黄河入海口水域春季浮游动物群落特征研究

对2008、2009年黄河入海口水域春季浮游动物进行调查,采用香农-威纳多样性指数(Shannon-Weiner index)、Pielou均匀度指数和McNaugton优势度指数对其浮游动物群落特征进行分析。结果表明:浮游动物鉴定出6大类44种,以甲壳动物种类最多;2008年5月黄河入海口水域浮游动物多样性指数范围为0.92～2.65,均匀度变化范围为0.25～0.66;2009年5月浮游动物多样性指数范围为0.76～2.87,均匀度变化范围为0.21～0.70。黄河入海口水域浮游动物时空分布较不均匀,群落特征(包括丰度、多样性指数、均匀度和优势度等)在同一时期同一水域各采样点间差异较大,同一采样点不同年份差异显著。     

湛江高桥红树林区虾类群落的时空变化

研究2005-2008年广东省湛江市英罗湾高桥3个红树林区(红坎、两头流、西村)虾类群落的变化特征,并分析虾类群落组成与水质指标(盐度,pH)和沉积物指标(pH、可溶性盐、有机质、黏土、粉砂、砂砾)的相关性。结果表明:3个区域捕获虾类13596尾,属3科5属9种,刀额新对虾是高桥虾类的优势种;虾类种类年际变化较大,年间相似度平均为70.4,区域间相似度平均为60.6;红坎虾类多样性较丰富,两头流虾类的优势种明显,各年优势度指数均达0.95以上;3个区域的主要生态因子年间差异不显著(P>0.05);红坎3个采样点的底质性状较复杂,其沉积物特性差异显著(P<0.05),两头流和西村的底质性状较为单一,其沉积物特性均差异不显著(P>0.05)。群落变化特征和沉积物性状有显著相关关系,表明高桥虾类的渔获量受人为因素影响,多样性和分布受环境影响。     

闽东北外海哈氏仿对虾数量分布及群体结构特征

【目的】研究哈氏仿对虾在闽东北外海数量分布及其群体结构特征。【方法】2008年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和2009年2月(冬)开展闽东北外海海域(26o~28oN、120o~125o30′E)虾类资源调查。【结果】哈氏仿对虾渔获量占虾类总生物量的4.8%,出现频率为22.4%,总渔获量平均密度指数为3.47 kg·km~(-2),出现站位渔获量平均密度指数范围0.04~60.11 kg·km~(-2),平均为15.50 kg·km~(-2)。以2008年8月和11月数量为多,其渔获量分别占总渔获量的35.6%和40.0%,渔获量平均密度指数分别为4.78 kg·km~(-2)和5.56 kg·km~(-2),2009年2月和2008年5月数量较少。水深60 m以内的调查站位出现频率为100%,渔获量占总渔获量的73.4%,渔获量平均密度指数达16.44 kg·km~(-2),最高达60.11 kg·km~(-2);水深60~80 m出现频率为31.2%,渔获量占总渔获量的23.7%,渔获量平均密度指数为5.97 kg·km~(-2);水深大于100 m的海域没有哈氏仿对虾分布。渔获的哈氏仿对虾体长范围为32~119mm,优势体长组为80~100 mm,占54.8%;雌虾平均体长和体质量分别为86.2 mm和7.2 g,雄虾则分别为66.5 mm和3.1 g;雌雄性比为1︰0.11,雌性性腺成熟度以Ⅲ期和Ⅱ期为主,分别占34.0%和24.5%,生殖群体占相当比率,Ⅳ期以上个体占29.3%;空胃率和饱胃率均较低,平均摄食等级为1.62。【结论】哈氏仿对虾数量分布时空变化明显,主要出现于夏、秋季,春季数量很少,在空间分布上主要栖息于调查海区水深60 m以内的近岸海域,渔汛期为2-5月和8-11月,秋末冬初向深水区作适温徊游。雌虾个体明显大于雄性个体,且数量明显多于雄性,摄食强度中等略大,不同季节和不同性别平均摄食等级没有显著差异。     

