海水双壳类为卵生型,雌雄配子被排放到海水中完成受精。排放的卵子处于第一次减数分裂前期(生发泡期)或中期。精子入卵后,受精卵恢复减数分裂,先后排放出两个极体,形成雌雄原核并最终启动卵裂。