美丽中国建设——人地和谐共生理论与评估指标体系及应用

The Beautiful China Initiative(BCI)is a plan for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation as well as for China to fulfill the United Nations’2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.The Chinese government’s“five-in-one”approach provides strategic arrangements for developing the BCI,and President Xi Jinping proposed a timetable and“road map”for the BCI at the National Conference on Ecological and Environmental Protection.Nevertheless,the theoretical basis,evaluation index system,evaluation criteria and effectiveness of the BCI are currently unclear.This paper begins by exploring the basic content of the BCI from narrow and broad perspectives.It regards the theory of human-nature harmonious coexistence and the five-in-one beauty theory as the core theoretical bases of the BCI and constructs a five-element BCI evaluation index system(ecological environment,green development,social harmony,system perfection and cultural heritage)and utilizes the assessment method of the United Nations’Human Development Index to assess scientifically the effectiveness of the BCI in 341 prefecture-level cities.The results show the average BCI index(the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beauty Index)score to be 0.28,which is quite low,while the average scores for the individual element indexes of the ecological environment index,green development index,social harmony index,system perfection index and cultural heritage index are 0.6,0.22,0.29,0.22 and 0.07,respectively.All of these are relatively low values,with relatively large discrepancies in regional development,indicating that progress in the BCI is generally slow and unbalanced.To realize the BCI’s timetable and roadmap to a high quality and high standard,it is suggested that a common system for evaluating the progress of the BCI is developed and promulgated so that dynamic monitoring and phased evaluations can take place;BCI technical assessment standards are compiled and published;BCI comprehensive zoning is undertaken;pilot projects adapted to local conditions are launched in BCI sample areas;and BCI results are incorporated into performance indicators at all levels of government.     

自然保护地旅游人地关系演进过程研究——以博格达为例

Protected areas have a double mandate of both "protection" and "use." Naturebased tourism is considered an effective tool in terms of environmental conservation. Understanding the causes and consequences of a spatiotemporal succession of tourism construction is an important channel to explore the changes of tourism-environment interaction in the protected area. To analyze the spatio-temporal variations in tourism construction lands, we adopted Mt. Bogda as an example. We systematically quantified the interaction between these changes and environmental variables and explored the evolution process of tourism-environment interaction of the mountainous protected area in the northwest arid region. Our results revealed the following:(1) In the Bogda protected area, the proportion of tourism construction lands first appeared to be increasing, then decreasing dramatically, and finally growing slowly. The spatial expansion of tourism construction lands followed the "core-periphery" pattern, respectively showing shapely infilling, reasonable agglomeration, barycenter shift, and outlying growth from 1990 to 2018 as the stages of concentrating on the core.(2) The higher land-use intensity of tourism construction drove the changes of landscape fragmentation, diversity, stability, primitive, and nature degree in the protected area. The coupling coordination between tourism and the environment in the Bogda area decreased at first, and then slowly increased. Meanwhile, tourism did not cause irreversible damage to the natural environment, and the coupling coordination degree between tourism and the environment was still in the state of balanced development. It expressed the states of original balanced, development exceeds environment and barely balanced, and superiorly balanced. The historical evolution of tourism-environment interaction in Bogda reflects the pattern of periodic changes in China’s protected areas to a certain extent.     

1986-2015年小浪底水库运行前后黄河下游主槽调整规律

Based on the measured discharge,sediment load,and cross-sectional data from 1986 to 2015 for the lower Yellow River,changes in the morphological parameters(width,depth,and cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient)of the main channel are analyzed in this paper.The results show that before the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir(XLDR)from 1986 to 1999,the main channel shrunk continually,with decreasing width and depth.The rate of reduction in its width decreased along the river whereas that of depth increased in the downstream direction.Because the rate of decrease in the width of the main channel was greater than that in channel depth,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in the sub-reach above Gaocun.By contrast,for the sub-reach below Gaocun,the rate of decrease in channel width was smaller than that in channel depth,and the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient increased.Once the XLDR had begun operation,the main channel eroded continually,and both its width and depth increased from 2000 to 2015.The rate of increase in channel width decreased in the longitudinal direction,and the depth of the main channel in all sub-reaches increased by more than 2 m.Because the rate of increase in the depth of the main channel was clearly larger than that of its width,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in all sub-reaches.The cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel of the lower Yellow River exhibited different adjustment patterns before and after the XLDR began operation.Before its operation,the main channel mainly narrowed in the transverse direction and silted in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below Aishan,it primarily silted in the vertical direction.After the XLDR began operation,the main channel adjusted by widening in the transverse direction and deepening in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below it,the main channel adjusted mainly by deepening in the vertical direction.Compared with the rates of decrease in the width and depth of the main channel during the siltation period,the rate of increase in channel width during the scouring period was clearly smaller while the rate of increase in channel depth was larger.After continual siltation and scouring from 1986 to 2015,the cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel changed from wide and shallow to relatively narrow and deep.The pattern of adjustment in the main channel was closely related to the water and sediment conditions.For the braided reach,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with suspended sediment concentration(SSC)during the siltation period.By contrast,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was positively correlated with discharge and negatively correlated with SSC during the scouring period.For the transitional and meandering reaches,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with SSC.     

