盐溶液入渗过程的电阻率成像法时空监测

采用电阻率成像法探讨了室内实验尺度上岩体中盐溶液的入渗过程。在岩柱试样上进行蒸馏水和盐溶液的入渗实验，在入渗过程中通过多通道高密度电阻率勘测系统对岩柱的电性特征在三维空间上进行动态监测。然后对入渗过程岩柱进行电阻率成像，从而获得不同时刻岩柱中的电阻率分布。各勘测截面上电阻率的分布和变化基本反映了岩柱内盐溶液的时空变化特征，表明电阻率成像法动态监测室内实验尺度岩石中盐溶液的入渗是可行的，岩柱5个截面的电阻率图像表明溶液的入渗是不均匀的。     

钻杆供电直流电法超前探测快速反演

在传统直流电法超前探测施工中,通过三个不同位置的电极对地供电,测量巷道后方一段距离内电位差,由此得到迎头前方电阻率变化的一维结果。由于一维解释结果具有不确定性,为此提出了一种基于钻杆供电的二维反演方法:即将迎头前方三维空间以柱坐标形式剖分,建立前方特定区域电阻率与测量异常电位差的近似线性关系,根据不同钻进深度测量值构建反演代数方程组,通过解方程快速反演以获取前方电阻率的二维分布。采空区模型与陷落柱超前探测快速反演以及实例表明,钻杆供电直流电法超前探测快速反演方法能比较准确反映异常电阻率在两个方向的方位信息,提高反演结果的准确性。     

Zohdy方法在三维电阻率测深数据反演中的应用

三维电阻率测深数据采用Zohdy方法近似反演,正演计算采用有限单元法,反演初始模型由测量视电阻率数据给出,通过比较实测视电阻率值和预测模型计算的视电阻率值对数差来修改模型网格电阻率.为了解决任意电极距测深数据的反演,采用大、小双网格剖分,大网格反映地下电性分布情况,小网格用于实际有限元正演计算.文章对加5%随机噪声的模型理论视电阻率测深断面数据和实测视电阻率测深断面数据进行反演.结果表明该反演方法需要的内存小、计算量少,并能够取得很好的反演效果.     

煤层顶板水渗流视电阻率响应实验研究

通过设计渗流物理模型进行室内实验,用网络并行电法技术采集渗流地电场参数,解编和计算得到视电阻率的动态响应图像,分析认为:煤层开采造成顶板岩层遭到破坏后,上覆水体通过导水裂隙带的渗流可以用视电阻率进行跟踪表达。在相同的时空背景下,随着水量的注入,低阻区的发展呈梯度状蔓延,梯度与水流方向一致。并行电法监测技术获取的视电阻率数据对于渗流场的响应是显著的。3种渗流条件下,视电阻率的变化幅度都已经达到渗流场视电阻率背景值的同一数量等级。视电阻率剖面图中,同时可以反映水的流向和到达位置。利用并行电法技术采集和处理而得到的视电阻率图像可判断煤层开采过程中顶板水情的变化,预测煤矿顶板突水危险,为矿井顶板水害的预警工作提供依据。     

利用共轭梯度方法的激发极化三维快速反演

利用共轭梯度方法实现了激发极化(IP)三维快速反演。首先,利用共轭梯度方法反演电位数据,得到地下的三维电阻率模型,(由于避免了直接求偏导数矩阵,因此反演计算速度很快。)然后,以此电阻率模型为地下电导率分布,再反演IP数据得到三维极化率分布理论模型。试算结果表明其效果较好。      

直流电阻率测深二维自适应正则化反演

直流电阻率测深二维反演中,正则化参数的选取影响反演结果分辨率及反演过程稳定性。利用主动约束平衡正则化因子,进行直流电阻率光滑约束最小二乘二维自适应反演,改善直流电阻率测深二维反演的分辨率与稳定性。在反演迭代过程中,正则化因子根据模型参数的空间展布函数进行自适应计算、正则化参数的自适应计算。模拟数据反演结果验证了该方法的有效性与可行性,反演结果能准确地反映地下模型的真实电性结构。     

高密度电阻率法二维勘探数据的三维反演及其在岩溶探测中的应用

三维高密度电阻率法可以有效地解决二维高密度电阻率法在探测空间形态上的不足。将高密度电阻率法二维勘探数据做三维反演,不仅实现了地下空间结构的三维电阻率成像,还克服了传统三维高密度电阻率法在经济成本上的限制。将此方法应用到岩溶勘探中,利用DUK-2A高密度电法仪系统采集数据;然后,把二维高密度数据拼接转化成三维可反演数据,再将反演得到的结果通过三维成像软件实现任意三维地电切片,从而获得丰富的地电结构信息;最后,结合三维切片与钻孔资料对溶洞进行解释,为工程的顺利施工提供科学依据,从而证明该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于二维电测深数据作三维反演的基岩探测

