云南省松材线虫病风险评估GIS平台开发

松材线虫病被称为松树的＂癌症＂。云南省针叶树种面积大,松材线虫寄主多,地形复杂,虫病防治难度大。综合运用.NET平台、ArcEngine组件技术、ArcSDE空间数据库引擎技术、SQL Server数据库技术,在云南省气象、空间、松材线虫数据基础上,建立一个云南省松材线虫病风险评估GIS平台,主要包括图层控制、风险评估、疫点操作、地图显示、专题图输出等功能,对云南省松材线虫病疫情进行更加精细化、标准化、可视化的评估。     

多尺度TIN管理及表达算法探讨

为实现大规模地形的多分辨率显示与实时绘制,基于LOD技术给出了多尺度TIN的管理和表达算法。探讨该算法相关的数据组织、LOD层次表达、实时刷新等关键问题。该算法使用分级策略,在不影响视觉效果前提下对TIN进行分级表达;使用分区策略,在可视化过程中对TIN进行局部更新。采取不同分辨率TIN模型间逐步过渡策略,基本上消除了视图变换时的跳跃感。实验结果表明,这种紧凑有效的TIN表示方法实现简单,内存开销较少,CPU耗费小,大大缩短了视图刷新切换时间,能够在普通机器上实现大规模地形的实时漫游。     

地理视频数据模型及其应用开发研究

讨论地理视频的基本概念和数据模型,尝试提出地理视频数据的实体-关系图,并在网络环境中进行地理视频应用开发.地理视频数据模型的核心要素是:对视频帧进行位置和语义描述,建立视频片段的轨迹图层和元数据,并在轨迹图层中扩充视频帧线性参照.通过空间参照、线性参照和语义参照将视频数据与地理数据集成,实现地理视频的查询、检索、播放和地图跟踪.以河南大学校园和开封市公路网络为例,采集地理视频数据,建立地理视频数据库,发布网络地图和视频服务,并分别采用最新的Adobe Flex框架、ArcGIS Server ADF和JavaScript Mashup方式,开发网络视频GIS应用系统.原型系统开发表明,地理视频数据模型适用于网络视频GIS开发,且在技术实现上较为简单.     

信息解读类训练

一、选择题（每小题只有一个正确答案） 下图是经纬网图层和中国省级行政中心图层的叠加图,图中经纬线间隔度数相等。完成1～2题。     

基于紧密型二三维结合的GIS构架与系统实现

在三维系统中实时渲染二维图层是实现紧密型二三维结合GIS的关键.该文在二三维结合实现三维GIS的基础上,提出了基于LOD(Level of Detail)的二维图层与三维地形叠加的渲染构架和紧密型二三维结合GIS的初步系统构架,并利用ArcGIS Engine 开发包与World Wind开源软件实现了该原型系统.系统运行结果表明,该构架完全能够满足紧密型二三维结合GIS对渲染效果和效率的要求,成功解决了紧密型二三维结合系统的关键问题.     

基于组件式GIS的地下水动态管理系统设计与开发

该文根据地下水动态管理现状,结合地下水动态管理系统的开发,为地下水资源合理开发利用规划提供辅助决策支持。在分析组件软件技术的基础上,采用组件式GIS技术,从系统结构、系统功能、数据库结构、集成方式等方面来完成地下水动态管理系统的设计。实现了地下水动态监测数据管理中多源数据的整合、图层的建立以及专题图的制作,完成了地下水动态管理系统的开发。组件式GIS技术应用于地下水动态管理系统的开发,可以方便的对目前已有的大量地下水动态监测资料进行管理,有利于合理的开发利用地下水资源。     

区域水系统多源信息数据库设计与实现

本文融合数据库技术、GIS技术和软件工程方法,对中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向性项目"跨流域调水对陆地水循环影响与水安全研究"的核心软件平台"中国陆地水系统综合模拟与虚拟现实平台"的数据库功能进行了设计,并利用GIS软件和商业数据库建立了"区域水系统多源信息数据库".针对平台数据资料在空间分布、时间尺度和数据形式上的多样性分布格局,采用了时空同一化的集成策略和多数据库构建模式,有效消除了信息孤岛效应,实现了对跨流域水资源优化配置相关数据、信息和知识的综合利用,为平台提供一体化数据支撑服务.     

