Special Commision Chairs of The Geographical Society of China

Physical Geography: Chair: Prof. LI Xiubin, Inst. of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS,11A, Datun Rd., Beijing 100101, China; e-mail: lixb@igsnrr.ac.cnClimatology: Chair: Prof. GE Quansheng, Inst. of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS,11A, Datun Rd., Beijing 100101, China; e-mail: geqs@igsnrr.ac.cnHydrography: Chair: Prof. ZHOU Chenghu, Inst. of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS,11A, Datun Rd., Beijing 1…     

Strengthening integrated research of geography and accepting challenges of the new century—celebrating the 90th birthday of the Geographical Society of China

ThefoundingoftheChinaEarthScienceSociety(PredecessoroftheGeographicalSocietyofChina)in1909markedthegeographyinChinafromtheclassicalstagetothemodernstage.TheGeographicalSocietyofChinaisplayinganimportantroleinthedevelopmentofgeographyinChina.ThenewstageofthedevelopmentofgeographyhasbeenstartedinChinasincethe1950s.ItischaracterizedbytheestablishmentofinstitutesanddepartmentsofgeographyundertheChineseAcademyofSciencesandProvincialAcademies,attheuniversities,thegrowingupofnumerousyounggeog…     

The Geographical Society of China

President:Lu Dadao (Academician of CAS)Vice Presidents: Bao Jigang, Cai Yunlong, Cheng Guodong, Fu Bojie, Gu Chaolin, Li Xiubin, Shi Peijun, Song Changqing, Xu ShiyuanSecretary-General:Zhang GuoyouAddress: 11A, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, ChinaE-mail: gsc@igsnrr.ac.cn Website: www.gsc.org.cnHistory:The Geographical Society of China is one of the earliest established academic societies in China. Her predecessor is the Geoscience Society of China…     

Analysis of deposition and erosion of Dongting Lake by GIS

The Dongting Lake is located in the south beach of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Its catchment, with an area of 262,823 km2 or about 12% of the total Yangtze River catchment, is situated between 28o43?29o32扤 and 112o54?113o8扙, and crosses Hubei and Hunan provinces in administrative division. The main tributaries include Xiangjiang, Zishui, Yuanjiang, Lishui rivers (4 Tributaries) and some local rivers, such as Miluo River, Xinqiang River and other little streams. In the nor…     

Impact of climate change on the surface water of Kaidu River Basin

To reveal the changing trend and annual distribution of the surface water hydrology and the local climate in the Bayanbuluk alpine-cold wetlands in the past 50 years, we used temperature, precipitation, different rank precipitation days, evaporation, water vapor pressure, relative humidity, dust storm days and snow depth to analyze their temporal variations. We conclude that there were no distinct changes in annual mean temperature, and no obvious changes in the maximum or minimum temperatures. Precipitation in warm season was the main water source in the wetlands of the study area and accounted for 92.0% of the annual total. Precipitation dropped to the lowest in the mid-1980s in the past 50 years and then increased gradually. The runoff of the Kaidu River has increased since 1987 which has a good linear response to the annual precipitation and mean temperature in Bayanbuluk alpine-cold wetland. Climate change also affected ecosystems in this area due to its direct relations to the surface water environment.     

Experimental study of the effects of non-uniformly distributed fine soil on mechanical properties of Shenyang–Dandong Railway coarse-grained soil

The stress produced by repeated train loads decreases with increasing railway subgrade bed depth, and slightly weathered coarse particles of subgrade bed fillings can be broken at different levels under continuous load. Thus, the mass of fine soil, with a diameter of not more than 0.075 mm, is different at different depths. Fine soil is also sensitive to frost heave and thaw settlement. In order to study the effects of non-uniformly distributed fine soil on the mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil of the Shenyang-Dandong Railway, triaxial tests were conducted with three types of specimens, undergoing six freeze-thaw cycle numbers(0, 1, 3, 7, 9, 12) and three confining pressures(100, 200, 300 k Pa). The freezing temperature is-5 °C and the thawing temperature is +15 °C. The stress-strain behavior, static strength, resilient modulus, cohesive force and the angle of internal friction were measured for different tested specimens. As a result, the law of static strength and resilient modulus of different specimens following the increase of freeze-thaw cycles under three confining pressures is obtained. The changing law of cohesive force and friction angle of three specimens following the increase of freeze-thaw cycles is also calculated, and the different results of different specimens are also compared.     