在城市基岩面探测时,受到城市交通、电磁等严重干扰的制约,常选用直流电测深作为主要物探方法。二维电测深剖面沿测线排列电极,采集视电阻率数据后进行二维反演,用所获得剖面方向上的二维电阻率断面图像推断地质体的位置及产状。但由于复杂的实际情况并非适合二维反演条件(走向无限延展并与测线正交),二维反演会产生较大误差。为此,可试用测区多剖面二维电测深数据作三维反演,获得测区三维电阻率立体图像,推断地质体分布的空间形态。在山东某市地质调查中,布设点距50 m、线距为100 m电测深测网,采集二维对称四极测深数据。对该测区二维电极排列建立三维反演数据格式后,进行三维电阻率反演,获得测区三维电阻率图像,推断的基岩面与钻探验证基本一致。     

二连—东乌旗地区固定翼三频航电数据反演方法应用对比研究

固定翼频率域航电测量效率高,空间分辨率高。以往我国三频航电实测数据已获得良好的解释成果,但均以定性解释和一维反演为主,二维反演应用较少。本文将快速近似反演、一维反演、二维反演引入到二连—东乌旗重点航电异常实测数据的解释中,并将三种方法的应用效果进行了对比。快速近似反演以视电阻率计算为基础,一维反演采用Brent方法,二维反演采用数据空间Occam反演,采用Rodi法求解雅克比矩阵。结果显示,快速近似反演可快速有效地提供大数据量地下电性分布信息,一维反演可提供稳定的、具一定深度的反演结果,二维反演则具有明显的横向、纵向分辨率优势。     

高密度电法勘探数据三维处理技术及城市勘察中的应用

在以往的高密度数据反演解释过程中,将地质结构简化成二维,通过地电断面图、切片图进行分析.实际上,地质体具有三维地电结构,二维反演难免会受到旁侧效应的影响,二维图件也不能清晰直观地反映地质体的空间分布情况.本文以某陶瓷厂空洞探测为例,利用实测资料构建三维数据场,在反演参数优化的基础上,选择基于最小二乘法的三维反演技术对数据场进行处理,将反演结果利用三维可视化技术显示出来,对采空区位置及空间形态给出结论.研究结果显示,三维处理技术能够从空间上,多手段、多视角分析物探数据,有效地消除了旁侧效应的影响; 物探结果直观清晰地呈现出空洞的分布位置、范围以及空间特征,与钻探结果吻合较好.     

二维孔隙介质中重非水相液体饱和度测定与分析

在二维均质饱和孔隙介质中利用光透法与高密度电阻率法定量监测重非水相液体(DNAPL)的运移过程与饱和度。 将光透法与高密度电阻率法相结合,进行高密度电阻率法对 DNAPL 在饱和多孔介质中渗流过程的定量监测。在二维砂箱 中进行 DNAPL 的入渗试验,应用光透法与高密度电阻率法进行动态监测,分别利用 CCD 相机、LCR 数字电桥采集数据。 光透法的数据处理采用“水-DNAPL”两相中 DNAPL 饱和度的计算公式。而高密度电阻率法的数据处理是将获得的电阻值 数据转化为电阻率值,然后利用 Archie 公式获得重非水相液体的饱和度空间分布。Archie 公式中参数β值本文采用与光透法 相结合的新方法来获取,克服了传统方法获取β值时存在的困难。根据不同时刻的饱和度空间分布可以估算注入砂箱内的 DNAPL 总量,并将其与实测的入渗量进行对比。结果表明,与光透法结合后的高密度电阻率成像法能定量监测饱和孔隙介 质中 DNAPL 的入渗过程,且估算的 DNAPL 入渗量与实测值比较吻合,提出的基于光透法计算β值的新方法是有效且可行的。     