虾池浮游微藻的种类组成、数量和多样性变动

报道了在集约化养虾中应用有益微生物制剂对虾池浮游微藻的影响,分析了整个养虾周期浮游微藻的种类组成、生物量、优势种及多样性指数的周期变化情况。结果表明,早期虾池浮游微藻细胞数量维持在1×103~3×103mL-1的水平,养殖中期开始呈指数增长状态,后期达到顶峰,并维持在70×103~160×103mL-1的水平,生物量比自然海区高。优势种类明显,前期为中肋骨条藻和伏氏海毛藻等硅藻类,后期则为绿球藻和栅列藻等绿藻类,水色及藻相呈良好状态,而不施加芽孢杆菌制剂的对照池则在后期出现较大比例的有害的蓝藻。虾池藻类多样性指数、均匀度指数和种类丰度均呈现前期高后期低的趋势,而优势度指数则相反,呈现前期低后期高的趋势。浮游植物的多样性指数为0.60~3.80,平均为1.88,均匀度指数为0.14~0.83,平均为0.45;种类丰度为0.80~2.46,平均为1.38;优势度指数在0.17~0.85,平均为0.41。多样性指数和均匀度均比粤东海域低,但优势度则甚高。     

滨州浅海海域浮游植物丰度及其多样性

于2012年春季、季、秋季分别对滨州浅海海域的浮游植物进行调查,采用香农-威纳(Shannon-Weiner)多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Mc Naugton优势度指数对其浮游植物多样性及群落特征进行分析。共鉴定出浮游植物4门40个属种,其中硅藻门的种类最多,占92.50%;浮游植物丰度为(2.66~23520.27)×104 ind/m3,均值1525.13×104 ind/m3。多样性指数和均匀度均值分别为1.76±0.20和0.70±0.25,以秋季最高,春季次之,夏季最低,多样性指数和均匀度均较好,表明该海域浮游植物分布比较均匀,其群落结构处于较完整和稳定的状态。该海域浮游植物的多样性阈值等级评价为Ⅱ级,多样性一般,其中春季和夏季多样性一般(Ⅱ级),秋季多样性较好(Ⅲ级)。     

底拖网作业对珠江口香港海域底层鱼类的影响

【目的】研究底拖网作业对珠江口香港海域底层鱼类的影响。【方法】根据2007-2009年及2014-2016年在珠江口香港海域进行的定点底拖网调查数据,分析该海域在禁止底拖网捕捞实施前后鱼类种类组成及生物量和生态多样性指数,评估5种典型底层鱼类资源的变化。【结果与结论】该海域捕获鱼类种类数在禁止底拖网作业后明显增加,鱼类种类数量从44种升至73种。种类丰富度指数D变化范围为:2007至2009年,4.937~5.711,2014至2016年,6.559~7.074;多样性指数H'变化范围为:2007至2009年,1.945~2.841,2014至2016年,2.220~2.381;均匀度指数J变化范围为:2007至2009年,0.539~0.776,2014至2016年,0.557~0.600。卵鳎Solea ovata、韦式羊舌鮃Arnoglossus waitei、尖嘴魟Dasyatis zugei这3种底层鱼类禁止底拖网实施后在数量(number)和生物量(biomass)上都增幅明显。不同站位数量和生物量的数值在“禁拖令”实施后也都有所增加,其中以站位2(大屿山以北,较靠近香港国际机场海域)增加最为显著。     

珠海地区凡纳滨对虾淡水养殖池浮游植物群落的演替

对珠海凡纳滨对虾淡水养殖池塘浮游植物及其理化因子进行了调查和分析,结果表明:调查中共检出浮游植物143种,优势种主要有林氏藻、螺旋鱼腥藻、小颤藻、微囊藻和点状平裂藻等,物种多样性指数在0.24~2.77之间,优势度与多样性指数呈显著的负相关,相关系数r=-0.984;而均匀度与多样性指数呈显著的正相关,相关系数r=0.967,养殖后期优势度不高,浮游植物的密度及化学因子的浓度到后期都有所上升,藻类密度的剧烈变化会引起氨氮和硫化氢含量的变化;藻类密度的波动滞后于无机氮的波动,群落演替具有突发性、时间短、速度快等特点。     

