渤、黄、东海潮汐、潮流的数值模拟与研究

基于FVCOM海洋数值模式,采用高分辨率的三角形网格,对渤、黄、东海的潮汐、潮流进行数值模拟,并通过比较120个沿岸验潮站和14个潮流观测站的实测与模拟结果进行模型验证,两者符合较好。根据模拟结果,给出了四个主要分潮的潮汐同潮图和5m层潮流最大流速及最大潮流同潮时分布。渤、黄、东海共有5个半日分潮和3个全日分潮的独立旋转潮波系统,且都呈逆时针方向旋转;半日潮流和全日潮流各有12个圆流点;在冲绳岛和奄美岛两侧的4个半日潮流圆流点分别呈对称分布,其中有3个为本文首次给出;在日本九州岛西侧还新给出2个全日潮流圆流点。有关它们的存在性需要实测资料的进一步检验。     

渤海潮汐和潮流数值计算

本文采用交替方向隐式方法积分二维非线性潮汐方程组，在开边界给定潮汐调和常数，计算渤海域最有代表性的半日分潮Ｍ２和全日分潮Ｋ１，利用准调和分析方法给出了两个分潮的同潮图和潮流椭圆图，与实测结果比较，计算结果是令人满意，基本上反映了渤海半日潮和全日潮波运动。本文也计算和讨论了潮汐能量平衡和耗散及潮流分布。利用潮汐和风暴潮耦合模式模拟了潮汐和风暴潮的相互作用。     

渤海岸线地形变化对潮波系统和潮流性质的影响

采用有限体积近岸海洋模型FVCOM,基于渤海2004和2014年的岸线地形数据,构建渤海2个年份的三维潮汐潮流数值模式;通过数值模拟研究,探讨了渤海岸线地形变化对潮波系统和潮流性质的影响。数值模拟结果表明:岸线地形变化后,半日分潮潮时在渤海湾、莱州湾和渤海中部东南海域提前,在辽东湾和渤海中部西北海域滞后;振幅在渤海湾及辽东湾增大,在莱州湾及渤海中部减小;位于秦皇岛和黄河口的半日分潮无潮点位置分别向西南和东南方向移动。渤海绝大部分海域全日分潮潮时提前,振幅增大,位于渤海海峡的全日潮无潮点位置向东移动。潮流性质系数在莱州湾增大,在渤海其他大部分海域减小,渤海规则半日潮流海区范围略有增加,不规则半日潮流海区范围相应减少。     

台湾海峡潮汐和潮流的一个数值模型

本文根据二维非线性流体动力学方程,用有限差分方法同时计算了台湾海峡的半日和全日潮波,所得结果与观测值基本符合,半日潮相当大,M₂潮汐振幅在海峡西北角最大,超过2米,M₂最强潮流出现在台湾浅滩及澎湖列岛附近,可超过1米/秒,全日潮弱且变化较小,K₁和O₁平均潮汐振幅在0.2至0.3米间,平均潮流振幅大多在0.05至0.1米/秒,文章对四分日潮及潮汐余水位的分布也作了简述,在海峡西南端的靖海角附近四分日潮有一定相对重要性。     

渤海、黄海、东海潮流、潮能通量与耗散的数值模拟研究

基于ROMS海洋数值模式,对渤海、黄海、东海的潮汐、潮流进行数值模拟,模拟结果与91个沿岸验潮站的实测结果拟合较好。研究表明,渤、黄、东海内的潮波以半日潮为主,共有4个半日潮、2个全日潮和1个退化的半日潮旋转潮波系统,且都呈逆时针方向旋转;渤海的半日潮流主要呈顺时针方向旋转,全日潮流呈逆时针方向旋转,黄海的潮流以逆时针旋转为主,东海、朝鲜海峡潮流以顺时针旋转为主;半日分潮流共有13个圆流点,K1(O1)分潮流有10(9)个圆流点,但全日潮流的同潮时线分布较为复杂;太平洋传入东海的4个主要分潮潮能通量分别为118.341GW、19.525GW、5.630GW、3.871GW,一半以上的潮能耗散在南黄海,30%—40%的潮能耗散在东海,其次是北黄海,而渤海最小。     