基于高密度电阻率成像技术的土体干缩开裂过程监测研究

为了探究土体干缩开裂问题,文章采用ERT技术,对黏性土开展了一维干缩开裂动态监测试验。配制初始状态饱和 的泥浆试样,在自然条件下干燥,采用ERT技术获得试样干燥过程中的电阻值变化。结合试样的电阻值图像和裂隙图像, 对土体干缩开裂规律进行了分析。研究结果表明：在干燥蒸发初期,土体电阻值随时间增加缓慢减小,其原因在于土体干 燥收缩导致土颗粒间接触面积增大,颗粒水化膜变薄,进而使得土颗粒表面双电层导电性增强。随着干燥继续进行,气体 进入土体内部,土体由初始饱和状态转变为非饱和状态,电阻值转为缓慢增加。当土体产生裂隙时,裂隙周围土体电阻值 急剧增大,而未发育裂隙的土体电阻依然保持缓慢增加的趋势。通过对比试样电阻值变化曲线和裂隙图像,发现两者所呈 现的裂隙发育位置和状态存在良好的一致性。因此,ERT技术能对干燥过程中土体裂隙发育进行有效的动态监测,准确掌 握裂隙发育的时空动态信息,并且能提前预测裂隙发育的可能位置,为研究极端干旱气候作用下土体的工程性质响应提供 了理想手段。     

基于高密度电阻率法的土体干缩裂隙动态发育过程精细监测研究

土体在气候作用下发育干缩裂隙是一种常见的自然现象,裂隙的存在会极大弱化土体的工程性质,诱发许多岩土与地质工程问题。为了实时掌握黏性土中干缩裂隙网络的发展状态,提出了一套基于高密度电阻率层析成像技术（ERT）的土体干缩裂隙动态发展过程精细监测方法。分别开展模型试验及原位试验,利用自行研制的测定系统持续采集电流-电位差数据,随后利用自行开发的有限元法电阻率层析成像（FemERT）系统进行数据处理,获取了裂隙网络在不同发育阶段的空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）ERT可以实现土体裂隙发育过程的精细监测,具备监测三维裂隙网络几何形态的能力,裂隙宽度的识别精度达到毫米级,裂隙深度的识别精度达到厘米级;（2）ERT的感度分布特征解释了裂隙发育对于土体电阻率的影响规律,测定电阻值时程曲线因裂隙产生位置的不同而呈现不同的变化规律;（3）反演电阻率及其相对变化率（Rev）可以直观表征裂隙网络在不同阶段的空间几何形态,凸显裂隙动态发育过程对于土体导电性的影响。     

Groundwater contamination assessment in Al-Quwy’yia area of central Saudi Arabia using transient electromagnetic and 2D electrical resistivity tomography

Groundwater contamination is one of the most significant problems in arid countries. Al-Quwiy’yia region is an example of an area where the groundwater is contaminated as a result of infiltration of waste water in low-lying areas adjacent to inhabited zones. Such contamination poses significant environmental threats for the surrounding environment and groundwater. Surface observations and spatial distribution of contamination observed in the shallow aquifer indicate that the main contamination sources were from sewage as well as from waste water dumping. However, the main source of water supply for the whole area is groundwater abstracted from the relatively shallow aquifer. Therefore, the transient electromagnetic method (TEM) and 2D electrical resistivity tomography (2D ERT) have been applied close to the waste water dump site to characterize the response of pollution plumes. Both of these geoelectrical techniques are sensitive to electrical conductivity as well as to other physical properties, which are greatly influenced by the polluted groundwater. Therefore, it is possible to profile the contamination plumes, both vertically and horizontally, in the vicinity of the measured stations. The ERT profiles gave detailed information about the lateral distribution of the contaminated groundwater, whereas the TEM demonstrated the vertical extensions.     

基于高密度电法的天然边坡水分运移规律研究

地下水是滑坡变形与失稳的重要影响因子,目前关于天然边坡水分运移过程的研究多借助传感器监测或数值模拟,但尚不能充分满足无扰、快捷的测量要求。针对该类问题,以天然边坡为研究对象,利用高密度电法结合时域反射技术,通过测量边坡土体含水率与电阻率,构建两者的对应关系,据此反演并分析边坡介质地下水的分布特征及迁移规律,验证高密度电法技术在探究天然边坡水分运移规律的有效性。现场试验结果显示:研究边坡土体含水率与电阻率呈明显对数关系;该边坡有效入渗或蒸发深度为2 m,大于该深度范围内,边坡土体含水率随深度增加逐渐减小;中雨强度下埋深为1.3~2.0 m范围内土体含水率激增的主要原因在于后缘裂缝的优势流补给;边坡高含水率(低电阻区)与低含水率(高电阻区)过渡区与后期滑坡滑动面位置高度吻合。     

Exposing drying patterns: using electrical resistivity tomography to monitor capillary rise in sandstone under varying drying conditions