Effect of climatic change on surface environments in the typical region of Horqin Sandy Land

The town of Agura,a typical region in Horqin Sandy Land,was selected as the study area in this paper.Using 12 remote sensing images and climatic data from the past 20 years,the effects of climate change on surface environments were analyzed.The impact indices of climatic factors,along with their corresponding ranks,were used to characterize the responses of different types of surface environments to climate change.Results show that in the past 20 years,the surface environments of the study area have been deteriorating.Furthermore,there is a positive relationship between the changes in surface environments and those in climatic factors.Various climatic factors influence surface environments in different ways and at different levels.The most sensitive factor is relative humidity,followed by precipitation and evaporation.Overall,moisture is the key factor that affects the changes in surface environments of arid and semi-arid areas.     

海峡两岸联动观测夏至正午太阳直射暨刘南威教授畅谈广东地理学界贡献

今年是广东省建成北回归线标志25周年。2011-06-22台湾嘉义、广东汕头、从化、封开、广西桂平、云南墨江等海峡两岸6座北回归线标志所在市、县,举行联动观测夏至正午太阳直射的大型活动,华南师范大学地理科学学院刘南威教授在活动筹办期间接受记者采访,畅谈广东地理学界对北回归线标志兴建的主要贡献和海峡两岸联动观测正午太阳直射活动的重要意义。     

美食之都的夜总汇成都春熙路地名声名远播中外

名吃路一路名吃名吃路一路名店名吃路一路名牌四川成都被誉为美食之都,成都市的春熙路被誉为美食之都的夜总汇。春熙路位于成都市中心,包括东大街以北,南新街、中新街、北新街以东,总府路以南,红星路以西的范围及临街区域,面积约20公顷。春熙路是一条历史悠久、繁华的商业街,是成     

Spatial characteristics and driving forces of the morphological evolution of East Lake,Wuhan

The shapes of the urban lakes in Wuhan city have been strongly influenced by the rapid industrialization and urbanization experienced in recent decades.Based on topographic maps and remote sensing images,the temporal and spatial changes of East Lake,Wuhan city,over the past two decades were analyzed.The landscape shape index(LSI)and centroid method were applied to analyze the evolution of lake morphology and its causes.Several key results were obtained.(1)The surface area of East Lake decreased sharply by 2.13 km2 from 1995 to 2005,and slightly by 1.00 km2 from 2005 to 2015.The shoreline length of East Lake displayed a continuous trend of decline during the study period:The length reduced by 21.89 km from 1995 to 2005,and by 0.67 km from 2005 to 2015.The LSI values,7.04(1995),6.46(2005),and 6.28(2015),displayed an accelerated downward trend,indicating a reduction of complexity in East Lake and the intensification of manual interventions in the water body.(2)The changes to East Lake displayed a clear temporal and spatial heterogeneity.The centroid of East Lake moved northeast from 1995 to 2005 and southeast from 2005 to 2015.(3)The reduction in the area of East Lake was mainly affected by human activities.A lake area of about 4.8 km2 was converted to other land uses during 1995-2005,most of which was unused land,whereas from 2005 to 2015,0.43 km2 of the lake area was converted into built-up land,and 0.25 km2 was converted into other land uses.The reduction in area was caused by infrastructure construction by the government,the development of the real estate industry,illegal construction by villagers,and the development of scenic spots for tourism.The driving forces of this reduction included Wuhan's growing population,and the rapid development of the economy and urbanization between 1995 and 2015,which has resulted in a large demand for land.Finally,a formation mechanism model was constructed by analyzing the causes of East Lake's morphological evolution.     

