帕米尔隆升过程中地壳的一种重要缩短机制--以齐姆根构造转换域为例

区域构造显示,在帕米尔－西昆仑前陆地带大致以齐姆根为中心的范围内,山前构造变形呈现分阶段发育的特征,前陆冲断带和前陆沉降带横向不能连接,形成喀什和叶城－和田两个沉降坳陷中心。这是由于造山带前陆的逆冲断裂带向盆地大规模逆掩和推覆过程中大幅度构造叠覆而形成,长距离构造拆离使许多地质记录被掩盖和破坏,给地质构造发展史重建造成很大困难,齐姆根由于地处连接帕米尔、西昆仑2个前缘逆冲断裂系及其前陆沉降带的应力转换和调整部位,构造以斜向走滑为主、逆冲推覆程度相对较弱,因而得以保留许多塔里木西南构造演化过程中形成的地质信息,该区域是正确认识东帕米尔地区构造演化的关键点之一,因此笔者引入“域”的概念,将其命名为“齐姆根构造转换域”,其原型背景是目前帕米尔－西昆仑前缘唯一保存较为完整的沉积盆地,规模不大却显示了较为典型的前陆盆地沉积构造样式,结合区域事件同位素年龄证据,基本可以确定塔西南前陆盆地发育下限不晚于侏罗纪早期,178.4-113.3Ma为初期活动的主要时期。侏罗纪发育有限规模前陆盆地,是在塔里木西南前陆盆地发育的初期阶段,同时盆地的展布受到古近纪以来帕米尔构造结“突刺”状楔入的强烈影响,使侏罗纪原始盆地走向发生偏转。研究表明,该构造转换域与康西瓦断裂一起构成一系列构造应力转换系统,自三叠纪古特提斯闭合以来一直承接着印度板块向北挤压和帕米尔隆升过程产生的巨大地壳缩短量。     

帕米尔-西昆仑北麓新生代前陆褶皱冲断带构造剖面分析

依据帕米尔—西昆仑北麓新生代前陆褶皱冲断带 3条构造剖面的详细分析,发现帕米尔—西昆仑北麓除山根地带发育高角度断层外,基本上以低角度逆掩断层为主,形成与逆冲推覆构造相关的褶皱变形。乌泊尔地区表现为由山脉向塔里木盆地滑移的隐伏冲断层和上覆褶皱;苏盖特—齐姆根—甫沙地区表现为山前的三角带和向盆地扩展的两排背斜带。帕米尔—西昆仑北麓前陆褶皱冲断带的主要构造变形时间始于上新世早期(距今约 4.6Ma),断层、褶皱的变形时代由山前向盆地逐步变新,变形强度由山脉向塔里木盆地逐步减弱。帕米尔—西昆仑北麓前陆褶皱冲断带的构造缩短量为 20～70km,缩短率为 35%～50%。     

塔里木盆地西南缘山前带逆冲推覆构造特征

塔里木盆地西南缘山前带是西昆仑逆冲推覆构造在前陆形成的冲断带,主要由断层相关褶皱、双重构造、叠瓦状构造、三角带等构造组成。通过地表构造剖面、地震与非震资料的综合解释与研究,结合平衡剖面的正演方法,对该冲断带进行了几何学、运动学与动力学研究,对冲断带断层的扩展方式以及冲断时代进行了讨论。研究认为塔西南逆冲推覆构造具有"南北分带、东西分段以及垂向结构变异"的特点。自南向北分为逆冲推覆的根带、中带、锋带和反冲断裂带,由西向东可以划分为帕米尔弧形构造段、齐姆根弧形构造段、甫沙-克里阳三角带构造段与和田南逆冲推覆体构造段。冲断带在垂向结构上由三套区域性滑脱层划分为浅构造层次的外来系统断坡背斜、中构造层次的准原地系统双重构造、三角带构造以及深构造层次的原地系统弱变形带三层结构。冲断席内断层的扩展方式为前展式,而不同冲断席间则为后展式模式。冲断带自中新世中期开始形成,中新世末发生位移推覆,上新世—早更新世定型,中更新世—全新世隆升均衡调整。     

塔里木盆地西南新生代盆地演化特征

塔里木西南新生代盆地经历了由海相沉积体系向陆相沉积体系的转变，沉积中心由一个向两个转变，这是受印度板块向北与欧亚板块碰撞，帕米尔与西南天山之间“阿赖海峡”的控制，以及印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞，纯挤压作用力随帕米尔突刺的不断挤入，应力在突刺二侧转换为压扭性质，分别形成恰曼左行走滑断裂系统和费尔干纳－塔拉斯右行走滑断裂。碰撞引起的造山带向塔里木板块上的大规模逆冲推覆不早于渐新世。帕米尔－西昆仑山前的逆冲冲断带具有两端逆冲（乌帕尔－齐姆根走滑逆冲构造带）中部兼具走滑特征，喜马拉雅晚期（中新世末期），在塔西南前陆盆地内形成喀什坳陷、齐姆根凸起、叶城坳陷的初步雏形，这样的构造格局一直持续到现在。渐新世形成的底壁盐丘沟造可用来确定表堪稿原北缘西昆仑地区最初隆升的时间，即不早于渐新世。     

造山带弧形构造——西昆仑—帕米尔弧及其预测

对比利牛斯等造山带典型弧形构造的分析表明,弧形构造是造山带尤其是板内碰撞造山带的普遍特征,可分为挤压逆冲-推覆主动型构造和推覆-滑覆被动型弧形构造。西昆仑—帕米尔是与比利牛斯Basque弧在空间形态、运动学及动力学特征等方面一致的挤压逆冲-推覆主动型弧形构造,推测该弧中部存在一巨大的底部低角度逆掩断层并由根部带向北延伸达100多公里,康西瓦断裂(基底缝合带)可能是主根部逆冲断层带。     

西昆仑山北缘盆山构造转换解析

根据新藏公路南段、穿越玉龙喀什河谷至和田以北的剖面考察解析及山前钻井和物探解释,结合杜瓦及皮阿曼等地综合考察分析,西昆仑山北缘向塔里木盆地的盆山过渡,是以帕米尔-西昆仑逆冲断裂系的构造形式向塔里木西南前陆盆地(简称前陆盆地)渐变,表现为一系列褶皱冲断组合的构造样式.研究表明,帕米尔-西昆仑前缘逆冲断裂系的形成发育,是控制帕米尔-西昆仑造山带(简称造山带)和前陆盆地发育的重要变形机制,逆冲断裂系的扩展大致可分4个时段.     