2006 Annual Academic Conference of China Society of Natural Resources Held in Fuzhou

2006 Annual Academic Conference of China Society of Natural Resources （CSNR） was held on November 1-2 in Fuzhou, Fujian Province of Southeast China. This conference was co-sponsored by CSNR and Fujian Normal University. A total of some 360 researchers and educators from universities and institutions in mainland China participated in this conference. More than 210 papers were submitted and discussed during this academic conference.     

Research on Global Change and Living Environment： A Review of 2003 Annual Academic Meeting of the Geographical Society of China

The Annual Academic Meeting of the Geographical Society of China (GSC) was held on October 17-19, 2003 in Wuhan, Hubei Province. A total of some 560 geographical researchers and educators from across China participated in this event. More than 300 papers were presented and discussed during this annual meeting. The Annual Academic Meeting of the Geographical Society of China is so far the largest scale academic activity of geographical sciences in China.     

The heterogeneity of hydrometeorological changes during the period of 1961-2016 in the source region of the Yellow River,China

Runoff in the source region of a river makes up most of water resources in the whole basin in arid and semi-arid areas. It is very important for water resources management to timely master the latest dynamic changes of the runoff and quantitatively reveal its main driving factors. This paper aims to discover the variation heterogeneity of runoff and the impacts of climatic factors on this runoff in the source region of the Yellow River(SRYR) in China from 1961 to 2016. We divided SRYR into four sub-regions, and analyzed changes of their contributions to total runoff in SRYR. We also revealed the impacts of precipitation, temperature and potential evapotranspiration on runoff in each sub-region by constructing the regression relationships between them at multiple temporal scales. The changes of runoff in the four sub-regions and their contributions to the total runoff were not exactly consistent. The climatic variables’ changes also have heterogeneity, and runoff was mainly affected by precipitation compared to influences of temperature or potential evapotranspiration. Their impacts on runoff have spatiotemporal heterogeneity and can be reflected by very significant-linear regression equations.It provided a simple method to predict headwater runoff for better water management in the whole basin.     

Spatial characteristics and driving forces of the morphological evolution of East Lake,Wuhan

The shapes of the urban lakes in Wuhan city have been strongly influenced by the rapid industrialization and urbanization experienced in recent decades.Based on topographic maps and remote sensing images,the temporal and spatial changes of East Lake,Wuhan city,over the past two decades were analyzed.The landscape shape index(LSI)and centroid method were applied to analyze the evolution of lake morphology and its causes.Several key results were obtained.(1)The surface area of East Lake decreased sharply by 2.13 km2 from 1995 to 2005,and slightly by 1.00 km2 from 2005 to 2015.The shoreline length of East Lake displayed a continuous trend of decline during the study period:The length reduced by 21.89 km from 1995 to 2005,and by 0.67 km from 2005 to 2015.The LSI values,7.04(1995),6.46(2005),and 6.28(2015),displayed an accelerated downward trend,indicating a reduction of complexity in East Lake and the intensification of manual interventions in the water body.(2)The changes to East Lake displayed a clear temporal and spatial heterogeneity.The centroid of East Lake moved northeast from 1995 to 2005 and southeast from 2005 to 2015.(3)The reduction in the area of East Lake was mainly affected by human activities.A lake area of about 4.8 km2 was converted to other land uses during 1995-2005,most of which was unused land,whereas from 2005 to 2015,0.43 km2 of the lake area was converted into built-up land,and 0.25 km2 was converted into other land uses.The reduction in area was caused by infrastructure construction by the government,the development of the real estate industry,illegal construction by villagers,and the development of scenic spots for tourism.The driving forces of this reduction included Wuhan's growing population,and the rapid development of the economy and urbanization between 1995 and 2015,which has resulted in a large demand for land.Finally,a formation mechanism model was constructed by analyzing the causes of East Lake's morphological evolution.     

