中国中西部前陆盆地多期成藏、晚期聚气的成藏特征

中国中西部前陆盆地具有优越的天然气成藏条件,同时具有晚期成藏的特征。文中在典型气藏解剖的基础上重点讨论了川西、柴北缘和准南缘前陆盆地的成藏过程,从而指出中国中西部前陆盆地具有多期聚集、晚期聚气的成藏特征,明确指出中国中西部前陆盆地具有最主要的两大成藏期,一是燕山晚期,主要是被动陆缘或中部前陆盆地三叠系烃源岩的油气聚集期;二是喜山晚期,受新构造运动影响,主要是西部陆内前陆盆地的中、新生界烃源岩的天然气成藏期和中部周缘前陆盆地的天然气的调整期。新近纪前陆盆地的发育期控制了中国中西部前陆盆地以中生界煤系烃源岩为主的晚期天然气的聚集。     

鄂西—渝东地区飞三段天然气成因与成藏阶段

飞三段是鄂西—渝东地区海相碳酸盐岩层系的主力产气层,系统研究飞三段的天然气成藏阶段与主控因素,对该区飞三段的天然气勘探具有指导意义。利用天然气组分和稳定碳同位素资料、烃源岩的干酪根碳同位素资料以及流体包裹体均一温度资料,在阐明油气的成因与来源、烃源岩的生烃史和油气充注史的基础上,结合构造演化史和圈闭演化史,划分了天然气的成藏阶段,并总结了天然气成藏的主控因素。结果认为:飞三段天然气主要为二叠系烃源岩生成的原油的二次裂解气;天然气的成藏经历了古岩性油藏的聚集(190～160 Ma)、古油藏裂解与古岩性气藏形成(160～140 Ma)、天然气调整再聚集形成今构造—岩性复合气藏(140 Ma—现今)3个阶段;沉积期暴露浅滩相储层的规模决定了古油藏的规模,晚期天然气的调整再聚集过程中的保存条件决定了天然气的最终聚集。     

祁连山冻土区天然气水合物烃类气体成因及其意义

对祁连山冻土区天然气水合物钻井岩心游离气样品开展研究,测试烃类气体的组分和碳氢同位素,判断天然气水合物的气体成因类型及成藏模式。结果显示烃类气体组分复杂,除甲烷外,还含有较高的乙烷、丙烷等重烃组分。甲烷碳同位素分布范围最广,气体成因来源相对简单,没有明显受到次生改造作用的影响。该区天然气水合物属于热解成因,判断来自深部的三叠统尕勒得寺组烃源岩。本研究可为我国高原冻土天然气水合物勘探和开发提供理论依据。     

川西前陆盆地中部须家河组煤成气资源与勘探

川西前陆盆地须家河组作为上三叠统重要的含煤地层,含有多套烃源岩。采用沉积有机碳法对各套烃源岩的特征进行了研究。结果表明,烃源岩中含有丰富的有机质,其类型以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,部分为Ⅱ型干酪根。烃源岩总体上成熟度较高,天然气总生成量大,不同地区和各套烃源岩的分布特征和生烃潜力存在明显差异,有机碳值变化幅度大,天然气产出量不均衡。不同地区,烃源岩非均质性和盆地构造演化及沉积特征变化复杂,造成了川西地区中部勘探面临一些问题。这些问题需要紧密结合前陆盆地构造发育和含煤地层沉积的特点,研究烃源岩分布差异性特征,从煤系烃源岩、天然气成藏理论和勘探技术等方面加以解决。     

川西前陆盆地天然气成藏过程

川西前陆盆地具有丰富的天然气资源,发育上三叠统巨厚的煤系烃源岩,以生气为主,并发育多套储盖组合。天然气成因类型主要是煤成气,目前的气田分布主要受古隆起、沟通下部烃源岩和上部储集层的隐伏断层以及储集条件的控制。川西前陆盆地具有多期成藏、燕山期或喜山期聚集、喜山期调整等特点。来自上三叠统煤系源岩的天然气聚集主要在燕山期,形成原生气藏或下生上储型气藏;后经过喜山期的逆冲作用,对浅层储集层进行改造,产生的断裂沟通深部气藏与浅层圈闭,在对深层(主要在上三叠统)原生气藏进行改造的同时形成浅层(侏罗系)次生气藏。     