南麂岛附近海域潮汐和潮流的特征

以2008年冬季在浙江近海南麂岛附近投放的4个底锚系观测的水位和流速资料为依据,分析了潮汐和潮流特征。水位谱分析结果显示半日分潮最显著,全日分潮其次;近岸的浅水分潮比离岸大。水位调和分析结果表明:潮汐类型均为正规半日潮,近岸处的平均潮差大于3m,最大可能潮差大于6m,潮汐呈现出显著的低潮日不等和回归潮特征。流速谱分析结果显示半日分潮流最强,全日分潮流其次,且比半日分潮流小得多;近岸浅水分潮流比远离岸显著。流速调和分析结果表明:潮流类型均为正规半日潮流,靠近岸的两个站浅水分潮流较显著;最显著的半日分潮流是M2分潮流,其最大流速介于0.32～0.48m/s之间,全日分潮流均很弱,最大流速小于0.06m/s。M2分潮流均为逆时针旋转,椭圆率越靠近海底越大;最大分潮流流速分布为中上层最大、表层略小、底层最小;最大分潮流流速方向的垂向变化很小,底层比表层略为偏左;最大分潮流流速到达时间随深度的加深而提前,底层比中上层约提前30min。潮流椭圆的垂向分布显示这里的半日分潮流以正压潮流为主;日分潮流则表现出很强的斜压性。     

基于FVCOM的南海北部海域潮汐潮流数值模拟

基于非结构三角形网格的FVCOM(finite-volume coastal ocean model )数值模型, 对南海北部海域的潮汐、潮流进行了精细化数值模拟研究, 并根据模拟结果详细分析了M2, S2, K1, O1 分潮的潮汐和潮流特征。研究结果表明: 神泉港到甲子港海域表现为正规全日潮性质, 珠江口附近海区潮汐以不正规半日潮为主, 其他海域主要表现为不规则全日潮; 陆架海域和深水海域主要表现为往复流, 陆架坡折区存在较强的旋转流, 陆架坡折区为不规则半日潮流和不规则全日潮流的分界线; 东沙群岛附近海域以不规则全日潮流为主, 旋转方向为顺时针; 整个海域的最大流速分布与等深线基本平行, 东沙群岛附近速度明显变大, 最大值出现在台湾浅滩附近, 最大值超过70 cm/s; 南海潮波系统以巴士海峡传入的大洋潮波为主, 分为三支潮流, 以不同的形式进出南海北部海域; 余流在台湾浅滩附近达到最大, 超过6 cm/s, 自南向北进入台湾海峡, 近岸余流自东向西沿岸流动。本研究在东沙群岛周边的模拟结果与前人基于实测资料的分析吻合较好, 并且由于采用了高精度的三角网格, 本文对东沙群岛周边海域的潮汐潮流结构和性质的刻画和分析是迄今为止较为精细的, 同时本研究还提高了对沿岸验潮站调和常数的模拟精度。     

越南中部沿岸潮汐、潮流特征

基于越南中部2007年夏季潮汐、潮流实测资料,对该区域的潮汐、潮流特征进行分析,分析结果表明：1）研究海区为以日潮为主的潮汐过渡地带,每月有20d属日潮,10d属半日潮;2）潮流以不正规半日潮流为主,其次为不正规全日潮流,潮流运动以往复流为主;3）O1、K1、M2?、S2分潮流长轴方向集中在SW-NE之间,与岸线走向基本一致;4）受西南季风的影响,表层存在一沿岸形自SW向NE运动的顺时针余流场。     

粤东甲子附近海域潮流特征研究

针对2012-04—07甲子以东海域3个站的潮位和海流连续观测资料,采用潮汐和潮流调和分析、海流旋转功率谱等方法,研究了它们的潮汐和各层潮流的分布特征,探讨了这些特征形成的原因。结果表明:1)甲子港及其以东40km海域典型日潮的形成是由于M2分潮的无潮点的存在和潮能在甲子外海的辐散两种原因引起的;2)日潮海域的潮流则是正规半日潮流的性质;3)研究海域的潮波较为复杂,驻波性质不明显,前进波性质较为突出;4)通过类比黄河口M2分潮的无潮点,认为该海区存在一个退化到岸上的M2无潮点是可能的。     

渤海的潮波系统及其变迁

采用二维非线性潮波微分方程对渤海M_2、S_2、K_1、O_1四个分潮进行数值模拟,得出四个分潮的潮波图,椭圆长短轴图,同潮流时图以及潮汐、潮流性质图和S_2与M_2、K_1与O_1的迟角差图。依此可以系统地了解渤海潮波系统的分布变化规律。依据30～40年代测得的渤海海图以及假设数十年后渤海的岸形对渤海进行数值模拟,从而了解过去和现在渤海潮波的变化情况,以及对未来潮波的变化作出判断。计算表明,从30年代到70年代以来,渤海南部的半日分潮波发生了很大的变化,而日分潮的潮波变化较小。     