塔西南齐姆根楔形构造与走滑构造叠加两阶段演化模式

塔里木盆地西南缘逆冲带由西部近东西方向的喀什逆冲构造带和东部近东西方向柯克亚—和田逆冲构造带以及中间喀什—叶城走滑断层系组成,而北西—南东走向的喀什—叶城走滑断层带及其东侧齐姆根构造则为呈北东方向凸出的弧形构造。齐姆根弧形构造在地表地质和地震剖面均表现为向盆地方向倾斜的单斜形态。而且在塔西南地区,该弧形构造上从白垩系到新近系地层厚度明显大于东西两侧逆冲带同时代地层厚度,表现为异常增厚的特征。为了探讨齐姆根弧形构造特征及地层厚度异常增厚等原因,依据前人的地表地质填图成果,以及塔里木盆地西南缘齐姆根地区及邻区完成的二维地震资料及钻井资料成果,对该区地震剖面资料进行详细的构造解释,提出齐姆根弧形构造单斜之下存在3个隐伏逆冲构造楔形体,即棋盘楔形构造、齐姆根楔形构造和英吉沙楔形构造。地震剖面解释的生长地层指出棋盘楔形构造形成最早,为上新世阿图什组沉积时期;其次发育齐姆根楔形构造,为更新世西域组底部沉积时期;最晚发育英吉沙楔形构造,时间大约在更新世西域组中-上段沉积时期,据此认为齐姆根中深层逆冲构造位移扩展方式为前展式。而且地震剖面解释上也揭示了白垩系到新近系地层厚度异常增厚发育的构造部位及发育...     

塔里木盆地西南边缘压扭构造体系及其石油地质意义

塔里木盆地西南边缘发育甫沙-齐姆根和柯克亚-和田南2个压扭构造体系,前者主要是帕米尔弧形构造东北侧的侧向滑移与西昆仑造山带向塔里木盆地的不均匀冲断活动的联合作用结果,后者则主要与西昆仑造山带向塔里木盆地的不均匀冲断作用有关。这两个压扭构造体系主体形成于新近纪以来的喜马拉雅运动,其构造样式在平面上主要为走滑-逆冲断裂和雁列式分布的断裂与背斜,在剖面上则呈现为双重构造与反冲构造的叠加。压扭构造带所遭受的压扭作用从改善储层的储集性能、形成新的油气圈闭、促进油气运移与成藏等方面对塔里木盆地西南边缘的油气成藏发挥了积极作用,压扭构造带是油气勘探的有利构造部位。     

柯坪塔格推覆构造几何学、运动学及其构造演化

大量野外构造地质调查和深部构造解释表明柯坪塔格推覆构造由多组倒转复式背斜、复式箱状背斜构成的推覆体及其前缘逆冲断裂组成 ,由寒武系—第四系组成的推覆体由北向南逆—斜冲 ,平面上构成向南凸出的弧形推覆构造 ;普昌断裂由各不相连的逆冲斜冲断裂段组成 ,而不是完整的一条走滑断层 ,各推覆体前缘逆冲断裂与各推覆体的普昌断裂段共同构成统一的前缘逆冲斜冲逆冲断裂和推覆构造系统 ;普昌断裂段以西的推覆体具有向东抬升、向西倾覆的鼻状构造特征 ,普昌断裂段以东的推覆体具有向西抬升、向东倾覆的鼻状构造特征 ,普昌基底隆起带是巴楚隆起隐伏在柯坪塔格推覆构造之下的部分。各推覆体前缘断裂在深部均归并于统一的寒武系底部的滑脱面 ,其南浅北深 ,东浅西深 (普昌隆起带以西 )或西浅东深 (普昌隆起带以东 ) (6 10km ) ,埋深较大区发育多组滑脱面。柯坪塔格推覆构造的形成时期为晚第四纪 ,为现今活动的推覆构造系统。文中认为各推覆体向南西的倾覆端基底滑脱面和中新生界内部的滑脱面没有贯通 ,是未来 6级以上地震的发震构造部位。     

帕米尔弧东段逆冲推覆构造特征

帕米尔弧形构造带是青藏高原碰撞挤压表现最明显的地区之一。通过构造剖面和地震剖面解释,认为帕米尔弧东段逆冲推覆构造具有分带性特点,自南西向北东方向可以划分为逆冲推覆构造的根带、中带、锋带与锋前带,相应地发育叠瓦状逆冲断层、冲断褶皱、断层相关褶皱、单斜构造等不同的构造组合。对逆冲推覆锋带中苏盖特和阿克陶生长背斜、生长地层及形成时序分别进行了研究,确定了帕米尔弧形逆冲推覆构造以前展式（背驮式）向前陆方向扩展,逆冲推覆始于上新世,并一直持续到早更新世。弧形构造东西两段逆冲推覆运动方式和地层缩短量有很大差异：西段为与挤压方向垂直的逆冲,而东段为斜冲兼顺时针走滑;西段地层缩短量大于东段。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997