ArcGIS不同插值方法在镇海湾海水无机氮评价中的应用

为充分发挥监测数据的作用,进而科学评价海洋环境和促进生态修复,文章分别采用ArcGIS的普通克里金法、反距离权重法和含障碍的样条函数3种插值方法,对2017年11月镇海湾海水无机氮监测数据进行插值分析,并通过插值结果比对选出最优方案。研究结果表明:通过对照点监测数据的验证,含障碍的样条函数的插值结果相对误差较小,比普通克里金法和反距离权重法更适用于海岸线复杂和岛屿众多的监测区域;根据含障碍的样条函数的插值结果制作镇海湾海水无机氮浓度空间分布图,并应用属性数据计算海水无机氮各类水质面积,与相关公报结论相符;合理采用ArcGIS插值方法对监测数据进行制图和计算,水质评价结果直观、可靠且具有应用价值。     

不同插值方法在海域气象参数估算中的可靠性评价

海域条件下的气象观测具有数据稀少、变化大且观测站点分布不均的特点,其插值精度受插值方法影响较大。首先对常规插值方法进行理论分析,进而选取了反距离加权法、克里金法和样条函数法三种插值方法进行了插值实验和精度分析。根据渤海湾某区域的气象历史数据,采用不同方法绘制了温度、压强和湿度的插值平面图,并基于交叉验证的方式对各插值方法进行了对比,给出了不同方法的插值估算可靠性评价。结果表明:温度、压强和湿度的插值精度均是基于反距离加权法的插值结果最优(MAE_(温度)=2.42,RMSE_(温度)=1.92,MAE_(压强)=2.05,RMSE_(压强)=1.30,MAE_(湿度)=11.394, RMSE_(压强)=6.43),同时基于反距离加权法的图形绘制可视化效果也要优于其他两种方法。研究结果可为海域气象参数估算提供理论和实践依据。     

中国北部辽东湾表层沉积物中PAHs源解析和生态风险评价

研究于2014年和2015年对辽东湾表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的来源和生态风险状况进行了调查和评估。辽东湾表层沉积物中16种PAHs的含量范围为88.5-347 ng/g，高值区主要分布在辽东湾中部海域。对辽东湾各站位沉积物中多环芳烃的含量进行中聚类分析结果表明，辽东湾的采样站位可分为两类，一类站位主要分布在辽东湾沉积物中部海域，另一类站位主要分布在受陆源污染较为严重的近岸海域。辽东湾表层沉积物中PAHs的来源为燃烧源和石油源的混合来源，其中燃烧源为主要来源。萘、苊、苊烯、菲、二苯并[a,h]蒽可能偶尔会引发有害生物效应；辽东湾表层沉积物为低致癌风险；辽东湾中部海域表层沉积物中PAHs的生态风险和毒性污染水平高于辽东湾近岸海域。     

基于海图数据的水下岸坡插值精度分析对比研究

数字高程模型是研究水下岸坡冲淤变化的一种重要手段。不同的插值方法和像元大小都会对数字高程模型的精度产生影响,从而导致冲淤分析结果的变化。本研究使用了六种常用的插值方法 (ANUDEM、反距离函数法、克里金法、自然邻域法、样条函数法、不规则三角网转栅格法)对莱州湾和烟台港不同年份和尺度的水深数据进行了插值,计算了均方根预测误差、源数据残差均方根误差、残差均值、残差最大值和残差最小值等精度计算指标。结果表明ANUDEM和自然邻域法的均方根预测误差和源数据残差均方根误差均小于1 m。ANUDEM和自然邻域法对不同尺度的水下岸坡数据插值有着较好的适用性。     

基于GIS空间分析的海底表层沉积物粒度分布特征插值研究

为了对比研究不同空间插值方法在沉积物粒度空间分布表述上的精度及适用性,在2004年11月荣成宁津小型海湾-黑泥湾综合调查的基础上,探讨了表层沉积物粒度参数的空间插值,比较了IDW(反距离加权法)、Kriging(克里金插值法)、Spline(样条插值法)与NN(自然邻域法)4种GIS空间分析方法的特征、差异及实效性,并对影响插值结果准确性的因素进行分析。结果显示,在黑泥湾表层沉积物粒度结果的空间插值计算中,从插值准确性和空间表达能力两方面考虑,IDW,Spline,Kriging和NN中以IDW法较为适宜,但要考虑到"牛眼效应"的出现会与局部实际情况存在差异;Kriging法和NN法的插值结果准确性较高,但其空间表达能力稍逊;Spline法在近岸带表层沉积物粒度特征插值中的应用性相对较差。海洋调查要素空间分布的内在规律性是控制插值结果的主要因素,表层沉积物分布以长期稳定的潮流、地形特征为主导因素,呈现由岸向海条带状分布的特征。数据均匀分布区域的插值结果要优于边界区和突变区;另外,在选取的3个观察尺度上,不同插值方法的误差均与野外取样网格间距呈显著线性正相关。     