渤、黄、东海8个主要分潮的数值模拟研究

应用MIKE数值模拟软件,采用无结构三角形网格,建立一套计算区域包括整个渤海、黄海、东海以及东海大陆架和琉球群岛的高分辨率数值模型,考虑了实际水深和岸线,外海开边界采用西北太平洋大模型结果的潮位提供,模拟了东中国海潮波的波动过程,对潮波垂直运动过程进行调和分析,得到了渤海、黄海、东海的M2,S2,K1,O1以及N2,K2,P1,Q1八个主要分潮的传播和分布特征。利用中国沿海14个潮位站的调和常数对模型结果进行了验证,验证结果显示模型较为准确可靠。研究结果表明:4个主要半日潮(全日潮)在渤、黄、东海的传播情形基本相似,即潮波在渤海、黄海、东海沿岸的传播性质上类似沿岸开尔文波的传播形态,并且成功再现了计算海域的4个半日分潮无潮点和2个全日分潮无潮点。全日潮振幅各无潮点附近振幅最小,而海湾的波腹区振幅最大,东海潮差呈现近岸方向振幅大、离岸方向振幅小,浙闽沿海振幅也较大,黄海振幅相对较小,渤海振幅在辽东湾和渤海湾顶最大,两个无潮点周边振幅较小。     

A survey of baroclinic tides in the Beibu Gulf in the South China Sea

The principal characteristics of the tides are investigated by a shipborne acoustic Doppler current Profiler at a fixed station located in the Beibu Gulf from 4 to 14 April 2003. Data analysis indicates that the diurnal tidal currents dominate local current variations at the observing site. Except the barotropic M_2 constituent, four principal tides comprise both back-and-forth barotropic and baroclinic tidal currents. The baroclinic tidal ellipse parameters vary with depth, showing complicate features, rather than monotonous features being figured. For baroclinic tidal constituents, vertical modes are different to each other. Similarly, the semi-major axes of the tidal constituents vary with depth. In the lower layer, a nonlinear regression approach is used to calculate and obtain the SEMA profiles of diurnal tidal constituents. Results show that in the thin bottom boundary layer, all of the parameters vary drastically with depth, totally distinguished from the vertical profiles above.     

Strong Tidal Mixing and Ventilation of Cold Intermediate Water at Kashevarov Bank, Sea of Okhotsk

Tidal mixing at the Kashevarov Bank, Sea of Okhotsk, has been investigated using observations of bottom pressure and currents. The tides are dominated by the diurnal constituents. The water motion over the Bank is predominantly controlled by strong diurnal tidal currents, which bring cold water on the bank from its source, a cold intermediate layer. The temperature fluctuations are about 1.2°C at the southern edge of the bank. The maximum observed velocity is about 164 cm/s at the top of the bank. A superposition of the original diurnal constituents K₁ and O₁ reveals a strong fortnightly (M_f) variability of the current speed. Tidal-induced mixing is responsible for ventilation of the cold intermediate layer of the Sea of Okhotsk. Strong tidal mixing creates a well-defined tidally mixed front around the bank. This front acts like a barrier separating well-mixed water on the bank from stratified water on its flanks. There is a residual current of the order of 10 cm/s.     

Tidal oscillations in the Baltic Sea

Long-term hourly data from 35 tide gauge stations, including 15 stations in the Gulf of Finland, were used to examine tidal sea level oscillations of the Baltic Sea. High-resolution spectral analysis revealed the well-defined fine structure of tidal peaks with diurnal peaks at most stations being higher than semidiurnal. At some stations (e.g., Narva, Daugava, and Wladyslawowo), high frequency radiational tidal peaks with periods multiple of the solar day (3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 cpd) were detected; the respective oscillations are supposed to be caused by seabreeze winds. Harmonic analysis of tides for individual yearly sea level series followed by vector averaging over the entire observational period was used to estimate the amplitudes and phases of 16 tidal constituents. The maximum tidal oscillations of 17–19 cm were found to be observed in the Gulf of Finland and, first of all, in Neva Bay (in the head of the gulf). Diurnal or mixed diurnal tides are predominant in almost the entire Baltic Sea. The comparison of the observed tides with those theoretically computed showed that the existing numerical models of the main tidal harmonics generally quite accurately reproduce the structure of the tides in the Baltic Sea except for some regions of the Gulf of Bothnia.     

