相移加校正变范围三维叠前深度偏移

理论和实践证明,三维叠前深度偏移是目前最精确的地震波场为成像方法,该文在二维叠前深度偏移及偏移速度模型建立方法研究的基础上,进一步研究了变范围三维叠前深度偏移叠加方法和软件,用三维相移加校正方法在炮集上实现三维叠前深度偏移,并根据三维速度模型构造形态,自动确定偏移后成像孔径进行变范围移叠加,提高三维构造形态清晰度。该方法属全波方程偏移,具有成像精度高,对模型适应性强的特点。     

波动方程辛几何算法三维叠前深度偏移在集群式并行机上的实现

波动方程三维叠前深度偏移研究,已成为近年国内外众多油气勘探科研单位的研究焦点,其关键问题之一是借助于软硬件及其匹配的进步,以求解决计算量庞大的障碍。作者在本文中从油田实际出发,提出了一套并行波动方程辛几何算法三维叠前深度偏移方法与处理流程,运用32节 点集群式并行机,完成了XJWZ地区150km的二维和WJT地区126km^2的三维地震资料波动方程叠前深度偏移处理。其成像的效果,在信噪比、分辨率、深层复杂构造成像等方面均获得了显著改善。     

三维平面波叠前时间偏移实用化研究

三维平面波叠前时间偏移技术实用性不强,浅层成像信噪比较低,在计算过程中内存开支大,并行节点有效利用率低,且不具有断点保护功能,无法适用于大规模叠前偏移成像处理。为了提高三维平面波叠前时间偏移的实用化水平,从平面波叠前时间偏移原理和实现方案出发,针对存在的问题,提出了相应的解决方案,包括通过倾角滤波方法压制浅层的偏移成像噪声,提高浅层成像信噪比;采用分层成像方案,减小计算过程中的内存开支,提高并行节点的有效利用率;开发断点保护功能,考虑了长时间偏移计算中的断点风险。在应用于某工区实例资料处理后表明,经优化后的平面波叠前时间偏移技术较原平面波偏移具有更好的成像精度,并且具备了大规模数据处理能力。     

叠前逆时深度偏移技术在江苏高陡构造地区的应用

叠前深度逆时偏移技术是一种基于精确波动方程的偏移技术,不受地下倾角和介质横向速度变化的影响。江苏油田苏北盆地地下地质构造复杂,断裂系统发育,用常归Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移技术很难准确成像,针对此实际情况,对陈堡三维进行了叠前逆时深度偏移处理,结果表明,在高陡倾角处断面成像上,叠前逆时深度偏移剖面较Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移剖面的品质有很大提高,断面清晰,断层归位准确,为后续解释工作打下了良好的基础。     

曙光4000A上三维叠前深度偏移并行计算的应用设计

波动方程叠前深度偏移在地震勘探成像处理方面起着不可替代的作用。随着高性能大规模并行计算机技术的发展,波动方程叠前深度偏移计算在地震勘探中的应用有了很大进步。在波动方程叠前深度偏移处理中,庞大的数据规模与海量计算对计算性能提出了很高的要求。曙光4000A超级计算机系统是我国目前峰值速度最快的商用超级计算机系统,无论是硬件平台建设还是应用软件的配置方面,都具有良好的应用性能。基于该系统设计的三维波动方程叠前深度偏移(炮域)PSDM软件,采用动态负载平衡并行计算模式,具有较高的计算效率,高度的可扩展性和可靠性。     

叠前深度域偏移成像技术及其应用

根据“西部煤炭资源高精度三维地震勘探技术”项目中对国内外各种深度域偏移成像方法和特点的调研成果．对各类深度域成像的算法和特点进行了总结,指出不同深度域成像算法选取原则主要依据构造复杂程度和横向速度变化情况。结合克希霍夫叠前三维深度域偏移模块说明深度域偏移原理和工作流程,并以实例说明叠前深度域成像能够解决因第四系地层厚度剧烈变化造成的下覆煤层赋存形态被扭曲、深度误差大、断层平面位置不准确等问题。该实例中,叠前深度域成像划分的煤层深度比时间域偏移剖面解释结果向下移动40多m,钻探结果证实其解释的煤层深度和断层位置比较准确。     