Multidimensional visualisation of degrees of relevance of geographic data

The ever‐increasing number of spatial data sets accessible through spatial data clearinghouses continues to make geographic information retrieval and spatial data discovery major challenges. Such challenges have been addressed in the discipline of Information Retrieval through ranking of data according to inferred degrees of relevance. Spatial data, however, present an additional challenge as they are characteristically made up of geometry, attribute and, optionally, temporal components. As these components are mutually independent of one another, this paper suggests that they be ranked independently of one another. The representation of the results of the independent ranking of these three components of spatial data suggests that representation of the results of the ranking process requires an alternative approach to currently used textual ranked lists: visualisation of relevance in a three‐dimensional visualisation environment. To illustrate the possible application of such an approach, a prototype browser is presented.     

哈尔滨市可持续发展的趋势分析

可持续发展评判的指标体系是对可持续发展进行科学评判和决策的一个重要组成部分.从经济、社会、人口、资源、环境5个方面构建了由35个指标构成的哈尔滨市的可持续发展指标体系,并对其1995～2004年的可持续发展趋势进行了分析.分析结果表明,哈尔滨市从1995～2004年经济发展一直呈现稳步上升的趋势,社会、人口、环境和资源子系统呈现比较波动的趋势.2000年后,逐渐进入环境质量提高、资源消耗量下降的时期,环境污染、资源消耗与发展的综合指数越来越低,发展趋势也渐好,说明哈尔滨市的可持续发展的能力在不断提高.     

新丝绸之路形成背景下哈萨克斯坦城市群发展研究（英文）

在伟大丝绸之路复兴的新历史阶段背景下,结合全球和区域市场一体化,文章分析了城市群这一最为重要增长极形成的关键因素和先决条件,在此基础上研究了区域空间组织问题。在欧亚地缘战略中哈萨克斯坦具有横贯中西的区位优势,文章综合评估了哈萨克斯坦城市群发展的可能方向、可能存在的负面影响及其影响范围。研究表明,哈萨克斯坦当前的城市化过程具有多维特征,城市群地区人口占总人口比重明显上升,城市的集聚形式预示着定居形式的成熟,并塑造着特有的社会经济空间,如区域核心、对外经济联系的节点、内部基础设施最重要的连接点等。城市群将扮演区域一体化的特殊平台,以城市群为基础,哈萨克斯坦将在新丝绸之路建设中恢复其重要历史地位,它将成为中亚地区贸易、交通、商业与金融、科技创新和旅游的枢纽,以及链接欧亚的桥梁。     

西藏公路沿线河流丁坝局部冲刷深度计算

分析了丁坝局部冲刷的过程和特征。以量纲理论为基础，通过对国内外公开发表的试验资料采用多元回归的方法。建立了不漫水丁坝清水冲刷的局部最大冲刷深度的计算公式。公式考虑了水深、流速、坝长、丁坝与水流夹角、坝头边坡、泥沙不均匀性等对冲深有影响的因素。其中，对于泥沙的非均匀性，传统方法很少考虑，一般是将均匀沙、非均匀沙的资料一起来分析，在此对其进行了定量的讨论。最终通过西藏地区公路沿线河流丁坝冲刷的实测数据对理论公式检验，发现计算值与实测值吻合较好，其公式可应用于西藏干线公路沿河路基防护工程丁坝局部冲刷深度计算。     

泥石流流域的形态特征

泥石流是特殊的流域侵蚀作用,同其他流域过程一样,密切联系着流域的形态特征.一般说来,泥石流都发生在小流域(102km2以下),而经典的流域形态研究所涉及的流域范围却达到107km2的尺度.我们想知道泥石流小流域是否具有特殊的数量特征.通过流域特征量的统计,我们看到,与一般流域相比,泥石流小流域的特征参数之间的关系形式上相同,而在数值上不同,这从一个方面肯定了流域演化存在着普遍规律(如自组织临界性),同时也证明泥石流是流域演化历史的"特殊一幕".     

