Urban fresh water resources consumption of China

From the point of view of urban consumption behavior, urban fresh water consumption could be classified as three types, namely, direct, indirect and induced water consumption. A calculation approach of urban fresh water consumption was presented based on the theory of urban basic material consumption and the input-output method, which was utilized to calculate urban fresh water consumption of China, and to analyze its structural change and causes. The results show that the total urban fresh water consumption increased 561.7×10⁹m³, and the proportion to the total national fresh water resources increased by 20 percentage points from 1952 to 2005. The proportion of direct and induced water consumption had been continuously rising, and it increased by 15 and 35 percentage points separately from 1952 to 2005, while the proportion of indirect water consumption decreased by 50 percentage points. Urban indirect water consumption was mainly related to urban grain, beef and mutton consumption, and urban induced water consumption had a close relationship with the amount of carbon emission per capita. Finally, some countermeasures were put forward to realize sustainable utilization of urban fresh water resources in China. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40535026)     

威海市环翠区地下水环境质量评价

在威海市环翠区地下水调查研究的基础上,选取10项因子,采用单项组分评价和综合评价相结合的方法对区内浅层地下水进行分析评价。结果显示,区内大部分地区水质较好,部分地区由于受人类活动等的影响,导致水质变差,其主要超标因子有硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氯化物、总硬度等。     

论新时期地下水经营管理新使命

在1994年发表的试论地下水研究面临的历史转变的基础上，面对新世纪创造新辉煌的期盼，论述了新的历史时期地下水开发与经管面临的转变和任务有8项即地下水开发与经管的指导思想要从比较放任，转变到高效利用与永续经营；在三水统观统管联合运用中要把地下水作为珍贵后备资源和抗旱的救命水资源加以利用；要把保护水质不受污染作为地下水管理的重大方面，要对含水层进行脆弱性分区管理；要建立和完善包括水位、水质动态观测在内的水环境综合观测网站，加强对地下水的全面观测；要认真总结前50年的地下水开发利用及管理工作，制定未来30年的地下水事业发展规划；要完善地下水开发利用保护法规；理顺地下水专业人才的培养渠道，认真培养地下水领域的高级专门人才；加强讯息网建设，在不断提高地下水科技水平的同时，重视科普宣传工作。     

THE CONDITIONS OF THE GLACIAL WATER RESOURCE AND WAYS OF ITS EXPLOITATION AND UTILIZATION IN CHINA

ＴＨＥ　ＣＯＮＤＩＴＩＯＮＳ　ＯＦ　ＴＨＥ　ＧＬＡＣＩＡＬ　ＷＡＴＥＲ　ＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥ　ＡＮＤ　ＷＡＹＳ　ＯＦ　ＩＴＳ　ＥＸＰＬＯＩＴＡＴＩＯＮ　ＡＮＤ　ＵＴＩＬＩＺＡＴＩＯＮ　ＩＮ　ＣＨＩＮＡＴＨＥＣＯＮＤＩＴＩＯＮＳＯＦＴＨＥＧＬＡＣＩＡＬＷＡ...     

高光谱遥感技术及其水利应用进展

面向新时期水利行业“补短板”和“强监管”的应用需求,遥感的前沿技术高光谱遥感凭借较高的光谱分辨率和图谱合一等优势,在水生态、水环境等水利行业的应用中发挥了重要作用,同时在水灾害、水资源等层面中也存在着一定的应用潜力。本文介绍了高光谱遥感的成像原理,回顾了成像光谱仪的发展,列举了目前国内外典型的高光谱载荷。重点介绍了高光谱遥感在水利行业的应用进展,包括水华及水生植物监测、水华和水草精确区分、叶绿素浓度反演、悬浮物浓度和泥沙含量定量估算等具体工作。指出高光谱遥感在实时大范围洪涝灾害应急监测、陆表水文参数定量反演等工作存在一定的发展潜力。最后对高光谱遥感在水利行业的应用存在的瓶颈问题进行总结分析并提出展望：多平台高光谱水利要素立体监测与集成技术研发;水利典型地物要素标准波谱数据库构建;水利高光谱遥感信息智能挖掘的理论方法研究。为拓宽高光谱遥感在水利应用中的研究提供参考。     

华北平原水资源紧缺情势与因源

基于水资源可持续利用理念,从水资源承载能力演化周期性、经济社会需用水规模难变性和未来水资源供需关系入手,介绍近60年以来华北平原水资源情势,特别是该平原水资源量、实际用水量和地下水开采量变化特征,并结合未来10到30年区域经济社会发展需用水量趋势,识别和诊断华北平原水资源紧缺因源.结果表明:由于降水量减少导致华北平原缺...     