三步法三维叠前拉东投影偏移

对地下地质构造正确成像是地震勘探的最终目的,由于三维地震资料采集不可能都沿垂直构造走向的方向进行,这就为地震资料的三维处理带来了许多困难.本文将三维叠后拉东投影偏移思想应用于三维叠前处理,提出了三维叠前投影偏移算法.利用拉东投影变换的原理,将整个三维叠前数据体投影到一系列各方向的径向线上,各方位角的构造都包含在其中某条或多条径向剖面上.投影完成后,形成一系列的独立的二维叠前测线,于是可采用二维叠前偏移成像方法来实现各径向线的叠前偏移,当各径向剖面偏移完成后,在切片上进行反投影,从而最终形成三维叠前偏移结果.实际应用表明,用该方法进行三维叠前深度偏移时,深度偏移剖面对横向分辨率有所提高,对陡地层和小断层的成像效果有所改善.     

叠前深度偏移技术在城市活动断层探测中的优势

本文介绍了Kirchhoff积分法叠前深度偏移和波动方程叠前深度偏移两种偏移方法,并通过对Marmousi数据模型和实际数据资料处理,对比叠前深度偏移成像与叠后时间偏移成像和常规叠加剖面的应用效果。实际结果表明：对于速度横向变化剧烈的复杂地质体,叠前深度偏移成像精度更高,适合于城市活动断层的高精度探测。     

煤田三维地震叠前深度偏移技术及其应用

三维地震叠前深度偏移可实现反射点的正确空间归位和真正的共反射点叠加,减小菲涅尔带的影响范围,大大提高地震资料的分辨率。论述了三维地震叠前深度偏移的成像原理和关键技术,并应用于实际地震资料的处理中。结果显示,小断点显示较叠前时间偏移剖面更为清晰,提高了煤田三维地震探测细微构造的能力,取得了较好的地质效果。      

井间地震高斯束叠前深度偏移成像方法

井间地震成像技术在解决复杂构造、油藏描述等方面具有较高的成像精度。高斯束偏移成像方法兼具Kirchhoff积分偏移的灵活性以及波动方程偏移的精确性,不仅计算速度快,并且运算精度高。在地面地震高斯束叠前深度偏移成像方法研究的基础上,首次将其应用于井间地震资料成像。针对井间理论模型试算,同井间地震波动方程逆时偏成像方法相比,井间地震高斯束叠前深度偏移方法成像精确,计算效率高。将该方法应用在某海上油田井间地震资料成像中,这里所研究的井间地震高斯束叠前深度偏移成像方法的成像结果,比海上三维地震剖面具有更高的分辨率,解决了海上三维地震分辨率不足的难题,可为油气田目的层微小构造识别提供有利依据,具有较好的应用前景。     

Late Cretaceous to Miocene and Quaternary deformation history of the Chalk: Channels,slumps, faults,folds and glacitectonics