Rising damp and other moisture movements through porous stone and rock are known to cause weathering and deterioration, as noted in a range of recent field and laboratory studies. However, relatively little is known about the behaviour of moisture within a porous stone under realistic conditions because of lack of suitable monitoring methods. This paper has two main aims: firstly, to evaluate different electrical (resistivity and capacitance) methods to monitor subsurface and surface moisture regimes and, secondly, to use these methods to monitor the movement of water by capillary rise in a sandstone block under (a) conditions of constant moisture ingress at the base and (b) an enhanced drying regime with and without constant moisture ingress at the base. Our results indicate that, for electrical resistance tomography (ERT) measurements on a sandstone block, medical electrodes provide more reliable contact with the stone than spring-loaded pointed metal electrodes, and that the combination of ERT and handheld moisture meters gives a realistic picture of moisture movements within the block. The capillary rise and drying experiments reveal complex moisture movement over time and space. Under conditions of constant moisture supply, accelerated drying results in maintained or enhanced capillary rise. These findings are presented to further our understanding of the behaviour of moisture within porous sandstone.     

Imaging of wastewater percolation in heterogeneous soil using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT): a case study at east of Tenth of Ramadan City,Egypt

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of DC resistivity surveys for imaging the wastewater percolation around the stabilization ponds in the Tenth of Ramadan City, the desert fringes of East Nile Delta, Egypt. Detailed resistivity surveys, including DC soundings and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), were carried out along several profiles. Furthermore, synthetic modeling of ERT was designed to optimize the survey configurations and interpretation of the results. A 2D modeling of smoothness-constrained least-squares inversion scheme was applied to delineate the possible wastewater infiltration zones from oxidation ponds. Because the geoelectrical interpretation has a degree of non-uniqueness, the resistivity inversion was constrained using borehole lithological information and soil sample laboratory measurements. The DC inversion results indicate decreasing resistivity down to a depth of 15 m around waste disposal sites. The inferred soil zone close to the oxidation ponds was a mixture of sand, silt and clay. Moreover, the clay minerals were characterized by moderate swelling that could have reduced the vertical infiltration speed, causing wastewater seepage, especially around unlined disposal sites and open surface drains. Accordingly, the medium-to-low resistivity values can be attributed to wastewater leakage in clayey sand soil. Because the area slopes generally toward the northeast, the surface seepage was dominant in the shallow impermeable sandy clay subsoil. Therefore, measuring soil parameters is a complementary method to optimize resistivity interpretation, with potential for mitigating environmental hazards from wastewater leakage around disposal ponds.     

物探电法在锦州东港电力有限公司矿泉水水源地勘查的综合应用

锦州东港电力有限公司矿泉水水源地位于辽西中部断陷盆地锦州盆地的北端。地处中新生代上侏罗统及白垩系构成的对称向斜,NNE新华夏系断裂构造经由锦州盆地通过。工作区第四系覆盖6-14m,下伏孙家湾组(K2S)砂质泥岩、砂砾岩和义县组(K1y)火山碎屑岩、英安岩、安山岩及火山凝灰角砾岩。对该区进行地质水文资料综合分析的基础上,采用电阻率联合剖面、高密度电阻率法、电测深(电阻率、衰减时及极化率)多种物探电法综合勘查,确定断裂构造位置、产状及赋水性。经验证获得涌水量312t/d具有商业价值的矿泉水水源地。这一工作方法在辽西火山岩贫水区进行水资源勘查具有推广意义。     

Application of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique to detect underground cavities in a karst area of South Korea

Recently, the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique has been increasingly applied to underground cavity detection filled with groundwater and/or clay. In this study, an ERT survey was conducted to examine the spatial distribution and shape of underground cavities in a karst area in Korea. Numerical ERT modeling and inversion were carried out to select appropriate field survey parameters. Two geological structures, similar to those that exist in the field survey area, were modeled: a sinkhole model and a vein-type structure. Electrode configurations using pole–pole, pole–dipole, dipole–pole, and dipole–dipole arrays were tested with the two geologic models and compared. The numerical modeling showed that the resistivity distribution of the ERT tomogram using the pole–dipole array produced the best representation of the two models. The pole–dipole and pole–pole array configurations were applied in an ERT field survey using six boreholes. The field ERT results show that cavity areas filled with clay or groundwater appeared as low-resistivity anomalies in the limestone formation. This was particularly evident in the inclined vein-type structures attributed to fracture zones, where the field data were similar to the modeling results. Therefore, the ERT technique could be effectively used for detecting underground limestone cavities under similar geological conditions as those at our study area.