浅论扬子西南缘卡林型金矿成矿物质来源及有机质在成矿过程中的作用

在前人研究的基础上,对扬子西缘卡林型金矿采用稳定同位素和生物化学试验方法,分析赋金地层中有机质的种类、性质和有机质与金矿的关系,讨论有机质在金元素富集、迁移、成矿过程中的作用.认为赋金地层与后期岩浆热液发生广泛的交换作用,萃取出成矿物质形成成矿流体,这种富含成矿物质的热液流体在一定的条件下富集成矿.     

辽宁新甸金矿床成因

元古宇辽河群盖县组是一套黏土、半黏土质陆源碎屑沉积夹中-酸性火山岩或火山碎屑岩沉积建造,在地质历史发展过程中发生了变形变质作用,导致岩石中的硅质成分分异而形成硅化石英脉,同时,岩石中的成矿物质也发生了初步的迁移和富集.燕山期的花岗岩浆活动交代重熔了变质岩系,变质岩系中大量的成矿物质被活化、迁移至岩浆期后热液中,在成矿热液演化为偏酸性-还原性条件下,金等成矿元素发生了沉淀作用.稳定同位素、稀土元素特征表明金矿床的成矿物质来源于盖县组变质岩系,成矿热液为岩浆期后热液.伴随岩浆活动产生的一系列剪切构造既为成矿热液运移提供了通道,也为矿质沉淀提供了有利空间.新甸金矿床属于岩浆期后热液型矿床.     

浅矿源层雏议

康永孚最近在分析成矿物质来源时,提出地壳上部岩石是成矿物质来源之一.他指出,在地壳上部岩石中循环流动的地下水可以形成热卤水,热卤水可以从地壳上部岩石中溶解和淋滤出金属,卤水中的金属可以随卤水迁移到适宜的环境中成矿.这里提出了浅矿源的问题.以往在考虑金属矿床成矿物质来源时,一般都只重视地表岩石的风化侵蚀、岩浆侵入和喷发过程中带来的成矿物质,往往忽视地壳岩石的直接来源.近年来新发现的地质事件及同位素地质学、包裹体矿物学、矿床地球化学、区域地球化学等方面提供的新资料,促使在成矿理论研究中对成矿物质来源的考虑扩大了视野,浅矿源、特别是地层矿源的重要性受到了广泛的重视,认识到矿源层不仅对层状和层控矿床的成矿有决定性的意义,对与中-酸性系列     

云南元阳大坪改造型金矿床的成矿热液系统地球化学

本文探讨了哀牢山金矿带内元阳县大坪金矿床成矿热液系统的发生有其演化过程。认为该矿床成矿热液系统是在一定的物理化学和造山带构造条件下，岩浆热液和被加热的地下水混合成改造热液，改造了矿源岩－晋宁期闪长岩，被活化的成矿物质和岩浆热液携带的矿质在一定的物理化学场中迁移，沉淀富集成矿的。     

相山铀矿田成矿物质来源探讨

铀源分析是铀矿床成因研究中的关键问题.在分析区域铀丰度特征的基础上,根据区域成矿物质在地质历史过程中的时空演化,结合相山矿田矿石铅同位素组成及岩、矿石微量元素地球化学对矿田铀源分析的指示,认为下寒武统地层为区域铀源层,相山火山盆地是区域成矿物质的"汇"区,岩浆及期后热液是铀的载体,即岩浆作用实现了铀从"源"到"汇"之间的物质转移.在岩浆演化过程中,铀向气液转移,为铀成矿提供了物质基础,岩浆期后流体-岩石相互作用,也促使了基底片岩、流纹英安岩中的部分铀进入成矿溶液.     

桂西北地区岩浆活动与超微粒型金矿化的关系

在简要介绍桂西北地区岩浆活动特征和论述超微粒型金矿床成矿期次、成矿物质及流体来源、热源的基础上,探讨了岩浆活动与超微粒型金矿化的关系.本地区大地构造演化、尤其是岩浆活动与金成矿过程具有明显的对应关系:华力西-印支期准地台-再生地糟发展阶段的海底基性岩浆侵入和喷溢活动,对应形成矿源层的沉积成岩初步富集期,即由于海水浸蚀使岩浆物质中的金解离,往海水搬运、生物作用,在隆起区边缘沉积环境变换带沉淀聚集形成相对富集的转生矿源层;印支晚期-燕山期大陆边缘活动带发展阶段酸性岩浆活动对应热液主成矿期,即酸性岩浆活动不仅提供了成矿热液的热源,而且岩浆热液参与了成矿并提供了部分成矿物质和成矿流体.     