中国前陆盆地油气富集规律

天然气的富集是中国前陆盆地的特点，煤系烃源岩发育是天然气富集的主要原因；中西部前陆盆地具有多期成藏的特征，构造多期叠合、古构造发育、多套烃源岩多期演化是油气多期成藏的主控因素；前陆盆地发育三套储盖组合和原源、它源两大套成藏体系，控制着油气纵向分布；前陆盆地不同构造带地质特征控制着油气区域分布规律，逆冲带、前缘隆起带油气藏主要分布于下部成藏体系，坳陷带油气藏主要分布于上部成藏体系；在逆冲山前带油藏被破坏形成油苗、沥青或残余油藏，在坳陷内的逆冲带和坳陷带主要聚集了成熟度相对较高的天然气，在斜坡带和前缘隆起带既聚集了早期形成的油（气）藏，又聚集了晚期成熟度相对较高的天然气。     

库车坳陷东部凝析油特征及其成藏意义

利用原油物性、族组分、轻烃组分、碳同位素、生物标志化合物等实验资料,系统分析了库车坳陷东部凝析油的物性和有机地球化学特征,厘定了凝析油的成因类型 ,并在此基础上明确了油气充注历史。研究结果表明：库车坳陷东部凝析油属于典型的陆相油,具有密度低、粘度低、凝固点低、含硫低和含蜡中等的特征,碳同位素关系以及生物标志化合物特征表明 凝析油主要来自三叠系湖相烃源岩。库车坳陷东部凝析油和天然气具有不同源、不同期的特征,凝析油主要为湖相烃源岩在成熟演化阶段的产物,天然气主要为煤系烃源岩在高-过成熟演化阶段的产物 ,凝析油的成熟度低于天然气的成熟度,且早期原油遭受气洗改造作用。因此,库车坳陷东部总体上具有“早油晚气”的充注特征,现今的凝析油是早期形成的原油被气洗改造而形成的。     

塔里木盆地西部阿克莫木气田形成初探

塔里木盆地西部阿克莫木气田天然气为非烃组份含量较高的干气,干燥系数高达99.7%;天然气δ¹³C₁和δ¹³C₂值明显偏重,δ¹³C₁为- 25.2‰～-21.9,δ¹³C₂为-21.2～-20.2‰,如果按传统的观点该天然气应为过成熟煤成气。但是综合气源对比研究表明阿克莫木气田天然气主要源自石炭系Ⅱ型烃源岩,成藏过程研究表明该气田主要聚集了石炭系烃源岩在Ro为1.5%～1.8%之后生成的天然气,具有晚期阶段聚气的特征,这是造成阿克1井天然气组份很“干”、碳同位素很重的主要原因。     

库车前陆坳陷形成大气区的烃源岩条件

随着勘探的深入,库车前陆坳陷逐渐成为我国重要的大气区.本文对其形成大气区的关键条件之一的烃源岩特征进行了深入研究.库车坳陷主要分布中-上三叠统浅湖-半深湖相泥质烃源岩和中-下侏罗统煤系烃源岩,具有厚度大、丰度高、类型差和成熟度高的特点.三叠-侏罗系烃源岩具有十分丰富的天然气生成量,天然气来源不是制约库车坳陷天然气勘探的因素;根据三叠-侏罗系烃源岩的类型特征和成熟度特征认为库车坳陷资源丰富、以气为主,在天然气的生成上侏罗系烃源岩的贡献要大于三叠系.     