莱州湾南岸潍坊北部平原区咸水入侵动态变化分析

以莱州湾南岸潍坊北部平原地区为典型研究区,阐述了咸水体形成的成因背景与分布特征。通过水化学分析的方法,分析了潍北平原地下水水化学变化特征,及人工开采导致咸水入侵的变化,并分析了咸水入侵的主要成因。     

温度变化对土壤水运动影响研究

探讨了土壤温度的日、年变化规律及土壤温度梯度的变化特点,分析了土壤水分运动及土壤水和潜水之间的水分交换规律与土壤温度变化之间的关系。通过实验和分析证实,温度的日变化是引起浅层地下水位日变化的主要原因之一。     

Safety analysis of water resources and eco-environment in Shiyang River Basin

The research on the present situation of soil and water development and utilization in Shiyang River Basin shows that water resources and eco-environment situation in this area are near the edge of collapse. Since the water crises occurred in the 1970s, problems caused by continuous decrease of water resources have been becoming serious year by year and eco-environment crisis occurred as a consequence. Up to now, 10 380ha of irrigated lands have been abandoned due to sand coverage and water shortage in the basin. Ground water was over exploded in Wuwei and Minqin because of water shortage. Ground water table in many places dropped under 5m (which is the ecology water table level), thus about 3000ha of Elaeagnus angustifolia forest come to dead and another 5800ha become feeble, and wind-drift sand near the oasis become alive. According to the current situation, if water utilization scope was not enlarged, a water transfer volume of 600×10⁶m³/a from other areas will be suitable to keep water resources and eco-environment safety in the basin, and also 70×10⁶m³/a will be left as spare water. Under this condition the water resources and eco-environment of the basin can reach the critical safety line of 2.032×10⁹m³/a; or if 180×10⁶m³ of water can be transferred from other areas, the water resources can reach the safety warning line of 1.732×10⁹m³/a. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40235053) and Lanzhou Jiaotong University "Qinglan" Foundation Biography: ZHANG Ji-shi (1963-), male, a native of Tongwei of Gansu Province, senior engineer, specialized in water resources and climate change in Northwest China. E-mail: zjs1963@yahoo.com.cn; hangjs@mail.lzjtu.cn     

THE PROBLEMS OF WATER RESOURCES IN NORTH CHINA AND THE STRATEGY

North China, whose total area is 420,000 km2, covers 2 provinces and 2 cities (Shanxi and Hebei provinces, Beijing and Tianjin) and the territories of Henan and Shandong provinces to the north of the Huanghe (Yellow) River, and part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province. Most of this region, which is situated in the semi-humid, semi-arid continental climate temperate zone, gets an annual precipitation of 500-600 mm, whereas, the perennial average amount of total water resource is 50.99 billion m3, including 33.82 billion m3 of surface water, 32.94 billion m3 of ground water and 15.77 billion m3 of their duplication. Due to the intensive exploitation of water resource caused by the deficiency of water resource in North China, key elements of water balance was changed, runoff volume reduced, evaporation increased, vertical movement of moisture strengthened, water circulation pattern transformed from open system into regionally closed system; meanwhile, due to the incompetent water     

冠县地下水资源概况及开发利用建议

介绍了山东省冠县的水文地质条件和地下水资源开发利用现状，分析了由于过量开采浅层地下水而引发的水位下降及水质恶化等问题，提出了合理开发利用地下水的建议。     

山东典型岩溶水水源地水质演化预测

根据山东省多年地下水水质监测资料,选取水质变化大、监测资料较为齐全的典型岩溶水水源地,采用均值自回归模型,研究水质历时变化规律和演化趋势。现状经济社会发展环境和开采条件下,预测2020年、2030年典型水源地水质呈劣向演化趋势,部分水源地主要组分含量将达Ⅳ类或Ⅴ类水,部分单项指标含量将超过生活饮用水卫生标准,原本优质饮用地下水供水前景堪忧,加强水源地外部环境保护和调蓄岩溶水系统资源量是防治水质恶化的主体内容。     

一种水管倾斜仪自动补水和调零方法研究

为获取水管倾斜仪长期有效的准确观测数据,研究一种避开整点时刻的自动补水和调零方法,并通过实验验证该方法的可行性,从根本上解决传统方法对观测数据产生人为干扰的问题,极大降低了补水和调零操作的影响,提高了观测数据的可靠性和完整性.     

