各向异性和非均质黏土粗糙地基承载力上限计算

通过构建一种网格状多刚性块破坏机制,利用上限法研究了黏土地基各向异性和非均质对粗糙条形基础地基承载力的影响。该破坏机制允许滑动面和速度矢量沿破坏区域过渡区的径向和切向发生变化,形成了更为精确的破坏机制和塑性流动速度场。根据上限定理得到各向异性和非均质性黏土上条形基础极限承载力的目标函数,将其转化为非线性规划问题,并通过编程对该计算模型进行求解。与已有研究成果对比分析表明,两者具有较好一致性,且优于现有同类方法。文中亦探讨了黏土地基非均质、各向异性以及其他相关参数对地基承载力的影响。     

非均质地基浅埋水平条形锚板承载力上限分析

考虑地基土体的非均质特性,采用非线性Mohr-Coulomb强度准则及其关联流动法则构造了浅埋水平条形锚板的曲线型破裂机制与机动许可速度场,根据极限分析上限定理推导了条形锚板抗拔承载力的表达式。利用变分极值原理求得了锚板抗拔承载力及其上方土体破裂面的上限解,分析了锚板埋深、土体非均质和非线性强度特性对锚板抗拔承载特性的影响,并将该上限解与已有计算方法进行了对比。结果表明:锚板埋深、土体非均质和非线性强度特性对其抗拔承载力与破裂面特征具有明显的影响。锚板埋深和土体非均质系数越大以及土体非线性强度系数越小,锚板抗拔承载力和土体破裂面深度、宽度均是越大。该上限解与极限平衡和极限分析有限元方法的计算结果基本一致,验证了所采用的曲线型破裂机制和地基非均质变化规律有效性,为条形锚板设计提供了一定的参考。     

非均质与各向异性黏土基坑抗隆起稳定分析

经典的Prandtl 机构不能很好地反映支护结构入土深度的影响,也不能反映土体强度非均质和各向异性的影响。根据塑性极限分析上限定理,基于修正的Prandtl机构,推导了既可以合理反映支护结构入土深度影响,又可以反映土体强度非均质和各向异性特性的基坑抗隆起稳定的上限解公式,同时基于商业化程序的二次开发,建立了可以考虑土体强度非均质和各向异性影响的强度折减弹塑性有限元方法。通过提出的修正Prandtl机构上限解与强度折减有限元方法以及多块体上限解的对比,验证了修正机构上限解以及强度折减有限元法的合理性和可行性,最后讨论了非均质系数、各向异性系数、支护机构入土深度等因素对基坑抗隆起稳定性的影响,并通过了实例的验证,相关结论可供工程参考。     

非均质各向异性软基上管桩基础承载力分析

对于非均质各向异性软土地基上管桩基础的承载力,基于塑性极限分析理论考虑软土强度的非均质与各向异性效应,提出了一种改进的三维极限分析上限解法。利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,采用Hill理想弹塑性模型,对软基上管桩水平承载力进行了数值模拟,由此所得到的破坏模式与极限分析方法中的假设失稳机制基本一致。通过变动参数对比分析,探讨了软黏土不排水抗剪强度的各向异性和非均质性对于管桩基础承载力的影响。     

非均质地基中平面应变隧道开挖面稳定上限分析

非均质是软黏土地基中比较普遍的现象,而目前隧道开挖面稳定研究中比较成熟的理论主要是针对均质土体。因此,从塑性极限分析上限法的基本原理出发,采用平面应变隧道刚体平动破坏模式(多块体上限法),考虑软黏土地基的非均质性,推导了平面应变隧道极限支护压力关于隧道埋深、土体重度及土体强度的上限公式。通过与其他方法的比较分析,证明了极限分析方法在隧道开挖面稳定性方面的可行性;利用该方法的计算结果详细探讨了隧道开挖面稳定的影响因素;而且由计算结果可知,地基土的非均质性在影响隧道开挖面极限支护压力的同时,也影响着隧道开挖破坏面的位置和形状,为工程实践提供重要的理论依据。     