煤型气中丁烷的地球化学特征及意义——以塔里木盆地库车坳陷为例

为研究母质类型、热演化程度和运移方向等对煤型气中丁烷地球化学特征的影响,统计分析了塔里木盆地库车坳陷天然气中丁烷组分和碳同位素的变化特征。结果表明,母质类型、烃源岩热演化程度及成藏过程、天然气成熟度共同控制了库车坳陷煤型气i C4/n C4值;库车坳陷煤型气正、异丁烷的碳同位素比值与δ13C1均具有明显的正相关性,即随着天然气成熟度增加,正、异丁烷均变重,且异丁烷相对更富集重碳同位素;在砂岩疏导层中,煤型气i C4/n C4值沿天然气渗滤运移方向有减小的趋势,大北气田天然气总体上来讲由南向北运移。天然气中的丁烷组分和碳同位素特征研究具有重要的理论意义,与甲烷、乙烷等常规研究组分类似,丁烷组分和同位素特征也可成为天然气成熟度的替代指标。     

库车前陆盆地羊塔克地区流体包裹体特征及油气成藏过程

库车前陆盆地羊塔克地区油气资源丰富,明确油气充注历史和成藏演化过程对下一步油气勘探具有重要意义.利用流体包裹体岩相学观察、显微测温分析、定量颗粒荧光分析,并结合库车前陆盆地烃源岩热演化史以及构造演化史,分析了库车前陆盆地羊塔克地区的油气成藏过程.结果表明,羊塔克地区油气具有“晚期成藏,后期改造”的特征.库车坳陷中侏罗统恰克马克组烃源岩在15 Ma左右成熟(R_o＞0.5%),生成的成熟原油最早是在新近纪库车早期,约4.0 Ma时期,充注到羊塔克构造带,形成少量黄色荧光油包裹体,但大量充注是在约3.5 Ma时期.库车坳陷中下侏罗统煤系源岩是在约26 Ma时达到成熟,生成的天然气在约3.5 Ma,开始大规模的向羊塔克构造带充注.天然气充注后对早期少量原油进行气洗,形成发蓝色荧光的、气液比不一的油气包裹体.油气充注后,在羊塔1地区形成残余油气藏,油水界面位于5 390.75 m处.新近纪库车晚期(3.0~1.8 Ma),受喜山晚期构造运动影响,羊塔克地区油气藏发生调整改造,羊塔1地区白垩系的残余油气水界面向上迁移至现今的5 379.70 m处.      

Different Hydrocarbon Accumulation Histories in the Kelasu-Yiqikelike Structural Belt of the Kuqa Foreland Basin

<正>The Kuqa foreland basin is an important petroliferous basin where gas predominates.The Kela-2 large natural gas reservoir and the Yinan-2,Dabei-1,Tuzi and Dina-11 gas reservoirs have been discovered in the basin up to the present.Natural gases in the Kelasu district and the Yinan district are generated from different source rocks indicated by methane and ethane carbon isotopes.The former is derived from both Jurassic and Triassic source rocks,while the latter is mainly from the Jurassic. Based on its multistage evolution and superposition and the intense tectonic transformation in the basin,the hydrocarbon charging history can be divided into the early and middle Himalayan hydrocarbon accumulation and the late Himalayan redistribution and re-enrichment.The heavier carbon isotope composition and the high natural gas ratio of C_1/C_(1-4) indicate that the accumulated natural gas in the early Himalayan stage is destroyed and the present trapped natural gas was charged mainly in the middle and late Himalayan stages.Comparison and contrast of the oils produced in the Kelasu and Yinan regions indicate the hydrocarbon charging histories in the above two regions are complex and should be characterized by multistage hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.     

准噶尔盆地东部石炭系火山岩气藏石油地质特征及有利勘探方向分析

准噶尔盆地火山岩油气勘探取得重大进展。笔者经综合研究,提出影响该区天然气藏形成的石油地质主要特征是：前陆坳陷控制了烃源岩区域展布,后碰撞火山岩是主要的储层,古生代晚期的构造优化了储层物性并形成圈闭。松喀尔苏组为前陆坳陷磨拉石建造的近端粗碎屑岩沉积,是克拉美丽造山事件后快速沉积产物,作为主要烃源岩的下石炭统滴水泉组,是与松喀尔苏组同期前陆坳陷不同位置的沉积层系,滴水泉组是前陆坳陷中央的细粒沉积层系。后碰撞火山岩覆盖在前陆坳陷沉积层系之上,分布广泛,分布范围不受古生代造山带和现今构造单元控制。二叠纪发育断陷构造,形成凹隆相间的构造格局,在构造高部位的隆起区石炭系火山岩风化壳和构造裂缝,优化改善了火山岩储层的储集性能,形成有利油气运移通道和储集空间。克拉美丽山南缘的前陆坳陷中央为有利烃源岩分布区,该范围内的构造高部位的火山岩发育区,将是准噶尔盆地东部下一步火山岩油气藏勘探的有利区域。     