基于ANUSPLIN的京津冀区域逐日气温格点数据集建立方法研究

为建立一个高精度、高空间分辨率的逐日气温格点数据集,满足公共气象服务对于精确信息及实时信息的需要,利用2018年6—8月京津冀区域以及临近省区共3 974个国家级及区域气象观测站质控后的逐日气温资料,采用ANUSPLIN软件对逐日气温数据进行空间内插,得到了京津冀区域逐日气温格点数据集(0.01°×0.01°),并分别利用反距离权重插值法、普通克里金插值法、样条函数法对逐日气温数据进行空间插值,采用相关系数(Corr)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、平均相对误差(MRE)等作为评估指标来检验插值精度。结果表明:1) ANUSPLIN软件满足了空间插值对精度及曲面平滑度的要求,能直观体现京津冀区域气温由北向南递增的空间分布特征; 2) 4种插值方法中,基于ANUSPLIN软件的插值结果最优,相关系数平均达0.97,其样本误差在1℃之内占比为90.59%,MAE为0.46℃,MRE为1.81%; 3)插值误差较大的区域位于冀北高原、燕山丘陵及太行山脉一带,高海拔、低站点密度等是造成插值误差的主要原因。基于ANUSPLIN插值方法建立的逐日气温格点数据集具有分辨率高、空间插值误差小的优势,ANUSPLIN对气温的空间分布具有较好的预测能力。     

底栖生物生物量空间插值方法研究

在地统计学和地理信息系统支持下,采用反距离加权(Inverse distance weighting,IDW)、径向基函数(Radial basis functions,RBF)、普通克里格(Ordinary Kriging,OK)3种插值方法对2007年4月获得的大亚湾人工鱼礁区及附近海域底栖生物生物量数据进行空间插值方法研究,并对插值精确度进行交叉验证。结果显示,经对数转化后的数据呈正态分布,而且3种插值方法对其进行插值,所得的等值面图效果比原始数据所得等值面图效果好。交叉验证显示,对数转化数据插值精确度OK﹥RBF﹥IDW。观察插值结果等值面图,发现3种方法均能较客观地模拟出底栖生物生物量的总体分布趋势,在对局部趋势的模拟上,OK的表现效果最好。     

基于无人机摄影测量的潮间带单波束测深空间插值精度评估

针对单波束测深数据插值模型精度验证困难等问题,利用潮间带潮汐规律,提出了一种基于高精度无人机数据验证插值模型精度的方法。在低潮时利用无人机摄影测量构建高精度潮间带数字表面模型,高潮时获取单波束测深数据并结合全球导航卫星系统技术计算得出潮间带地形点的三维坐标,使用克里金插值法、反距离权重法、规则样条函数法以及自然邻域法分别构建潮间带数字高程模型。以无人机数字表面模型数据为基准,分别对4种插值方法构建的潮间带数字高程模型进行精度分析。结果表明：1)后处理差分技术辅助无人机摄影测量可以构建高精度潮间带数字表面模型。2)在潮间带区域可以使用无人机数据作为单波束测深数据精度的评价标准。3)潮间带地形较为平坦时,规则样条函数法相比于其他3种插值方法精度更高,粗差率为12.5%。     

空间插值与遥感反演的潮滩沉积物类型精度对比

以射阳河口南部潮滩为研究区,分别利用普通克里格插值和遥感反演得到潮滩表层的沉积物组分质量分数,进而获取沉积物类型,并对2种方法进行比较分析。结果表明,研究区分布3种沉积物,分别为粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂和粉砂。根据沉积物分类精度和空间分布特征的对比,空间插值获得的沉积物组分质量分数精度较高,沉积物类型总体分类精度均为87.9%,但高光谱遥感反演出的沉积物组分分布图能较好的反映出沉积物组分的空间异质性特征,沉积物类型的分布也具有更明显的空间变化规律,呈现出由低潮位向岸、由潮沟向滩面颗粒逐渐变细的趋势,这种空间分布特征与采样点粒度分析结果所表现的趋势基本一致,且与研究区的水动力环境特征及沉积物物质来源相吻合。     

广东雷州珍稀海洋生物国家级自然保护区水体和沉积物中石油类含量与分布特征

为了探讨广东雷州珍稀海洋生物国家级自然保护区海域水体和沉积物中石油类的含量及其分布特征,文章于2017年和2018年分别对保护区海域的石油类进行了调查。结果表明,保护区表层水体石油类含量为0.003~0.066mg/L,平均含量为0.015mg/L,平均污染指数为0.30,保护区水体中的石油类基本符合一类海水水质标准。保护区表层沉积物中石油类含量为3.0~54.8mg/kg,平均值为11.109mg/kg,符合海洋沉积物第一类质量标准。保护区水体和沉积物中石油类含量的变化规律基本相似,但是沉积物中石油类含量的变化更大。根据调查数据分析,保护区水体中石油类的主要来源是保护区社区小型渔船航行排放的石油类,以及保护区周边渔船在航行过程排放的石油类扩散到保护区海域。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.