地震勘探仪器主要技术性能分析及改进探讨

通过对地震勘探仪器的主要技术性能的详细分析可以看出,无论是集中式数字地震仪还是24位Δ-∑A/D型遥测地震仪,都还记录不到大动态、高主频、宽频带的地震反射波,它们记录的中深层地震反射信号的瞬时动态范围均在60 dB左右.本文以水平层状介质的吸收衰减特性为依据,给出了智能程控型前置放大器和频谱均衡滤波器的数学模型.用智能程控型前置放大器补偿由于球面扩散所造成的振幅衰减;用频谱均衡滤波器补偿由于地层吸收所造成的振幅衰减.按此设计方案,研制真正具有大瞬时动态和高频提升功能的地震仪,对高分辨率地震勘探技术的进一步发展具有重要意义.     

一种自适应增益限的反Q滤波

地层的Q吸收会造成地震波振幅衰减、相位畸变,分辨率和信噪比明显降低.反Q滤波可消除由于地层Q吸收造成的振幅衰减和相位畸变,从而提高地震资料的分辨率;但反Q滤波振幅补偿的数值不稳定性问题会严重降低地震资料的信噪比,并产生很多假象.截止频率法和稳定因子法反Q滤波振幅补偿方法虽可控制数值非稳定性问题,但振幅补偿函数的增益限为一个时不变的常数,且与地震数据动态范围无关,其经常会压制深层地震波的高频成分,反而降低地震资料的分辨率;因此,本文在研究截止频率法和稳定因子法的基础上,结合地震数据的动态范围对地震记录分辨率的影响,提出了一种自适应增益限的反Q滤波振幅补偿方法,其增益限和稳定因子都是时变的,且都自适应于地震数据有效频带的截止频率.合成数据和实际数据试算表明,本文的自适应增益限的反Q滤波方法可恢复地震信号有效频带范围内的能量,且能较好地控制数值非稳定性问题,最终获得高分辨率和高信噪比的地震数据.     

可以自动换挡的地震仪放大器的设计

目前,我国的模拟地震记录仪放大器只能工作于固定的放大倍数状态.稍为大些的地震发生便会出现“出格”现象,应用这些记录难以确定地震的震级,震中等参数.为了解决这一问题,我们设计了一种可以自动换挡的地震仪放大器.在通常的情况下,放大器工作于高放大倍数状态,一旦发生较大地震,放大器会自动衰减20dB,并保证记录的波形不会发生畸变.这一放大器全部由IC构成,放大器的各项参数指标比以前的放大器有较大的提高.     

中部冲绳海槽结构的地震研究

多道地震反封测线穿越了中部冲绳海槽的中央裂谷带,测线位于夏岛一84海凹附近,在这里观浏到了很高的热流值,这些多道反射记录显示出一些可能是岩浆房顶邵产生的反射波. 用10台海底地震仪和4叱炸药进行了地震折射研完,结果表明,中部冲绳海槽的地壳内,在一个强烈衰减的、6.8k血/s的层上边,有一个厚5 km、6.0 km/s的层.即使在震中距大于130 km的地方,也没有观测到来自莫霍界面的信号.这里的地壳被认为是大陆型的,但是地壳下部的Q值低,而上地慢顶部的波速和Q值都狠低. 用10台海底地震仪记录了一个月的天然地震,在这个地区测到了十分活跃的微震活动.有些海底地震仪记录到一些特殊震相,怀疑它们是来自岩浆席的反射波,类似于火山氮动产生的特珠波.     

粘弹各向异性反射体模型方位地震AVO模拟及分析（英文）

基于岩石物理模型和广义各向异性Zoeppritz方法在频率域计算裂缝型反射体模型反射波方位地震AVO响应。反射体模型为粘弹各向异性、有限厚度的地质体,其地震反射波形序列包含如下动力学信息,即分界面处介质的波阻抗和非弹性差异、反射体内部波的各向异性传播、在传播路径上的频散与衰减,以及来自顶底界面的反射波的调谐与干涉等。计算表明,速度频散和衰减增顶界面反射波大入射角反射时的振幅,而减弱底界面反射振幅。对于固定入射角的方位地震方位地震响应,PP波反射特征表现为随方位角的增加反射波形序列延续时间变长,而PSV和PSH转换类型反射波的方位各向异性变化特征稳定且受储层厚度影响较小,表现为PSV波反射振幅随方位角增加而增加,PSH波在0°和90°方位无反射能量,在45°方位反射振幅最强。     