华南铀成矿省火山岩-花岗岩型铀成矿作用

从构造演化—岩浆作用—成矿流体系统将火山岩-花岗岩型铀矿作为统一体开展成矿作用研究。在总结华南热液型铀矿成矿地质特征的基础上,根据区域铀时空分布特征,结合成矿溶液的氢、氧同位素组成,从动力学过程阐述了成矿物质来源,并进而分析了成矿流体演化及成矿作用过程。认为早寒武世富铀地层是华南热液型铀矿最本质的铀物质来源,成矿流体是岩浆水和降水混合的产物,岩浆作用形成了成矿物质的＂汇＂区,燕山期伸展或向伸展过渡的地球动力学背景下的岩浆作用,促成了成矿热液系统的形成、演化及成矿作用的发生,随着岩浆作用物质-能量场的减弱,华南热液型铀矿成矿作用终止。     

山西襄汾东峰顶金矿矿床成因

东峰顶金矿主要赋存于近SN向断裂破碎带中,呈脉状产出。矿石类型主要为硫化物（黄铁矿）-石英金矿石、褐铁矿-石英金矿石、褐铁矿金矿石等,矿石氧化率达86．2％,氧化矿石含金量高,以中粗粒表生自然金为主。成矿分原生热液成矿期和表生成矿期,原生热液成矿期具多阶段性,表生成矿期使金进一步富集。包裹体、铅和硫同位素、原生金成色以及黄铁矿中微量元素等特征研究表明：成矿溶液以岩浆水为主,可能混有地下热卤水,是一种低盐度、中低密度的流体,成矿物质来自于基底老变质岩（矿源层）,成矿温度在148℃～395℃之间,矿床形成距今年龄值约100Ma左右,属中温、中深岩浆热液型金矿床。矿床形成过程为：矿源层中金的活化-热液中金的迁移、沉淀-表生作用下金的再富集。     

湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床稀土元素特征研究

对湖南活溪金锑钨矿床稀土元素特征的研究结果表明：在成矿过程中,稀土元素发生了从近矿围岩向含矿断裂带或成矿热液的迁移;成矿物质主要来自赋矿地层围岩,且具多源性;矿化程度不同的层脉石英矿石中的稀土总量具有明显的差异。同时指出了将热液金矿床中石英脉内稀土总含量作为找矿标志的可能性。     

碰撞造山带斑岩型矿床的深部约束机制

在印度-亚洲大陆碰撞过程中,俯冲板片断离触发了幔源岩浆底侵作用、下地壳部分熔融和冈底斯岩基带以及同岩基斑岩的产生.在此过程中,幔源岩浆分离结晶的产物、下地壳岩石部分熔融残余和地壳分异过程中下沉的镁铁质块体,构成了加厚下地壳.随着造山岩石圈的冷却和加厚下地壳重力不稳定性的增加,岩石圈拆沉作用触发了后碰撞斑岩型岩浆活动.与此相应,碰撞造山带斑岩型矿床可以形成于同碰撞和后碰撞两个不同的构造阶段.同碰撞成矿作用发生于岩基带形成时期,成矿物质主要来自于底侵幔源岩浆及更深部的含矿流体,其触发机制是俯冲板片的断离.后碰撞成矿作用发生于加厚下地壳冷却之后,成矿物质主要来自于新生矿源层和更深部的含矿流体,其触发机制为岩石圈拆沉作用.在同碰撞构造阶段,伴随着幔源岩浆的底侵作用,深部流体和幔源岩浆所含的成矿物质被注入到岩基岩浆中,与从岩基岩浆源区萃取的成矿物质汇聚在一起,一部分受岩基热的驱使上升成矿.由于流体中成矿元素的浓度强烈依赖于压力,另一部分成矿元素则滞留在难熔残余中形成新的矿源层.当发生岩石圈拆沉作用时,由此矿源层部分熔融形成的斑岩岩浆将相对富含成矿物质,导致碰撞造山带第二次成矿作用大爆发.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.