STAGES AND POTENTIALITY OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT INARID NORTHWESTERN CHINA

The processes of water resources exploitation and utilization can be divided into three stages by water resources transformation, and the history, present situation and future trend of water resources development in piedmont areas around high mountains of arid northwestern China. The three stages are: the stage of surface water development (the first stage), the stage of comprehensive development of surface and ground water (the second stage) and the stage of economical development of water resources (the third stage). The three stages link each other and show the law and processes of water resources exploitation and utilization associated with social and technological progress. The economical water policy should run through the three stages. On this point, however, the third stage differs from the others, particularly, refering to irrigated agriculture. The third stage has more progressive significance because it breaks the traditional ideas on water resources development. According to our investigation and calculation, under present conditions of water resources development, the net used water is about 160 × 10⁸ m³, accounting for 18% of the total water resources of northwestern China. The water resources have not been fully developed. If the first stage is finished, the exploitable water can be increased by 91%. After the second stage, furthermore, it can be increased by 216%. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

PRESSURE OF WATER SHORTAGE ON AGRICULTURE IN ARID REGION OF CHINA

1INTRODUCTIONWiththedevelopmentoftheworld,waterdemandisincreasing,especiallywiththegrowthofpopulationinthelast50years,waterdemandforirrigationhasgreatlyincreasedforfoodproduction.Inthearidandsemi-aridareas,watershortagebecomesaheavierproblemtorestrictfoodproduction,localeconomyandenvironmentalprotection.China,with22%ofthetotalpopulationintheworld,hasonly8%offreshwaterintheglobe;watershortagehasaffectedagricultureandresident'slifeinthenorthernChina.SomescientistsindicatedthatChina'swaters…     

The research of ecology-oriented reasonable deployment of water resources at Shuangtaizi estuary wetland

Shuangtaizi estuary wetland, the largest natural conservation district in China, and one of the best preserved, largest ecological lands with the most complete vegetation types in the world, is located in Panjin city, Liaoning Province. In recent years, the degradation of Shuangtaizi estuary wetland is very serious. In order to rescue lives in the wetland and protect valuable natural resources, the information system of Shuangtaizi estuary wetland was built with ‘3S’ technology, and the minimum, optimum, and maximum eco-environmental water requirements were calculated respectively. Furthermore, for restoring the ecological functions of wetland and preventing wetland degradation, the balance between supply and demand of water resource was analyzed, and an optimal allocation scheme of water resources was proposed based on three kinds of equilibrium.     

关中南部地下热水氢氧同位素组成的水文地质意义

通过对关中南部地下热水氢氧同位素组成研究,探讨了研究区地下热水的起源、补给以及有关净热水的循环温度、循环深度、与冷水混合比例等与地下热水有关的热点问题,并与传统水文地质勘探方法进行了对比研究。氢氧同位素研究结果表明,研究区地下热水为净热水与常温水的混合,常温水混合量达半数以上。根据SiO2地热温标计算,净热水的热储温度为80℃~121℃,热储深度为1 146.84~1 779.38 m。净热水的补给水源平均气温与现代降水平均气温相差约16℃。净热水的来源为第四纪末次冰期秦岭海拔1 800 m以上的冰川雪水。     

陕北油气田开发中水资源综合利用

通过对陕北工业用水短缺、大量污水无序排放的调查。研究了造成陕北严重缺水的原因，发现化工废水难以净化后供人们生活使用。但通过去重金属离子后可用于油田注水开发。炼油厂废水与油田产出水按不同比例混合处理后，根据不同油田储层物性进行回注采油。结果表明，处理后的污水适应于不同地质特征的产层。这即解决陕北特低渗油层注水的水敏性问题，同时也使大量污水得到充分利用，具有明显的经济效益和社会效益。     

河西走廊灌溉水田间入渗补给地下水机理研究

通过对灌溉水田间入渗机理的研究 ,确定灌溉水田间入渗系数 ,制定合理的灌溉定额与灌溉时间 ,对地下水资源评价以及节约用水 ,发展高效农业非常重要。 1985～ 1996年间 ,在河西走廊的张掖平原堡进行了针对包气带水分运移的专门研究试验工作 ,以此为基础 ,对灌溉水田间入渗补给地下水的机理进行探讨     

济南北跨地区浅层地下水水化学多元统计分析

根据浅层地下水的水流特征和人类活动影响,将研究区进行了水文地质单元分区,应用因子分析法对各分区浅层地下水水化学特征进行研究。结果表明:黄河沿岸(Ⅰ区)浅层孔隙水形成过程中经历了蒸发浓缩作用、混合作用和溶滤作用,以蒸发浓缩作用为主;径流条件差的引黄灌溉区(Ⅱ区),浅层孔隙水形成过程中经历了混合作用和蒸发浓缩作用,以混合作用为主;径流条件较好的地下水开采区(Ⅲ区),浅层孔隙水形成过程中经历了蒸发浓缩作用和溶滤作用,以蒸发浓缩作用为主。