Highway Roadway Stability Influenced by Warm Permafrost and Seasonal Frost Action: A Case Study from Glennallen, Alaska, USA

Ground temperatures from four of the seven extensively studied highway cross-sections near Gulkana/Glennallen,Alaska during 1954~1962,were chosen to better understand the impacts of highway construction on warm permafrost.Both the thawing of permafrost and seasonal frost action impacted on road surface stability for about 6 years until the maximum summer thaw reached about 3 m in depth.Seasonal frost action caused most of the ensuing stability problems.Unusually warm summers and the lengths of time required to re-freeze the active layer were far more important than the average annual air temperatures in determining the temperatures of the underlying shallow permafrost,or the development of taliks.The hypothesized climate warming would slightly and gradually deepen the active layer and the developed under-lying talik,but its effect would be obscured by unusually warm summers,by warmer than usual winters,and by the vari-able lengths of time of the zero curtains.At least one period of climate mini-cooling in the deeper permafrost during the early 20th century was noted.     

中国水利学会2007年学术年会在苏州召开

中国水利学会2007年学术年会于10月29-31日在苏州市召开.本届年会的主题是"现代水利与河湖管理",水利部各司局、长江水利委员会、黄河水利委员会、各省市自治区水利厅局的领导、以及来自全国有关水利科研、设计、施工、管理和教学一线的技术骨干近600人参加了大会.与中国科协其他学会的年会相比,水利学会年会除了学术讨论的性质外,还带有一定的工作会议内容.来自各方面的10位专家作了大会特邀报告.     

干旱、半干旱区环境演变与可持续发展国际学术讨论会召开

"干旱、半干旱区环境演变与可持续发展国际学术讨论会"(International Workshop on Environmental Changes and Sustainable Development in Arid and Semi-arid Regions)于2007年9月10-14日在内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗成功举办.会议由国际地貌学家协会(IAG)、国际地理联合会荒漠化与土地退化委员会(COMLAND)、中国第四纪研究会、中国地理学会等学术团体发起,国家自然科学基金、PAGES及中国科学院资助,中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所主办,内蒙古阿拉善盟行署、南京大学协办.     

Climatic characteristics of high temperature in East China during 1961–2005

Based on the daily maximum temperature data covering the period 1961–2005, temporal and spatial characteristics and their changing in mean annual and monthly high temperature days (HTDs) and the mean daily maximum temperature (MDMT) during annual and monthly HTDs in East China were studied. The results show that the mean annual HTDs were 15.1 and the MDMT during annual HTDs was 36.3℃ in the past 45 years. Both the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs were negative anomaly in the1980s and positive anomaly in the other periods of time, oscillating with a cycle of about 12–15 years. The mean annual HTDs were more in the southern part, but less in the northern part of East China. The MDMT during annual HTDs was higher in Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in the central and western parts of East China. The high temperature process (HTP) was more in the southwestern part, but less in northeastern part of East China. Both the HTDs and the numbers of HTP were at most in July, and the MDMT during monthly HTDs was also the highest in July. In the first 5 years of the 21st century, the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs increased at most of the stations, both the mean monthly HTDs and the MDMT during monthly HTDs were positive anomalies from April to October, the number of each type of HTP generally was at most and the MDMT in each type of HTP was also the highest.     

Climatic characteristics of high temperature in East China during 1961–2005

Based on the daily maximum temperature data covering the period 1961-2005, temporal and spatial characteristics and their changing in mean annual and monthly high temperature days（HTDs）and the mean daily maximum temperature（MDMT）during annual and monthly HTDs in East China were studied.The results show that the mean annual HTDs were 15.1 and the MDMT during annual HTDs was 36.3℃in the past 45 years.Both the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs were negative anomaly in the1980s and positive anomaly in the other periods of time,oscillating with a cycle of about 12-15 years.The mean annual HTDs were more in the southern part,but less in the northern part of East China.The MDMT during annual HTDs was higher in Zhejiang,Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in the central and western parts of East China.The high temperature process（HTP） was more in the southwestern part,but less in northeastern part of East China.Both the HTDs and the numbers of HTP were at most in July,and the MDMT during monthly HTDs was also the highest in July.In the first 5 years of the 21st century,the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs increased at most of the stations,both the mean monthly HTDs and the MDMT during monthly HTDs were positive anomalies from April to October,the number of each type of HTP generally was at most and the MDMT in each type of HTP was also the highest.     