Late Cretaceous Chalk sedimentation history across the British Isles included (i) fault controlled uplift and subsidence in Northern Ireland and the Inner Hebrides and (ii) uplift along the lines of en echelon folds in Southern Britain and northern France. Synsedimentary slump folds and downslope displacement structures are compared with penecontemporaneous interbed slides and later tectonic folds and faults. Compressional strike-slip tectonic processes at Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, illustrate intra-Chalk slump beds in a half-graben setting. Progressive ‘growth’ of structures characterises early downslope slump folding, interbed sliding and some listric faulting. Sheet-flints replacing slide shear planes and early fractures provide evidence for early movements. Availability of open-slopes or the depth of burial under which the range of structures developed is reflected in the degree of disruption and fragmentation of chalk and flint. Fragmentation provides clues to the timing of events and origin of the Late Campanian Altachuile Breccia (Northern Ireland) and the Coniacian Hope Gap slides (Sussex). Fragmentation and formation of sheet flints together help distinguish intra-Chalk tectonics from Quaternary glacitectonic structures.The role of marl seams, high porosity chalk beds and hardgrounds on bed-sliding, décollement zones and disruption of chalk blocks from bedrock in glacitectonics is discussed. Chalk formations with marl seams develop a special style of fracturing related to early interbed sliding and pore-fluid escape structures. Marl-seams are shown to be primary sedimentary features and not the products of post depositional pressure-solution. More than any other formation the Late Santonian – Early Campanian Newhaven Chalk contains extensive sheet-flints and shows great lateral variation in thickness and lithology across the fold belts of southern England and northern France.     

苏北玄武岩分布区滑坡研究与防治

在苏皖交界处的盱眙、六合新生代玄武岩分布区,滑坡灾害十分发育,给当地经济建设和人民生活带来了较大危害。通过分析滑坡类型、地质特征和活动规律,提出了防治灾害的具体措施。     

Nano-and micron-sized diamond genesis in nature: An overview

There are four main types of natural diamonds and related formation processes. The first type comprises the interstellar nanodiamond particles. The second group includes crustal nano-and micron-scale diamonds associated with coals, sediments and metamorphic rocks. The third one includes nanodiamonds and microndiamonds associated with secondary alteration and replacing of mafic and ultramafic rocks.The fourth one includes macro-, micron-and nano-sized mantle diamonds which are associated with kimberlites, mantle peridotites and eclogites. Each diamond type has its specific characteristics. Nanosized diamond particles of lowest nanometers in size crystallize from abiotic organic matter at lower pressures and temperatures in space during the stages of protoplanetary disk formation. Nano-sized diamonds are formed from organic matter at P-T exceeding conditions of catagenesis stage of lithogenesis. Micron-sized diamonds are formed from fluids at P-T exceeding supercritical water stability.Macrosized diamonds are formed from metal-carbon and silicate-carbonate melts and fluids at P-T exceeding 1150℃ and 4.5 GPa. Nitrogen and hydrocarbons play an important role in diamond formation.Their role in the formation processes increases from macro-sized to nano-sized diamond particles.Introduction of nitrogen atoms into the diamond structure leads to the stabilization of micron-and nanosized diamonds in the field of graphite stability.     

新疆库车坳陷逆掩断裂在油气运聚中的作用

在研究新疆库车坳陷逆掩断裂、源岩和盖层空间发育特征的基础上,研究了逆掩断裂与源岩、盖层的空间匹配关系.认为断穿源岩、盖层的逆掩断裂则是油气散失的通道;勾通源岩,但未断穿盖层的逆掩断裂则是油气聚集的输导通道,它们控制着库车坳陷油气的聚散及其在空间上的分布.在研究库车坳陷逆掩断裂活动史和源岩排烃史、盖层封闭能力形成史的基础上,研究了逆掩断裂与源岩、盖层的时间匹配关系,认为盖层与源岩的时间匹配关系控制着可供运移的油气量;逆掩断裂与源岩的时间匹配关系控制着可供聚集的油气量,盖层与逆掩断裂的时间匹配关系控制着油气的富集量.     

Slaking durability and its effect on the doline formation in the gypsum

Texture and grain size is of great importance in understanding the mechanical properties of rocks. The aim of this study was to investigate textural and slaking durability characteristics, and correlate them with the gypsum types where the dolines occurred, with particular reference to the texture and crystal size. The investigation comprised two stages: field work and laboratory testing. Initially, rock samples were obtained from various representative karstified and non-karstified locations. Thereafter, mineralogical, physical and slaking durability characteristics of the gypsum samples were determined by means of laboratory testing. After the field and laboratory works, the geological, mineralogical and slaking durability characteristics of the study area gypsum were reviewed and discussed from the point of view of doline formation. Results showed that fine grain sized alabastrine gypsum tends to be karstified and leads to doline formation. This is closely related to the crystal size, texture and attributable to the slaking durability of the gypsum. Consequently, the results demonstrate that the texture, especially crystal size, and effective porosity are important parameters controlling the slake durability of the gypsum and doline formation.     