内潮耗散与自吸-负荷潮对南海潮波影响的数值研究

利用非结构三角形网格的FVCOM海洋数值模式,在其传统二维潮波方程中加入参数化的内潮耗散项和自吸-负荷潮项,计算了南海及其周边海域的M_2、S_2、K_1和O_1分潮的分布。与实测值的比较表明,引入这两项对模拟准确度的提高有明显效果。根据模式结果本文计算分析了研究海域的潮能输入和耗散。能量输入计算表明,能通量是潮能输入的最主要构成部分,通过吕宋海峡断面进入南海的M_2和K_1分潮能通量分别为38和29GW;半日周期的自吸-负荷潮能量输入以负值居多,而全日周期的自吸-负荷潮能量输入以正值居多,因而自吸-负荷潮减弱了南海的半日潮,并加强了南海的全日潮。引潮力的作用也减弱了半日潮而加强了全日潮,但其作用要小于自吸-负荷潮。潮能耗散的分析显示底摩擦耗散在沿岸浅水区域起主导作用,内潮耗散则主要发生在深水区域。内潮耗散的最大值出现在吕宋海峡,且位于南海之外的海峡东部的耗散量大于位于南海之内的海峡西部的耗散量。对M_2和K_1分潮吕宋海峡的内潮耗散总值分别达到16和23GW。     

1998年南海北部20天定点连续观测的内潮分析（英文）

对1998年6月南海北部20天的海流和温度定点连续观测资料进行分析,得到该海域内潮的特征及其能量分布。分析结果显示内潮的主要成分为O1,K1,M2与S2分量,其中全日内潮（O1与K1）的能量占主要部分。在观测期间,此四个分量的海流失量均为顺时针旋转,其潮流椭圆半长轴的最大值超过14cm/s。海水温度的变化显示出内潮存在准日周期振动,平均垂向振幅达到50m。观测到的内潮携带高能量且其活动存在不连续性,在观测范围内,全日内潮的动能及势能密度的最大值分别达到2kJ/m^2及3.5kJ/m^2,半日内潮的动能及势能密度的最大值分别达到1kJ/m^2及1.5kJ/m^2。     

Transition of Tidal Waves from the East to South China Seas over the Taiwan Strait: Influence of the Abrupt Step in the Topography

Observations of tidal waves between the East and South China Seas (ECS and SCS) over the Taiwan Strait (TS) suggest that the diurnal tides simply appear as one southward-propagating wave from the ECS to the SCS through the TS. The semidiurnal tides, however, behave differently in that they appear as a southward-propagating Kelvin wave in the western TS and a nearly standing wave in the eastern TS, and then diminish rapidly over the shallow shoal in the southern TS. A smaller-domain model, with sea-level boundary conditions derived from a larger-domain tidal model, was first used to simulate tides in the TS to an overall percentage of accuracy of about 90%. Subsequent numerical experiments and theoretical analysis revealed that the southward-propagating semidiurnal tides to be impeded and then reflected as they arrive at an abrupt, deepened step in the topography of the southern TS. This reflection enhances the amplitudes of the incident semidiurnal tides and contributes to the formation of a nearly standing wave in the eastern TS. The southward-propagating diurnal tides in the TS are connected by the diurnal tides in the northern SCS when the amplitudes of the two tide systems are comparable and their phases nearly equal at the step. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

渤黄东海潮能通量与潮能耗散

利用同化高度计资料和沿岸验潮站资料对潮汐数值模式进行同化,根据同化后的数值模式结果,对渤黄东海中的潮能通量和潮能耗散进行了研究.M2分潮从太平洋进入渤黄东海的潮能为122.499GW,占4个主要分潮进入总量的79%.黄海是半日分潮潮能耗散的主要海区.全日分潮则主要耗散在东海.全日分潮在遇到陆坡的阻挡以后有一部分潮能沿着冲绳海槽向西南传播,并有一部分潮能反射回太平洋,其中O1分潮通过C3断面反射回太平洋的潮能,约占其传入东海潮能的44%.     

Tidal oscillations in the Caspian Sea

Long-term hourly data from 12 tide gauge stations were used to examine the character of tidal oscillations in the Caspian Sea. Diurnal and semidiurnal tidal peaks are well-defined in sea level spectra in the Middle and South Caspian basins. High-resolution spectral analysis revealed that the diurnal sea level oscillations in the Middle Caspian Basin have a gravitational origin, while those in the South Caspian Basin are mainly caused by radiational effects: the amplitude of diurnal radiational harmonic S₁ is much higher than those of gravitational harmonics О₁, P₁, and K₁. In the North Caspian Basin, there are no gravitational tides and only weak radiational tides are observed. A semidiurnal type of tide is predominant in the Middle and South Caspian basins. Harmonic analysis of the tides for individual annual series with subsequent vector averaging over the entire observational period was applied to estimate the mean amplitudes and phases of major tidal constituents. The amplitude of the M₂ harmonic reaches 5.4 cm in the South Caspian Basin (at Aladga). A maximum tidal range of 21 cm was found at the Aladga station in the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea, whereas the tidal range in the western part of the South Caspian Basin varies from 5 to 10 cm.