探地雷达定量估算多相离散随机介质空隙率方法研究

沥青混凝土是典型的多相离散随机介质,为了研究沥青混凝土各结构层的空隙率与探地雷达波场特征之间的关系,本文基于沥青混凝土各结构层对应的多相离散随机介质模型参数,应用量化约束多相离散随机介质模型建模算法,构建了不同空隙率的多相离散随机介质三维模型,并基于商用屏蔽型蝶形天线三维模型数值模拟了探地雷达波在其中的传播特征,研究了多相离散随机介质空隙率与探地雷达波场特征之间的关系.研究结果表明:在半无限空间中,多相离散随机介质的空隙率越大,探地雷达波散射越强烈、地面直达波正相位振幅越强;对于上、中、下面层厚度分别为4 cm、6 cm、8 cm的层状多相离散随机介质,地面直达波正相位振幅强度主要取决于上面层多相离散随机介质空隙率大小,受中面层多相离散随机介质空隙率的影响较小;地面直达波负相位的振幅强度主要与中面层多相离散随机介质空隙率大小相关,其振幅强度随空隙率的增大而增强,且地面直达波正、负相位振幅强度与下面层多相离散随机介质空隙率无关;下面层多相离散随机介质的空隙率与下层介质分界面之间的反射波振幅强度成正比例关系.研究结果为探地雷达定量估算沥青混凝土各结构层的空隙率提供了理论依据.     

高频电磁法检测地下管线周边地质病害体的应用研究

地下管线是城市生存和发展的基础,近年来随着城市地下空间的开发利用,管线周边形成了各种各样的地质病害体.为了有效预防这些病害体对地下管线安全运行的影响,本文在分析高频电磁波传播机理及影响因素基础上,研究了利用探地雷达检测地下管线周边病害体的技术方法.探地雷达工作参数的配置选择、干扰波的有效处理及雷达图像的精准识别是检测地质病害体的关键,重点从这三个方面进行了分析研究.天线中心频率、采样率、测点点距等工作参数最佳优化组合,确保了检测检测目标体的效果;增益调整、频率滤波、点平均等对干扰波的处理,有助于获得高信噪比,可获得高分辨率的雷达图像;根据雷达剖面图上异常波形特征来判断识别脱空、空洞、疏松体和富水体等地下病害体的位置及大小.这些问题的解决可为探地雷达检测病害体提供可靠技术支撑.最后结合工程实例,与其他方法对异常体的对比分析,验证了高频电磁法在检测地下病害体的的可行有效性,也为开展地下管线周边病害体的治理提供了科学依据.     

管线模型的探地雷达物理模拟实验

地下管线是保障城市运行的重要基础设施与生命线,开展管线探测是城市地下工程建设中必不可少的环节.探地雷达正演有助于掌握雷达波在地下的传播规律、加深对管线回波的认识.由于真实的地下介质分布不均匀、测区环境充斥着多种干扰,导致实际的探地雷达剖面中回波信号成分复杂、目标双曲线形态不完整,难以直接进行地质解释,而数值模拟常不考虑杂波干扰,模拟结果相对理想化.因此,本文聚焦于管线模型的物理模拟实验,在室内实验室和野外现场构建了一系列不同材质、不同埋深、不同管径的管线模型,利用不同中心频率的天线开展探测实验;分析了地下管线的雷达波传播规律及特征;结合管线材质、大小和埋深等信息,进一步验证雷达资料解释的准确度.结果表明：在背景介质均匀的沙池实验中,原始雷达剖面中背景噪声较小、目标双曲线形态完整,金属管线的反射波能量最强,含水管线会引起明显的多次波.而在野外现场采集到的雷达数据中存在较多的噪声干扰,不同管线引起的雷达回波呈双曲线或“类双曲线”;与背景介电常数的差异越大,反射波能量越强;相较于深埋管线,浅埋管线的双曲线特征更明显、振幅能量更强.由此可见,不同管线具有不同的双曲线特征、相位和振幅特征,可为地...     

探地雷达在多年冻土工程地质勘察中的应用效果研究

由于融土和冻土之间存在明显的电性差异,使探地雷达成为研究多年冻土的有效手段之一.本文结合工程实例,对探地雷达在青藏高原多年冻土工程地质勘察中的应用效果进行了现场试验研究.分析了探地雷达探测多年冻土的物理前提条件,总结了多年冻土主要地质要素的雷达图像特征和探地雷达在多年冻土工程地质勘察中的实际应用效果.研究表明融土与冻土的雷达图像特征存在明显差异:融土雷达反射波为低频强宽振幅的稀疏波,波形较杂乱;冻土反射波为高频低振幅细密波,波形较为规则;探地雷达可较为准确地划分地层、识别多年冻土上限、确定多年冻土分布范围,但尚不能有效确定多年冻土的含冰量;另外,探地雷达对细颗粒土的探测效果要明显好于粗颗粒土.文章还指出了现场探测和图像解译分析中需要注意的事项和下一步需要研究解决的问题,建议在开展现场探测工作之前先在有钻探资料或天然地质剖面处进行对比试验,搞清测区内主要地层的物性参数,掌握有效波和干扰波的分布规律,从而提高雷达探测结果的准确性和可靠性.     