偏心荷重下转动浅基承载力的严密解法

根据偏心荷载作用下地基失稳的特征,构建了偏心荷重下地基极限状态时土体中不连续应力场和速度场,分析了土体中不连续应力场和速度场的特点。基于上、下限原理的推论,建立计算模型,构建求解地基极限承载力的算法,通过解三类边值问题,求得偏心荷重下转动浅基极限承载力的严密解,该解满足刚性基础转动的速度边界和其他已知的边界条件。算例表明解垂直偏心荷载下地基极限平衡问题的解法是可行的,且结论可靠。     

土体强度各向异性基坑的抗隆起稳定性分析

天然土体通常为非均质、各向异性土体,目前常用的基坑抗隆起计算方法多是针对均质各向同性土体的。采用非均质非线性各向异性岩石破坏准则,考虑土体原生各向异性,假定Prandtl破坏模式,采用地基承载力模式进行基坑的抗隆起稳定性分析。根据滑移线理论计算承载力,利用有限差分法结合边界条件编制出相关计算程序,并定义基坑抗隆起稳定性系数。研究表明,各向异性比的提高会降低安全系数;内摩擦角和插入比的增大可有效提高基坑的稳定性。     

复合加载情况下非均质地基上条形基础的极限承载力研究

复合加载情况下精确求解非均质地基上条形基础的极限承载力以及评价影响极限承载力的相关因素,具有很强的工程实用与理论参考价值。基于极限平衡原理,在Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的基础上,将非均质地基上条形基础极限承载力问题等价为一个边界待定的泛函极值问题。利用变分原理得到与平衡方程相等价的积分约束条件以及相应的欧拉方程与横截条件。引入问题边界条件,利用VC++6.0编制了数值计算程序,求得了复合加载情况下非均质地基破坏时的滑裂面函数与破坏包络曲线。从理论上研究了土体内摩擦角、土体黏聚力、土层强度比与地下水位变化等因素对地基破坏包络曲线的影响。研究结果表明,其解答是地基极限承载力真实解的某一最小上限。     

非均质黏土地层隧道开挖面稳定运动单元上限有限元分析

将刚体平动运动单元上限有限元方法(UBFEM-RTME)与程序作进一步改进,使之适应分析非均质黏土地层稳定性问题。应用该程序系统分析了地表超载作用下非均质黏土地层隧道开挖面稳定性,获得了隧道埋深比C/D、土体重度参数γD/c_(u0)、土体强度非均质参数ρD/c_(u0)等因素综合影响下开挖面失稳临界荷载上限解σ_s/c_(u0)图表和以有效间断线网表征的地层破坏模式及其演变规律。研究表明:隧道埋深比C/D和强度非均质参数ρD/c_(u0)对临界荷载σ_s/c_(u0)及地层破坏模式影响显著;土体重度参数γD/c_(u0)对σ_s/c_(u0)影响明显,但对破坏形态影响不大。进一步展示了不同有效间断线数目及分布等网格参数下地层破坏形态的差异,解释了上限解精度提高的原因,与多块体上限法及上下限有限元法对比表明,UBFEM-RTME适宜于非均质黏土地层隧道开挖稳定性评价研究,特别是极限状态破坏模式的分析。     

不排水双层粘性土地基极限承载力的数值分析

采用弹塑性有限元分析了条形基础作用下不排水条件的双层粘性土地基极限承载力性状。采用修正的地基承载力系数表征,并将不同的几何与土层参数条件下的数值解与上下限解和经典的经验解进行比较。表明弹塑性位移有限元法可以很好地求解地基的极限承载力问题,其求解得到的修正地基承载力系数与基于下限原理的有限元解很接近,而上限解高估了地基的极限荷载值,传统的经验解在某些条件下却偏小。     