Oil and Gas Accumulation in the Foreland Basins, Central and Western China

<正>Foreland basin represents one of the most important hydrocarbon habitats in central and western China.To distinguish these foreland basins regionally,and according to the need of petroleum exploration and favorable exploration areas,the foreland basins in central and western China can be divided into three structural types:superimposed,retrogressive and reformative foreland basin(or thrust belt),each with distinctive petroleum system characteristics in their petroleum system components(such as the source rock,reservoir rock,caprock,time of oil and gas accumulation,the remolding of oil/gas reservoir after accumulation,and the favorable exploration area,etc.).The superimposed type foreland basins,as exemplified by the Kuqa Depression of the Tarim Basin, characterized by two stages of early and late foreland basin development,typically contain at least two hydrocarbon source beds,one deposited in the early foreland development and another in the later fault-trough lake stage.Hydrocarbon accumulations in this type of foreland basin often occur in multiple stages of the basin development,though most of the highly productive pools were formed during the late stage of hydrocarbon migration and entrapment(Himalayan period).This is in sharp contrast to the retrogressive foreland basins(only developing foreland basin during the Permian to Triassic) such as the western Sichuan Basin,where prolific hydrocarbon source rocks are associated with sediments deposited during the early stages of the foreland basin development.As a result, hydrocarbon accumulations in retrogressive foreland basins occur mainly in the early stage of basin evolution.The reformative foreland basins(only developing foreland basin during the Himalayan period) such as the northern Qaidam Basin,in contrast,contain organic-rich,lacustrine so urce rocks deposited only in fault-trough lake basins occurring prior to the reformative foreland development during the late Cenozoic,with hydrocarbon accumulations taking place relatively late(Himalayan period).Therefore,the ultimate hydrocarbon potentials in the three types of foreland basins are largely determined by the extent of spatial and temporal matching among the thrust belts,hydrocarbon source kitchens,and regional and local caprocks.     

库车前陆盆地构造挤压作用下的天然气运聚效应探讨

以克拉2气田为例,探讨了喜马拉雅晚期强烈构造挤压作用下天然气的运聚效应。构造挤压引起流体压力的快速增加,打破前期相对稳定的流体势场;断裂带为相对低应力区,不增压或与周围岩层相比增压相对小,成为相对低势区,岩层中的天然气向断裂处汇聚,使断裂带势能增大;构造挤压使地层发生破裂和已有断裂开启,同时垂向上气势梯度也大幅度增大,深部天然气沿断裂的垂向运移动力得以增强,断裂带处汇聚天然气沿开启断裂向上部地层快速运移,并侧向充注区域性盖层下的砂体,最终在构造挤压作用下的相对低气势区聚集。喜马拉雅晚期以来库车前陆逆冲带盐下断背斜、背斜构造挤压作用下为相对低气势区,油源断裂发育,构造强烈活动使断裂开启,垂向上气势梯度大幅度增大,保存条件较好,为喜马拉雅晚期以来天然气有利聚集区。中西部前陆盆地构造挤压强烈,对天然气成藏具有重要影响。因此,开展前陆盆地构造挤压对天然气成藏的影响研究,对指导前陆盆地油气勘探具有重要的理论意义和应用。     

Influence of Salt Beds on the Segmentation of Structure and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Qiulitag Structural Belt, Tarim Basin, China

Seismic information and balanced profile technology were used to reveal the influence of the salt bed in segmentation of structure and hydrocarbon accumulation in Qiulitag structural belt in Tarim basin. From west to east, the shortening of strata above the salt beds gradually decreases, while,the shortening below the salt beds gradually increases, which shows that the segmentation of structure integrated the seismic profile. There is great difference of the deformation of strata below and above the salt beds between the west segment and the east segment. The analysis of the distribution of oil/gas fields and the hydrocarbon properties indicates the similar segmentation to the structure segmentation.The salt beds in relatively shallow layers change the stress condition from basement of Kuqa foreland basin, which leads to the segmentation of Qiulitag structural belt. Because the salt beds in the west segment came into being earlier than those in the east segment, the west segment captures hydrocarbon from two sets of source rock, while the east segment can only capture hydrocarbons from one set of source rock. So, the salt beds play an important role in the segmentation of structure and hydrocarbon accumulation.     