辽河东部凹陷新生界火成岩岩性、岩相特征和储层控制因素

基于110口探井1 100 m岩心、500余口探井总长107 000 m火成岩井段资料,通过岩心观察、岩矿鉴定、物性测试和含油气性分析,研究了辽河坳陷东部凹陷新生界不同层系火成岩岩性、岩相发育特征和储层控制因素。结果显示：本区发育火山岩、侵入岩、沉火山碎屑岩3大类16种岩性,其中玄武岩类占91.0%;发育6相16种亚相,其中溢流相占63.0%;发育4类9种储集空间,次生孔隙和次生裂缝占主体。砾-粒间孔隙和裂缝发育的粗面岩类、玄武质火山碎屑（熔）岩和火山口-近火山口相带的侵出相、火山通道相和爆发相是最有利的储集岩性、岩相带。储层主要受岩性、岩相、断裂等多方面控制,岩性决定储集空间类型和储层微观特征,岩相控制储层宏观分布规律,断裂控制岩体分布范围、火山口位置和储层有效性。近油源、靠断裂的优势岩性、岩相带是火成岩油气勘探最有利目标。     

X射线荧光光谱微区分析在铜矿物类质同象鉴定中的应用

铜矿物种类繁多,赋存状态各异,成分复杂,由于共生矿物和伴生矿物的存在,增加了传统岩矿鉴定工作的难度。特别是铜矿物间存在的类质同象现象(黝铜矿和砷黝铜矿)和铜矿物与其他矿物间(磁黄铁矿和方黄铜矿)存在镜下光学特征相似的现象,应用偏光或反光显微镜难以给铜矿物准确定名。本文应用具有微区分析功能的X射线荧光光谱仪扫描铜矿物标本谱图,通过选择测量条件、测量方式和干扰校正模型(谱线重叠和基体效应)建立了类质同象物相的鉴定方法。该方法具有较高的精密度和准确度,对黄铜矿标本进行12次测定,S、Fe、Cu的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.74%、0.86%、0.18%;对铜矿物标准样品进行单次测定,待测元素的测量结果与推荐值的相对误差均小于6%。该方法可准确甄别出黝铜矿与含银砷黝铜矿、磁黄铁矿与方黄铜矿;测量效率高,能够提供主量元素和主要伴生元素的二维或三维图像,直观地呈现矿物的分布情况,为铜矿物的准确定名和矿物的综合利用提供了有价值的信息。     

Brunei Darussalam: Characteristics of selected petroleums and source rocks

The development of three Tertiary deltaic complexes has resulted in the deposition of up to 10 km of sandstones and shales comprising the sources and reservoirs for crude oils that occur onshore, near-offshore and, with future exploration efforts, those likely to be encountered in deepwater reservoirs north of the Brunei coastline. We examined a series of offshore oils and onshore rock samples in Brunei Darussalam (a) to delineate oil family groups and their source rock characteristics, and (b) to assess the source potential of the sedimentary sequence with respect to lithology and depositional setting. Twelve offshore oils and 53 shales, coaly shales and coals were examined. The oils contain indicators of allochthonous (e.g. bicadinanes, oleananes) and autochthonous (e.g. cholestanes and methylcholestanes) components in the source organic matter. Predictable geographic variations of this mixed input are clearly evident in the sample set (e.g. allochthonous input appears to increase in offshore Brunei to the northeast). Although this molecular source signature is relatively clear, migration of these oils from deep (and unidentified) source rocks has resulted in extensive migration-contamination with respect to the tetracyclic and pentacyclic hydrocarbons. This contamination has resulted in strong correlations between certain molecular maturity indicators and the present-day temperature of the reservoirs. Liquid hydrocarbon source rock potential is present in the tidal and coastal embayment facies, and is greatest in the Miocene coals. Neither the shales nor coaly shales contain significant oil generative potential. The thermal immaturity of the sample set precludes valid oil–source rock correlations without conducting artificial maturation experiments on the coals.     