Undrained lower bound solutions for end bearing capacity of shallow circular piles in non-homogeneous and anisotropic clays

The undrained bearing capacity of shallow circular piles in non-homogeneous and anisotropic clay is investigated by the lower bound (LB) finite element limit analysis (FELA) under two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric condition using second-order cone programming, and the new solution of the problem is presented. Modified from the isotropic von Mises yield criterion, a cross-anisotropic undrained strength criterion of clays under the axisymmetric state of stress requiring three input shear strengths in triaxial compression, direct simple shear, and triaxial extension is employed in the 2D axisymmetric LB FELA. Parametric studies on the effects of pile embedment ratio, dimensionless strength gradient, anisotropic strength ratio, and pile roughness are investigated extensively, while the predicted failure mechanisms associated with these parameters are discussed and compared. Numerical results of undrained end bearing capacity of shallow circular piles are summarized in the form of design tables that are useful for design practice and represent a new contribution to the field of pile capacity considering the combined effects of undrained strength non-homogeneity and anisotropy.     

基于上限法的地基极限承载力计算模式探讨

当前地基极限承载力理论研究及实践应用的基本框架,仍采用的是Terzaghi所建议的三项叠加法,即分别考虑土体粘聚力、超载和地基土重对承载力的贡献,然后将三项进行叠加,由于土体并非线弹性材料,应用叠加原理在理论上是欠妥的。从理论上讲,采用整体考虑影响承载力的各种因素直接进行极限承载力计算更为恰当。为探讨采用三项叠加法与整体考虑各种影响因素直接计算的差别,基于多块体上限方法,分别采用两种计算方法对中心荷载作用下粗糙及光滑基础地基极限承载力问题进行了计算,探讨两种计算方法的差异,并从地基破坏面所反映出的信息揭示了两种计算存在差异的内在原因。     

Upper-bound multi-rigid-block solutions for bearing capacity of two-layered soils

The limit analysis method has been widely used in the stability analysis of geotechnical problems including the bearing capacity of foundations. Two main approaches have been followed in the limit analysis to improve the calculation of the bearing capacity of foundations. One approach is to combine limit analysis with the finite element method and linear/nonlinear programming. The other is to use a multi-rigid-block mechanism to obtain an upper-bound solution. In this paper, the multi-rigid-block upper-bound method with a modified failure mechanism from that of Florkiewicz [Florkiewicz A. Upper bound to bearing capacity of layered soils. Can Geotech J 1989;26(4):730–6.] was employed to calculate the bearing capacity of foundations. Attention was paid particularly to the bearing capacity of strip footings over a two-layered soil. In order to verify the effectiveness of the modified mechanism, comparisons were made with other well-known solutions. The results showed improvements over the best available multi-rigid-block upper-bound solutions given by Michalowski and Shi [Michalowski RL, Shi L. Bearing capacity of footings over two-layer foundation soils. J Geotech Eng ASCE 1995;121(5):421–8.], and fair consistence with the results from the finite element limit analysis in Shiau et al. [Shiau JS, Lyamin AV, Sloan SW. Bearing capacity of a sand layer on clay by finite element limit analysis. Can Geotech J 2003;40(5):900–15.].     

地基承载力上限分析中的Monte Carlo搜索技术

Greco提出的临界滑裂面搜寻的Monte Carlo搜索技术具有原理简单、适应性强、搜索性能好及容易编程实现等优点,目前该类方法已在边坡稳定的优化计算中有许多成功的应用。为能够在多块体上限法求解地基极限承载力的优化计算中应用Monte Carlo搜索技术,基于上限法相容速度场的要求及地基承载力问题的特点,对Monte Carlo搜索技术实现中的目标函数、几何约束条件、初始破坏面的产生以及收敛准则等重新进行了设置。由于Monte Carlo搜索技术随机性的特点,某一次的搜索优化往往存在陷入局部极值的危险,为解决这一不足,采取了随机设置多次初始破坏面分别进行搜索优化的办法,计算表明,优化效果很好。通过对实际问题的计算以及对比发现,Monte Carlo搜索技术在此处多块体上限法求解地基承载力问题中的优化应用是相当成功的。此外,由于此处的优化是以破坏面上的节点为对象的,因此,不但可以方便地考虑三角形块体的优化,而且也可以方便地考虑四边形块体的优化问题,其适用性更强。     