华东地区夏季高温期的气候特征及其变化规律

基于华东气象站点1961-2005 年逐日最高地面气温资料, 分析了华东高温日数和高温 日平均最高气温的时空动态变化特征。结果表明: 过去45 年间, 华东年均高温日数为15.1 天, 高温日平均最高气温为36.3 ^oC, 高温以12~15 年为显著振荡周期, 在20 世纪80 年代为 弱负距平, 而在其他时期都为正距平。华东高温日数呈北少南多的空间分布, 高温日平均最 高气温以安徽、浙江和江西较高, 高温过程数是东北部少, 西南部多。高温日数和高温过程 数是以7 月最多, 高温日平均最高气温也是以7 月最高。在21 世纪最初5 年, 站点高温日数 和高温日平均最高气温增加, 4-10 月高温都为正距平, 各级高温过程数总体最多, 各级高温 过程日平均最高气温也最高。     

华北地区高温日数的气候特征及变化规律

基于1960～2009年华北地区90个台站逐日最高气温数据,采用趋势分析等方法分析近50 a华北地区高温日数的时空变化特征。结果表明,近50 a华北地区高温日数以海拔高度800 m等值线为界呈现南多北少的分布特点,南部主要呈减少趋势,北部主要呈增加趋势。同时它显现出明显的"多-少-多"年代际变化特征,与1960年代相比,2000年代高温日数在7月稍增加,5和8月有所减少。近50 a华北地区累计高温过程频次呈微弱的减少趋势,南北部高温过程集中的年代和月份也有所不同。     

1961—2017年华北地区高温日数及高温热浪时空变化特征

利用华北地区85个气象站1961—2017年逐日最高气温资料，统计分析了华北地区高温日数及高温热浪（频次、持续时间、强度）的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 华北地区年高温日数整体呈增加趋势，自20世纪90年代中期之后年均高温日数明显增多；高温多出现在华北地区的南部和西部，华北地区大部分站点的高温日数呈增加趋势。② 就气候平均态而言，高温初日有略提前趋势，高温终日则明显推迟；空间上，绝大多数台站的高温终日呈推迟的趋势，其中京津冀中北部地区尤为明显。③ 累计高温热浪次数、轻度和中度热浪次数均整体增加，并在1990年左右明显由少变多，重度热浪次数增加趋势更为显著；1987年之后，平均每次高温热浪事件的高温有效积温明显增加，表明高温热浪的平均强度增大。④ 不同等级高温热浪总频次的空间分布特征相近，高频次区域均集中在内蒙古西部、山西西南部和河北南部；热浪累计频次的变化趋势在内蒙和山西以增多为主，在京津冀地区以减少为主。除山西南部和河北南部的个别站点以外，绝大多数站点的热浪平均持续天数和平均高温有效积温的变化呈增多增强趋势。总体来看，华北大部分区域自20世纪90年代以来，高温日数及热浪事件明显增强，同时存在明显的空间差异，研究结果将有助于进一步认识华北高温的区域性特征。     

中国西北近50 a来气温变化特征的进一步研究

 利用国家气象信息中心最新整编的西北地区135站1960—2005年逐月资料,通过对该地区温度变化特征的分析,在前人研究成果的基础上,进一步揭示出了近50 a来西北地区气温变化的一些新特征: ①西北地区的年和各季节均表现为一致的增温趋势,但陕西南部在夏季出现降温的趋势。冬季和秋季,从塔里木盆地西侧到河套地区,在35°—40°N的带状区域内是增温趋势最强的区域。西北区域整体年平均气温的变化幅度达0.37℃/10a,冬季增温可达0.56℃/10a。无论是年或四季平均的增温率,西北地区都比全国平均的要高。②西北地区冬季和年的平均气温在20世纪80年代中期以后开始表现为明显上升趋势;但春季、夏季和秋季均到了20世纪90年代中期以后,才开始出现气温明显上升的趋势。③西北地区年气温异常首先表现为全区一致的变化型,然后依次为南北相反变化型和陕南气温变化与其他地区不同的独特性。且整体一致型变化近50 a来呈加强态势,而陕南与西北其他地区气温非同步变化的趋势在逐渐缩小。④西北地区近50 a来年气温可分为南疆-高原区、北疆区、西北东部区3个主要空间异常气候区。且从长期倾向来看,南疆-高原区和北疆区有明显的上升变化倾向,西北东部区则表现为波动式的上升趋势。     