基于小波包分解的地层吸收补偿

在分析地震反射波勘探信号小波包分解特性的基础上,提出了基于小波包分解的地层吸收补偿方法．如果没有地层吸收,浅层反射波和深层反射波具有相同的振幅谱而相位谱相差一线性相位．如果把地震记录分成不同的频段,不同频段对于时间的能量分布关系具有相似性,即对所有频段的深层反射的能量与同一频段浅层反射能量之比应该相同;只是不同频段的绝对能量大小不一样．由于地层的吸收造成各频段能量对时间的分布不同,如果给这些频段乘以时变权使各频段能量对时间的分布相同,就起到了对地层吸收的补偿作用．该方法首先用小波包对地震勘探信号进行分频,然后根据地层吸收的特点,在每一个频段上分别提取每一个时间点的吸收系数并用其倒数加权每一个小波包系数,再用加权后的小波包系数重构地震反射波记录消除地层吸收．该方法适合Ｑ值未知的情况,对变Ｑ和常Ｑ都能适应．从实际应用效果看,该方法能很好的补偿地层的吸收。     

根据海底地震仪观测资料确定克里特海岩石层S波的衰减

１９８７年在克里特海设置了５台海底地震仪。在９天的时间里记录到了４３０个地方震，测定了其中８５个微震的震中。根据海底地震仪和一些陆地上的希腊台站同时记录到的１４个地震的数据，发现了震级ＭＬ与海底地震仪记录上的地震持续时间之间的相关关系，给出了由海底地震仪记录到的ＭＬ＝２－４地震的震级－频度关系。绘制了描述克里特海岩石层体波振幅衰减的曲线图。通过对比实验和理论振幅曲线，对品质因素作了评估。计算出克里     

基于振幅加权的拖缆与海底地震资料联合波形反演方法

南黄海新近系沉积层与其下方中-古生代海相地层之间速度差异大,存在强波阻抗界面,导致接收的浅部和中深部地层的反射波振幅差异极大.一般全波形反演方法未考虑不同界面反射波振幅的差异,对南黄海浅部沉积层速度的反演效果好,而对中深部地层速度的反演效果差.为此,本文提出一种基于振幅加权的拖缆与海底地震资料联合波形反演方法.该方法对中深部弱反射波数据施加较大的权重,对浅部强反射波数据施加较小的权重,从而均衡浅、中和深部地层反射波的振幅,使得自浅至深所有地层速度均能得到较好反演效果.同时,该方法利用海底地震资料和拖缆地震记录积分的低频成分反演低波数背景速度场,利用拖缆资料的高频成分提高反演模型的分辨率,充分发挥了拖缆和海底地震资料的优势互补作用,获得了比仅使用单一资料更好的反演结果.根据地震剖面和钻井资料,建立了南黄海中部隆起的速度模型.利用该理论模型的合成地震记录对本文方法进行了测试和分析,验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.     

频率慢度域自适应迭代反演算法压制海上倾斜缆鬼波方法及其应用

海上倾斜缆采集技术具有多样的陷波特征,通过去鬼波处理可获得宽频数据.针对海水面波浪起伏及缆深误差引起的鬼波延迟时间估计误差以及崎岖海底和目的层深度变化使得鬼波和一次反射波的振幅差异系数随偏移距的变化而难以给定一个固定值的问题,本文推导出频率慢度域中鬼波滤波算子以及自适应迭代反演求解上行波算法,该鬼波滤波算子与不同水平慢度对应的鬼波和一次反射波的振幅差异系数以及鬼波延迟时间有关.并基于计算出的理论下行波与实际下行波之间的平方误差最小理论实现自适应反演迭代最优计算该振幅差异系数和鬼波延迟时间.合成的及某海上采集的倾斜缆数据去鬼波处理结果表明,频率慢度域自适应迭代反演算法能较好地去除海上变深度缆鬼波,能达到拓宽地震记录频带目的.     

2019年6月17日长宁MS6.0地震前后地壳振动异常分析

宽频带地震仪可以连续不断地记录地面振动信号,进而探索地壳振动的变化与地震前兆之间的物理关联性.选取2019年6月17日四川长宁Ms6.0地震前后的震中500km范围内15个宽频带地震仪的连续波形数据,通过傅里叶变换计算分析地震前后的地壳振动低频信号(8×10-5～2×10-4Hz)的振幅谱变化,并对低频信号源进行定位,...     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.