The effect of strength anisotropy on the bearing capacity of spudcan foundations

The vertical bearing capacity of spudcan foundations in strength anisotropic soils is investigated numerically using the MIT-S1 model implemented in the AFENA finite element package. The model in AFENA is validated against existing laboratory test data of normally consolidated soil. The bearing capacities of spudcans in soils with isotropic and anisotropic strengths are compared. Soil with isotropic strength is simulated using an elasto-plastic model. It is found that the bearing capacity of a spudcan in an anisotropic soil is reduced by about 9% for a rough spudcan and 3% for a smooth spudcan on average. There is a combined effect of soil anisotropy and spudcan roughness on the spudcan bearing capacity. Moreover, the effect of the pressuremeter strength of an anisotropic soil on foundation capacity can’t be ignored.     

Calculation of seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip foundations using the cell-based smoothed finite element method

This paper adopts an upper bound procedure using the cell-based smoothed finite element method (CS-FEM) to estimate the seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip footings, focussing on seismic soil-structure interactions. In simulations, soil behaviour is assumed as the Mohr–Coulomb material, and increment of plasticity deformation obeys the associated flow rule. The first step of the numerical procedure involves approximating the kinematically admissible displacement fields using the cell-based smoothed finite element method, while the second relates to the establishments of the optimization problem as the conic programming. The inclusion of seismic conditions in the simulations was made using the pseudo-static approach. Initially, three seismic bearing capacity factors were resolved for both smooth and rough foundations by including horizontal and vertical inertia forces caused by the soil weight, the superstructure and the surcharge in the analyses. All seismic bearing capacity components obtained are in excellent agreement with those obtained using the method of characteristics and other finite element analyses. Subsequently, the reduction coefficients that correlate static and seismic bearing capacity factors were computed to facilitate the seismic design of the foundation.

     

考虑土体非均质和各向异性的锚索极限抗拔力研究

考虑土体的非均质性与各向异性,结合预应力锚索锚固段土体的破裂形式,利用非线性强度准则,根据极限状态下力的平衡原理,推导出一个可考虑土体非均质性、各向异性与非线性破坏性质等多种因素影响的锚索极限抗拔力计算公式,并通过理论计算,分析土体非均质性、各向异性以及非线性强度系数对锚索极限抗拔力的影响。计算研究表明,土体的非均质性与各向异性对锚索抗拔力的影响显著,随着土体非均质常数的增加,锚索极限抗拔力不断提高,而随着各向异性系数与非线性强度系数的增加,抗拔力则有所下降;当土体非均质常数与各向异性系数提高时,土体破裂范围不断增大,研究结果可为锚索锚固体的设计提供一定参考。     

非均质地基承载力及破坏模式的FLAC数值分析

利用基于Lagrangian显式差分的FLAC算法，通过数值计算，对黏结力随深度线性增长的非均质地基上条形基础和圆形基础的极限承载力及地基破坏模式进行了对比计算与系统分析。研究表明：（1）随着地基黏结力沿深度非均匀变化系数的增大，地基的破坏范围逐渐集中在地基表层和基础两侧：（2）即使地基的非均质程度较小，当将非均质地基近似地按均质地基考虑时，由此所估算的承载力可能过于保守；（3）地基承载力系数随黏结力沿深度非均匀变化系数的增大而非线性地增大。与数值解相比，skempton与Peck等近似公式均可能高估了非均质地基承载力。