酒泉中新生代断坳叠合盆地及控油作用

基于盆地大地构造背景、盆地几何形态、沉积构造特征、古地温及火山岩等沉积盆地鉴别标志,认为酒泉盆地为中新生代断坳叠合盆地,中生代早白垩世属伸展断陷盆地,新生代为陆内挤压坳陷盆地和陆内前陆盆地。盆地叠合类型为陆内坳陷盆地和陆内前陆盆地与断陷盆地叠合,叠合方式总体为正交式叠合,其中陆内坳陷盆地与断陷盆地叠合方式可以划分为披盖叠合型、局部叠合型、未叠合型3类,按照断陷盆地与陆内前陆盆地构造单元叠合位置,将陆内前陆盆地与断陷盆地叠合方式划分为前陆冲断带与次级凹陷的叠合、前陆坳陷与次级凹陷的叠合、前陆斜坡与次级凹陷的叠合、隆后坳陷与次级凹陷的叠合4个亚类。中新生代盆地叠合控制了酒泉盆地油气成藏,早白垩世断陷盆地控制了烃源岩分布,决定了不同次级凹陷(含油气系统的)范围和优劣,中新生代盆地叠合不仅加速了烃源岩成熟,为油气运移提供了强大动力,而且对构造圈闭、油气运移通道的形成、储层物性的改善(裂缝的发育)起关键的作用。由于不同的次级凹陷叠合方式和叠合强度的差异,导致了油气运移、聚集成藏差异,油藏特征和油气富集程度不同。     

Formation of Natural Bitumen and its Implication for Oil/gas Prospect in Dabashan Foreland

Natural bitumen is the evolutionary residue of hydrocarbon of sedimentary organic matter. Several kinds of bitumen with different occurrences, including bitumen in source rock, migration bitumen filled in fault, oil-bed bitumen and paleo-reservoir bitumen, are distributed widely in the Dabashan foreland. These kinds of bitumen represent the process of oil/gas formation, migration and accumulation in the region. Bitumen in source rock filled in fractures and stylolite and experienced deformation simultaneously together with source rock themselves. It indicated that oil/gas generation and expelling from source rock occurred under normal buried thermal conditions during prototype basin evolution stages prior to orogeny. Occurrences of bitumen in source rock indicated that paleo-reservoir formation conditions existed in the Dabashan foreland. Migration bitumen being widespread in the fault revealed that the fault was the main channel for oil/gas migration, which occurred synchronously with Jurassic foreland deformation. Oil-bed bitumen was the kind of pyrolysis bitumen that distributed in solution pores of reservoir rock in the Dabashan foreland depression, the northeastern Sichuan Basin. Geochemistry of oil-bed bitumen indicated that natural gas that accumulated in the Dabashan foreland depression formed from liquid hydrocarbon by pyrolysis process. However, paleo-reservior bitumen in the Dabashan forleland was the kind of degradation bitumen that formed from liquid hydrocarbon within the paleo-reservior by oxidation, alteration and other secondary changes due to paleo-reservior damage during tectonics in the Dabashan foreland. In combination with the tectonic evolution of the Dabashan foreland, it is proposed that the oil/gas generated, migrated and accumulated to form the paleo-reservoir during the Triassic Indosinian tectonic movement. Jurassic collision orogeny, the Yanshan tectonic movement, led to intracontinental orogeny of the Dabashan area accompanied by geofluid expelling and paleo-reservoir damage in the Dabashan foreland. The present work proposed that there is liquid hydrocarbon exploration potential in the Dabashan foreland, while there are prospects for the existence of natural gas in the Dabashan foreland depression.