Mine tailings integrated investigations: The case of Rio tailings (Panasqueira Mine, Central Portugal)

Mining generates huge quantities of waste materials from ore extraction and milling operations, which accumulate in tailings and open impoundments. The risks associated with mine tailings have different nature, namely stability, rupture, surface and groundwater contamination, acid mine drainage (AMD) and precipitation of secondary minerals. In fact catastrophic failure of tailings impoundments has occurred, transporting slurry, dissolved metals and fine reactive metal particles to the environment.Often deposition conditions of old mine tailings are unknown and monitoring is deficient or even inexistent. Thus, in order to prevent accidents it is necessary to establish the internal structure, that is, mapping tailings impoundment, internal sediment structures – limits and stratigraphy – seepage and pathway locations, bedrock depth and topography estimates and actual deposition conditions of the tailings. Owing to the complexity of the problem, only integrated approaches can investigate and monitor comprehensively the characteristics and evolution of mine tailings and its impacts on the environment.As this is a multidisciplinary problem, strategies should consider integrated studies such as Geophysics, Geochemistry and borehole surveys. However data from these sources must be interpreted together, in a GIS database, to provide better models and an enhanced overall knowledge of the studied structures.It is proposed to test and validate such a methodology in a case study, Panasqueira mine, central Portugal and to contribute to the decision-making process of environmental and civil protection agencies with responsibilities in the assessing, prevention, mitigation, and controlling the potential and actual effects of tailings spills on the environment.     

Fine‐grained agglutinated elongate columnar stromatolites: Tieling Formation,ca 1420 Ma,North China

The Mesoproterozoic Tieling Formation, near Jixian, northern China, contains thick beds of vertically branched, laterally elongate, columnar stromatolites. Carbonate mud is the primary component of both the stromatolites and their intervening matrix. Mud abundance is attributed to water column ‘whiting’ precipitation stimulated by cyanobacterial photosynthesis. Neomorphic microspar gives the stromatolites a ‘streaky’ microfabric and small mud flakes are common in the matrix. The columns consist of low‐relief, mainly non‐enveloping, laminae that show erosive truncation and well‐defined repetitive lamination. In plan view, the columns form disjunct elongate ridges <10 cm wide separated by narrow matrix‐filled runnels. The stromatolite surfaces were initially cohesive, rather than rigid, and prone to scour, and are interpreted as current aligned microbial mats that trapped carbonate mud. The pervasive ridge–runnel system suggests scale‐dependent biophysical feedback between: (i) carbonate mud supply; (ii) current duration, strength and direction; and (iii) growth and trapping by prolific mat growth. Together, these factors determined the size, morphology and arrangement of the stromatolite columns and their laminae, as well as their branching patterns, alignment and ridge–runnel spacing. Ridge–runnel surfaces resemble ripple mark patterns, but whether currents were parallel and/or normal to stromatolite alignment remains unclear. The formation and preservation of Tieling columns required plentiful supply of carbonate mud, mat‐building microbes well‐adapted to cope with this abundant sediment, and absence of both significant early lithification and bioturbation. These factors were time limited, and Tieling stromatolites closely resemble coeval examples in the Belt‐Purcell Supergroup of Laurentia. The dynamic interactions between mat growth, currents and sediment supply that determined the shape of Tieling columns contributed to the morphotypical diversity that characterizes mid–late Proterozoic branched stromatolites.