基于非参数乘法回归模型的农业景观步甲空间分布模拟

农业生产引起的景观变化是导致生物多样性丧失的重要原因,为评估农业景观结构变化对物种多样性的影响,探索农业景观物种空间模拟的方法,研究应用非参数乘法回归(NPMR)模型结合田间步甲取样数据,分析了步甲群落多样性、主要物种存在/不存在与取样点周围边长为200 m景观内景观结构之间的关系,建立研究区物种-景观分布预测模型,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术建立研究区群落/物种空间分布预测图。结果表明:在群落水平上,景观结构对步甲群落多样性的影响不显著;在物种水平上,黄斑青步甲(Chlaenius micans)、淡鞘婪步甲(Harpalus pallidipennis)受斑块密度的影响显著(p0.05),黄斑青步甲、后斑青步甲(Chlaenius posticalis)和单齿婪步甲(Harpalus simplicide)受半自然生境类型数的影响显著(p0.05),单齿蝼步甲(Scarites terricola)受半自然生境比例的影响显著(p0.05),而蠋步甲(Dolichus halensis)受景观结构的影响较为复杂。通过模型预测,输出研究区域6个主要物种的空间分布模拟图,进一步分析发现在研究区域内,对景观结构较为敏感的6个步甲物种主要分布在农田与半自然生境相接的狭长地带。因此,利用非参数乘法回归模型可以很好地模拟步甲物种对农田景观结构的响应及其在景观中的空间分布变化。200 m×200 m尺度下,尽管步甲群落多样性不受景观结构的显著影响,但是存在部分步甲物种对景观结构响应显著,但不同物种对景观结构的响应不同。增加农田地块间半自然生境,并合理改善景观配置异质性将有利于对景观结构变化敏感步甲物种的维持。     

北部湾冬、夏季浮游桡足类群落的结构特征及环境适应性

根据2014年冬、夏季北部湾2个航次的调查数据,采用分层聚类和典范对应分析研究北部湾桡足类群落的结构特征及环境适应性。结果表明,冬、夏季共鉴定出桡足类124种,其中冬季62种,夏季108种;冬、夏季优势种均为7种,冬季以亚强真哲水蚤(Subeucalanus subcrassus)、锥形宽水蚤(Temora turbinata)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)为主,夏季则以异尾宽水蚤(T.discaudata)、高斯光水蚤(Lucicutia gaussae)为主。北部湾桡足类大致可分为北部群落、中部群落和湾口群落等3个群落;冬季多样性一般(Ⅳ级水平),夏季多样性较好(Ⅱ或Ⅲ级水平)。典范对应分析表明,冬季主要影响因子是海平面高度,夏季则是水深。温度和盐度与北部群落呈负相关关系,与湾口群落呈正相关关系。冬、夏季桡足类空间分布格局差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。     

湛江湾大型底栖动物的群落结构和多样性特征

2010年5月,在湛江湾海域设立10个站点对大型底栖生物进行调查,分析湛江湾大型底栖生物的种类组成、生物量、栖息密度和生物多样性特征,并通过聚类(CLUSTER)和MDS排序对大型底栖生物群落进行划分。结果表明,调查海域共有底栖生物共7门112种,环节动物门、软体动物门和节肢动物门为湛江湾大型底栖生物的主要类群。生物量分布范围为0.93～98.20 g.m-2,其中软体动物门的平均生物量最高值。栖息密度分布范围为6.11～24.80 ind.m-2,其中以环节动物门(24.08 ind.m-2)和星虫动物门(22.22 ind.m-2)最高。该海域大型底栖生物群落物种较为丰富,但多样性差。根据Bray-Curtis相似性系数聚类分析和多维尺度排序分析结果,可将湛江湾大型底栖动物划分为4个群落。丰度生物量曲线(ABC)分析结果,湛江湾大型底栖生物受到严重的环境污染或者扰动,群落结构不稳定。与其他海域大型底栖生物种类数、生物量和丰度的比较分析结果,湛江湾的生物量和丰度偏低。     

Rotifer community structure and assessment of water quality in Yangcheng Lake

Rotifer community structure was investigated in Yangcheng Lake in 2008. Dominant species and species diversity indices were determined and QB/T was used to assess water quality. The annual average density and biomass of the rotifers in Yangcheng Lake was 2 894 ± 1 006 ind./L and 12.47 ± 10.28 mg/L, respectively. The highest densities were observed in the western portion of the lake in March, but the highest biomass occurred in inflowing creeks in September. Within a year of monitoring in Yangcheng Lake, 93 species were identified and the dominant species were found to be Polyarthra trigla, Brachionus angularis, Keratella cochlearis, Keratella valga, Brachionus calyciflorus, and Filinia major. Of the species recorded, 75 were pollution indicator species. Density and biomass exhibited significant positive correlations with water temperature (R = 0.209, P = 0.003; R = 0.446, P = 0.000), but the peak density showed two lags in response to chl a. According to the Jaccard similarity index (SJ), the greatest similarity among dominant species occurred between creeks and the eastern part of the lake. The annual average Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’, Margalef richness index D and Pielou evenness index J were 1.96 ± 0.34, 1.61 ± 0.50 and 0.77 ± 0.10, respectively. In all four areas of Yangcheng Lake, β- mesosaprobic species comprised the largest share of pollution indicator species. These data suggest that Yangcheng Lake is mesosaprobic.     