基于小波熵的地下管线探地雷达频率波数偏移成像研究

地下管线实际形状与准确位置的确定是探地雷达图谱解释的主要内容之一.制约管线探地雷达反射归位精度最主要的因素是电磁波在地层中的传播速度,如何准确确定电磁波传播速度是探地雷达偏移处理能否成功的关键.为便于对探地雷达图谱特征进行定量解释,开展了不同大小、埋深与重叠等情况管线的正演模拟与模型实验.结合小波熵理论与频率波数偏移成像方法,提出了一种基于小波熵的探地雷达频率波数偏移成像方法,将其应用于地下管线正演模拟与模型实验探地雷达信号偏移处理.研究结果表明:探地雷达图像经基于小波熵的频率波数偏移处理后,电磁波速度的估计值与真实值误差可控制在2％以内;随着管线管径大小与埋置深度的增加,绕射双曲线的开口弧度不断增大,管与管之间绕射波交叉干扰越严重;探地雷达信号经基于小波熵的频率波数偏移处理后可大大提高图像的分辨率,压制了多次波的干扰,使绕射双曲线更收敛,能量更聚焦,从而有利于地下管线实际形状与具体位置的准确提取.研究结果对城市地下管线探地雷达图谱解译工作提供技术支持.     

一种改进的滤除探地雷达直耦波的算法

探地雷达具有高效、快速、无损、抗干扰能力强等优点,成为浅层勘探的有力工具.雷达探测的准确性与资料处理有重要关系,处理技术将直接影响探测结果的准确性和可信度,本文主要对探地雷达信号直耦波的滤波处理技术进行了研究.典型的规则噪声直耦波具有强相关、能量强、呈水平状、出现早等特点,传统的滤波方法是采用KL变换.KL变换是对记录道在整个时间轴上的分析,不具备局部时间范围内的分析能力,KL变换滤波在提高剖面横向分辨率的同时,在垂向上会出现干扰,降低垂向分辨率.如果在KL变换基础上结合小波分时分频的特点,可以很好地解决上述问题.因此针对滤除直耦波及水平波,本文提出了小波域KL变换法,经模型实验与实际应用验证了改进后的滤波不仅横向分辨率较KL变换有明显的提高,而且垂向上也克服了KL变换的缺点,没有产生干扰波.     

探地雷达图像的正演合成与偏移处理

本文讨论了射线追踪法实现二维地电断面的探地雷达图像的正演合成问题,其中包括二维地电断面的数字拟合、多层连续界面介质中高频电磁波的反射与透射统一的运动学边界方程;根据Huygen's-Fresnel原理导出了均匀介质中二维管状体模型的衍射雷达波的计算公式;给出了用射线追踪法合成的二维地电模型的探地雷达图像;用衍射波公式合成了二维管状模型的雷达图像,并与物理模拟作了比较.在此基础上,用Kirchhoff积分法对数字模拟与物理模拟记录的雷达图像作了偏移处理,并给出了实例.     

基于形态成分分析地震信号二维域面波分离方法研究（英文）

地震数据中的面波是严重降低地震资料信噪比的干扰波,它的存在影响了后续地震资料的处理与解释。本文根据地震记录中面波与反射波信号形态结构的差异,采用基于二维字典形态成分分析方法对面波噪声与反射波进行分离。根据面波信号的低频、低视速度和频散的特性,选择二维非抽样离散小波变换作为面波的稀疏表示字典,根据反射波局部相关性较强的特点,选择二维局部离散余弦变换作为反射波的稀疏表示字典,构建地震记录在联合二维字典下的稀疏表示模型并采用块协调松弛算法进行求解,将地震记录分解为反射波部分和面波部分。对合成地震信号以及实际地震资料的处理结果表明本文方法不仅能有效压制强能量的面波干扰,而且还能很好保护反射波信号的波形。     

消除探地雷达数据的子波衰减和频散的反滤波方法

消除探地雷达数据的子波衰减和频散可以很好地提高探地雷达的勘探深度和勘探分辨率.常用的消除探地雷达数据的子波衰减和频散方法为反Q滤波方法.该方法需要利用地下介质的Q参数,但是正确求取地下介质的Q参数很困难.针对这一问题,本文提出了一种消除探地雷达数据的子波衰减和频散的反滤波方法.该方法以地下介质反射系数是随机数为前提,利用地下介质等效滤波器具有最小相位这个特性,通过求取等效滤波器的振幅谱来求取等效滤波器的反滤波器.最后,利用该反滤波器对探地雷达数据进行反滤波,实现消除探地雷达数据的子波衰减和频散.     

基于Curvelet变换的探地雷达资料噪声衰减方法

噪声衰减是探地雷达信号处理中的关键问题之一。当探测目标埋藏深度比较浅时,其反射信号与直耦信号和地面回波信号相互重叠,直接影响目标反射波到达时刻的检测及目标的正确定位。针对这个问题,本文提出了一种基于Curvelet变换的噪声衰减方法。通过对理论数值模拟数据和实测数据的处理,以及与平均消去法和二维连续小波该方法处理结果的对比,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。处理结果显示,该方法不仅可以去除背景噪声、同时可以衰减倾斜相关的相干干扰和数据中的随机噪声。与二维连续小波变换方法相比有更高的计算效率。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...