1961~2000年中国区域气温较差分析

利用1961~2000年的观测资料,分别对中国不同区域的月、季和年平均气温日较差,以及月较差、季较差和年较差的变化趋势进行了分析。研究表明,月平均日较差以及季平均日较差均有显著的下降趋势,其中春夏两季的变化趋势最为明显,冬季次之,秋季下降趋势最弱;年平均日较差也显示了较强的下降趋势。月较差显著减小趋势主要发生在冬末和春季;季较差以夏季的变化最显著,其他几个季节都没有明显的下降趋势;但是年较差有很显著的减小。从地域上看,月、季和年平均日较差以东北和新疆的下降趋势最显著,最弱的是华北地区。总体上看,月、季平均日较差北方较南方的下降趋势明显。月较差的减小趋势在北方比南方显著;季较差的下降趋势主要表现在夏季,又以内蒙古到西南一带以及华北地区最显著;年较差东部比西部的下降趋势显著。     

陇东地区近51 a气温时空变化特征

 基于陇东地区15个气象站点1957—2007年的月平均气温、日平均气温资料,结合GIS空间分析技术和数理统计理论,对其气温变化进行定量化分析,阐述其时空演变特征。结果表明,陇东地区多年平均气温较高的地方在中部地区,西部地区平均气温较低,主要是受地形影响;年均气温总体呈上升趋势,春、冬季的增温趋势最为明显,这与全球气温变化及中国气温变化总体趋势一致;年均气温变化的第一主周期为13 a,四季平均气温变化的第一主周期分别是25 a、25 a、13 a和7 a;年均气温的突然升高开始于20世纪80年代中期,四季平均气温的突然升高分别始于90年代中期、90年代初、80年代末和90年代初。     

巴音布鲁克近58a气候变化特征分析

对巴音布鲁克站点1958—2015年的月降水量、降水日数和平均气温进行集合经验模态分解得到其变化趋势，利用Mann Kendall和累计距平法诊断突变点，并采用Morlet小波和R/S法分析其周期特征和未来变化趋势。结果显示：（1） 巴音布鲁克各月降水量1月、6月和11月增多趋势显著，2月、7月和12月呈“凸”字形变化，减少趋势显著。（2） 降水日数1月和9月呈显著减少趋势，2月和6月呈显著增加趋势，3月和11月呈“凸”字形变化，5月、7月和8月呈不同幅度的“凹”字形变化。（3） 各月平均气温基本呈上升趋势，尤其以5月、7月和10月升温最显著。（4） 年降水量、年降水日数和年平均气温分别在1999年、1993年和1997年发生突变，年降水日数增多早于年降水量增多和年平均气温升高的时间，从90年代中期开始气候由干冷逐渐向暖湿转型。（5） 年降水量、年降水日数和年平均气温的主周期分别为41 a、9 a和30 a。（6） 未来年降水量将增多，年降水日数将减少，年平均气温将升高，极端降水发生的频次将增大，易引发洪涝灾害。     

国家基本/基准站地面气温资料城市化偏差订正

城市化偏差是中国地面气温观测记录中最大的系统性偏差,订正该偏差可为大尺度气候变化监测和研究提供准确的基础资料。论文介绍了用于单站地面月平均气温序列城市化偏差订正的一个方法,并利用该方法订正了685个国家基本/基准站1961—2015年地面年及月平均气温序列中的城市化偏差。采取自东往西迭代订正的方法,即从东往西逐经度订正,订正完的目标站也可作为参考站。首先,规定目标站的参考站在300 km范围内,并利用2站的去线性趋势年均气温的相关系数作为标准,规定相关系数最大且通过信度水平为0.005显著性检验的4个候选参考站作为该目标站的参考站;然后,对各个参考站年均气温与其对应目标站年均气温求相关,并以其平方为权重计算各参考站月和年均气温的平均值序列,即为各目标站年和月平均地面气温参考序列;其次,利用目标站气温序列趋势及其参考序列趋势之差作为总的订正值,订正目标站气温序列中包含的城市化偏差。较大的城市化偏差出现在华北地区、华中部分地区、东北北部、西南及西部部分地区,介于0.1~0.3 ℃/10 a;在中国西北部分地区、西藏西部及南部、东北南部、华南沿海、华东及华中个别站存在负偏差;对整个中国而言,相对城市化偏差为19.6%。以北京、武汉、银川、深圳作为华北、华中、西北和华南地区的大城市代表站,发现其在过去55 a的相对城市化偏差分别为67.0%、75.4%、32.7%和50.3%,与前人针对单站评估城市化影响的结果基本一致,说明论文的订正方法较为合理。论文介绍的城市化偏差订正方法,可用于订正中国等快速城市化地区地面气温观测资料的系统偏差,订正后的气温数据在很大程度上消除了城市化因素引起的不确定性。