湛江港海域游泳动物群落结构及多样性分析

【目的】研究湛江港海域的游泳动物资源结构及多样性特征。【方法】根据2016—2017年湛江港海域4个季度的底拖网渔业资源调查数据,采用相对重要性指数(index of relative importance,IRI)、Margalef丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Pielou均匀度指数(J)和ABC曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curve)分析该海域游泳动物的种类组成、优势种和多样性水平等群落结构特征。【结果】该海域共发现游泳动物173种,隶属于16目68科116属;其中鱼类种类数最多(98种,占总种类数的56.7%),以底层鱼类和暖水性鱼类为主;其次是甲壳类(66种,占38.2%),头足类最少(9种,占5.2%)。4个季节的优势种累计有11种(鱼类6种、甲壳类5种),其中条纹叫姑鱼(Johnius fasciatus)是春、夏、秋3个季节的共同优势种。从时间维度上看,秋季的H'、D均为最高,而春季的J最高;从空间维度上看,湛江港口门处S6站位多样性水平相对较高。ABC曲线结果显示,湛江港海域游泳动物群落在冬季受干扰程度高于其它3个季节。【结论】湛江港海域游泳动物种类丰富,其中鱼类是主要的游泳动物类群。     

Spatial and seasonal pattern of macrozoobenthic assemblages and the congruence in water quality bioassessment using different taxa in artificial Mingzhu Lake in Shanghai

The spatial and seasonal pattern of macrozoobenthic structure and its relationship with environmental factors were studied from July 2006 to April 2008 in Mingzhu Lake, Chongming Island, Shanghai at the Changjiang River mouth. The congruences in water quality bioassessment based on diversity and biotic indices and using different taxonomic categories were also explored to find the best assessment method of water quality for the lake. All major structural characteristics of macrozoobenthic community, including species composition, abundance, biomass and four biomass-based diversity indices (Shannon’s diversity, Simpson’s diversity, Pielou’s evenness and Simpson’s evenness index) fluctuated significantly in season but in space. The above four abundance-based diversity indices plus abundance-based Margalef’s richness index did not display significant spatial variations; and significant seasonal differences were found in three indices only. Water temperature was the key environmental factor responsible for macrozoobenthic spatio-temporal distribution patterns. Water quality assessed by Shannon’s index (H _a′) and biological pollution index (BPI) rather than the other four biotic indices were consistent with those by trophic state index (TSI). Results from chironomids and oligochaetes did not always agree to those from the whole community when H _a′ or Hilsenhoff biotic index was applied to bioassessment. Therefore, combining multiple indices and avoiding a single taxonomic category to assess water quality are strongly recommended and in Mingzhu Lake using a mixture of H _a′ and BPI will ensure the most effective investigation of water quality. Our results also show that the main structural characteristics of macrozoobenthic communities in the small lake may display consistent spatial patterns.     

Response of regeneration diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carex Lasiocarpa</Emphasis> community to different water levels in Sanjiang Plain,China

The species diversity at the regeneration stage, inflenced by different water levels, is important for community composition in the later growing season. Regeneration diversity of Carex lasiocarpa community under different water levels was studied at two stages, recruitment and adult, in the Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that, at the two growing stages, important value of C. lasiocarpa population and species richness of the community decreased with the increasing water level, while the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes and Pielou evenness index increased. Under different water levels, community diversities were higher at the recruitment stage, while population important values of C. lasiocarpa were higher at the adult stage. Indexes in vegetation evaluation must be chosen prudentially for successful restoration and effective management of wetlands, and especially for wetland restoration, the optimal time should be selected according to the restoration objectives and costs.     