库姆塔格沙漠梭梭沟区域(92°E)的风积地貌类型及分布

在2005年9月,对库姆塔格沙漠的梭梭沟区域(39°37'8"～40°25'02"N,92°12'59"～92°46'27"E)进行南北穿越,同时参考卫星照片和地形图,实地调查了库姆塔格沙漠的区域地貌形态.在纬向上,梭梭沟的沟头和沟尾分布有线形沙垄;沟谷区是沙垄相对高度最大的区域,也是沙丘类型最复杂的区域,复合型沙垄和综合型沙垄坐落在沟两侧的阶地上,沙丘类型有新月形沙丘链、金字塔型沙丘和波状线形沙垄,3条或4条小沙垄(链)组合成大沙垄,相对最大垄高为131 m."羽毛状沙丘"分布在梭梭沟以北为冲洪积平原上,沙漠的北缘分布新月形沙丘,最高达26 m.在经向上,40%的相对应样点的风沙地貌类型不同.地貌差异性较大的区域分布在梭梭沟的形状变化较大的区域.梭梭沟的形状变化,影响其两岸的沙丘形态.流水构筑了库姆塔格沙漠的下伏地貌,风沙地貌的分布受流水地貌影响强烈.     

Biomass production of different ecotypes of threegrass species of the semi-arid grasslands of southern Africa

Biomass production of different ecotypes within three ecological importantgrass species was determined during cultivation under uniform environmental conditions. Results obtained clearly indicate that ecotypes of these species exhibit a significant degree of variation with regard to biomass production. Furthermore, indications from this investigation are that no correlation exists between production ability of a species and long-term average rainfall, and the effect of both genetic and environmental factors on the production ability of a species determines the eventual biomass production of a species. Biomass production represents one of various ecologically important characteristics to be used in conjunction with other ecological characters to construct a usable, special purpose classification system. This system will assist rangeland ecologists in identifying functional ecotypes within grass species, thus facilitating the understanding and interpretation of vegetation dynamic models and rangeland condition assessments.     

区域中心城市生产性服务业的外向功能特征研究——以广州市为例

广州的生产性服务业经历了改革开放后20多年的发展,目前已具有基本经济活动功能。通过对广州的生产性服务机构的抽样问卷调查,阐述其在服务范围、服务对象及服务销量分布三方面的特征。并根据广州生产性服务业目前的发展水平,以及对珠三角制造业企业市场的抽样问卷调查,从供给水平和市场需求两个角度对广州生产性服务的外向功能特征进行了阐释。     

北京翠湖湿地水环境恢复效果

2010年、20111年和2012年7月对北京翠湖湿地水环境进行跟踪调查与监测,评估湿地恢复之后翠湖湿地水环境的改善效果。恢复区水体pH值、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、电导率(EC)和溶解氧(DO)等指标在3年间都表现为下降趋势。其中,pH值从2010年的8.36降到2012年的7.44;TN从2010年的1.94 mg/L降到2012年的1.76 mg/L;TP从2010年的0.129 mg/L降到2012年的0.117 mg/L。说明翠湖湿地经过湿地恢复后,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)去除效果明显,湿地水环境良好改善,水体自净能力得到加强。本研究可为湿地水环境恢复评估及管理提供一定的科学依据。     

南苏丹独立进程和平顺利实现的原因分析

2011年7月9日南苏丹举行了开国庆典,世界上最年轻的国家诞生了,而苏丹履行了诺言,成为第一个承认南苏丹独立的国家。压倒多数赞成独立的民意,国际社会的普遍欢迎态度,苏丹摆脱自身困境的考量,中国建设性的调解作用等,都是导致南苏丹独立进程能够和平顺利完成的原因与条件。南苏丹共和国的诞生是苏丹南方人民的共同意愿和自主选择。苏丹北南双方坚持和平选择,铸剑为犁,结束非洲历史上时间最长的内战,和平进程开花结果的实践,为冲突不断的非洲大陆和平解决类似矛盾与争端,争取建立好邻居、好伙伴、好兄弟的和睦关系提供了范式。