Species composition and diversity of pelagic fishes based on a longline fishery catch in the North Pacific Ocean

Evaluation of spatial-temporal variability of species composition and diversity in oceanic ecosystems is not easy because it is usually difficult to obtain sufficient data quantifying such variability.In this study,we examined pelagic species diversity indicators,species richness,Shannon-Wiener index of diversity and Hurlbert’s species evenness,for fish assemblages from two areas(north and south) in the North Pacific Ocean(2°±12°N,178°E±165°W) during May±July 2008.The assemblages were based on data collected by an onboard scientific observer during a commercial longline fishing trip.The species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of fish assemblages in the northern area were slightly higher than those in the southern area,although these differences were not significant(t test,P.0.05).Non-parametric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarities indicated that there were significant differences in fish assemblages between the two areas(P,0.01).     

Spatio-temporal variability of periphytic protozoa related to environment in the Niyang River,Tibet, China

The Niyang River, a main tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River, is an important and typical plateau river ecosystem in Tibet, China. At present, few studies have focused on its aquatic living resources and river ecology. In this study, the composition, abundance, and diversity of periphytic protozoa were investigated across four seasons from 2008 to 2009 to better understand their spatio-temporal patterns and relationship to the environment. Our investigation shows that periphytic protozoa in the Niyang River contained 15 genera, belonged to Tubulinea, Alveolata, Discosea and Rhizaria, Alveolata possessed most genera, up to nine, with highest share in abundance, exceeding 50%, Difflugia and Glaucoma were dominant genera. Moreover, four diversity indices of periphytic protozoa, including species richness, total abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou's evenness index, displayed a significant descending trend as the seasons continued, in the order of winter, spring, summer and autumn; with a significant difference existing between winter and summer(or autumn) for Shannon-Wiener diversity index and species richness( P 0.05). Four of these diversity indices also presented a V-shaped pattern between the upper middle course of the Niyang River and the confluence of the Niyang River and Yarlung Zangbo River, with the lowest value occurred in the middle course of the Niyang River. However, no significant variation was found through the Niyang River( P 0.05). In addition, canonical correlation analysis(CCA) shows that the densities of Difflugia, Glaucoma is, Enchelydium, Cyphoderia, and Enchelys correlate with water temperature, alkalinity, hardness, pH, and dissolved oxygen, respectively. Lastly, the relationship between periphytic protozoa diversity and the environmental factors of the Niyang River can be predicted using classification and regression trees(CART) annalysis, which suggests that the total abundance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index would be higher when the elevation is above 3 308 m. On the other hand, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou's evenness index would be lower when pH and ammoniacal nitrogen have lower or higher values. Finally yet importantly, close attention should be paid to periphytic protozoa and its environment to ensure sustainable development of the Niyang River ecosystem.     

Response of Regeneration Diversity of Carex Lasiocarpa Community to Different Water Levels in Sanjiang Plain,China

The species diversity at the regeneration stage, inflenced by different water levels, is important for community composition in the later growing season.Regeneration diversity of Carex lasiocarpa community under different water levels was studied at two stages, recruitment and adult, in the Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province, China.The results showed that, at the two growing stages, important value of C.lasiocarpa population and species richness of the community decreased with the increasing water level, while the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes and Pielou evenness index increased.Under different water levels, community diversities were higher at the recruitment stage, while population important values of C.lasiocarpa were higher at the adult stage.Indexes in vegetation evaluation must be chosen prudentially for successful restoration and effective management of wetlands, and especially for wetland restoration, the optimal time should be selected according to the restoration objectives and costs.     

Seasonal variability of phytoplankton community structure in relation to different nitrogen-phosphorus ratios in the southern coastal waters of Zhejiang, China

With the rapid development of economy and increase of population in the drainage areas, the nutrient loading has increased dramatically in the Changjiang estuary and adjacent coastal waters. To properly assess the impact of nutrient enrichment on phytoplankton community, seasonal microcosm experiments were conducted during August 2010–July 2011 in the coastal waters of Zhejiang Province. The results of the present study indicated that the chl a concentration, cell abundance, diversity indices, species composition and community succession of the phytoplankton varied significantly with different N/P ratios and seasons. Higher growth was observed in the 64:1 (spring), 32:1 (summer), 16:1 (autumn) and 128:1, 256:1 (winter) treatments, respectively. The values of Shannon-Wiener index (H′) and Pielou evenness index (J) were lower in the 8:1 and 16:1 treatments in autumn test, while H′ value was higher in the 128:1 and 8:1 treatments in winter test. A definite community succession order from diatoms to dinoflagellates was observed in the autumn and winter tests, while the diatoms dominated the community throughout the culture in the spring and summer tests.