基于GIS的山区年均温分布模拟与制图

针对某些下垫面复杂而气象站(哨)有限的山区,用地理信息系统(GIS)和气温推算数学模型相结合,来获取全域的年均温分布栅格图和等值线矢量图。以龙游县为例,说明了该方法从数学模型、因素图输入、图层格式转换、图幅叠置分析等一系列技术步骤。     

基于GIS的中国气象要素管理系统的研发

气象数据具有多源、海量和空间的特点。通过.NET平台、组件式GIS、Climate China软件和Arc GIS Engine组件技术,在全国行政区划图、高程和1900~2002年的83种气象要素的数据基础上,研发中国气象要素管理系统,主要实现图层操作、数据管理、空间分析、高时空精度的气象数据的查询和专题图输出功能。并以1971-2000年的1月平均温度为实例,分析零度等温线的分布区域变化,得出结论:纬度和海拔均显著影响零度等温线的分布:纬度越高的地区,温度越低;海拔越高的地区,温度越低。     

“农业专家决策支撑系统”的原理和方法

本文在总结多年的研究与实践经验基础上,提出了“农业专家决策支撑系统”的基本原理与方法。这类系统的设计目标是帮助基层领导提出农业结构的优化方案,提出农林牧渔与农产品加工业的协调发展战略,并在结构优化基础上制定农业年度生产计划和长远发展规划,提高农业开发投资(资金、物资、运输和仓储等)和农业布局决策的科学水平。开发这类系统的关键技术包括:基于预测模型的农业发展规划/计划的计算机模拟方法,农业结构优化多标准评价模型,农业投资决策评估模型,农业专家知识获取和知识库建立方法,农业运输和仓储系统分析和发展战略决策方法,决策支持系统和专家系统的用户界面设计中的对弈策略与可视化技术,农业资源与环境信息管理中的ＧＩＳ与 Ｗｅｂ ＧＩＳ开发、应用技术,数据库共享服务与农村经济发展动态分析中的统计分析与制表和地图制作、报表联合应用技术,综合性系统的集成技术等。     

基于Origin的概率累积曲线的计算与绘制

图解法计算沉积物粒度参数在沉积学研究中被广泛应用,但需要通过手工作图求累积曲线,是一项相当繁杂的劳动。通用计算软件Origin拥有很强的函数计算和绘图功能,不仅可以批量计算图解粒度参数,同时还可以直接绘制（分段）概率累积曲线图;其实施过程操作简单,仅需点击菜单命令,无需编写任何语句,有利于不懂编程的沉积分析人员进行数据分析,有很大的应用价值。文章随机选取10个不同沉积环境下形成的松散沉积物样本,利用Origin求解各样本粒度累积曲线的百分位数,在其内嵌的Excel表格中计算粒度参数,并用Origin的制图功能绘制粒度概率累积曲线与沉积组分分段直线图。Origin与手工作图计算的结果之间的差值（绝对值平均）及方差都很小（0.004 2~0.018 6）。计算结果表明Origin在粒度参数计算方面完全可以代替手工作图,不仅操作简单,而且精度非常高。     

Image data fusion for the remote sensing of freshwater environments

Remote sensing based mapping of diverse and heterogeneous freshwater environments requires high-resolution images. Data fusion is a useful technique for producing a high-resolution multispectral image from the merging of a high-resolution panchromatic image with a low-resolution multispectral image. Given the increasing availability of images from different satellite sensors that have different spectral and spatial resolutions, data fusion techniques that combine the strengths of different images will be increasingly important to Geography for land-cover mapping. Different data fusion methods however, add spectral and spatial distortions to the resultant data depending on the geographical context; therefore a careful selection of the fusion method is required. This paper compares a technique called subtractive resolution merge, which has not previously been formally tested, with conventional techniques such as Brovey transformation, principal component substitution, local mean and variance matching, and optimised high pass filter addition. Data fusion techniques are grouped into spectral and spatial centric methods. Subtractive resolution merge belongs to a new class of data fusion techniques that uses a mix of both spatial and spectral centric approaches. The different data fusion techniques were applied to a QuickBird image of a semi-aquatic freshwater environment in New Zealand. The results were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively using spectral and spatial error metrics. This research concludes that subtractive resolution merge performed better than all the other techniques and will be a valuable technique for enhancing images for freshwater land-cover mapping.     

A geographical information system for some Mediterranean benthic communities

Abstract

This paper describes a regional geographical information system (GIS) for some Mediterranean benthic communities. The area covered by the GIS lies between the cities of La Ciotat and Giens in southeast France. The distinctive characteristics of this GIS compared with others usually described in the literature, are that all its layers describe the same theme but as seen at different moments with different scales and techniques used by different oceanographers. A method was devised to synthesize, on a pixel basis, the content of all these layers. Each pixel within each layer is weighted with a function relating to the year of survey, the sampling technique and the scale of the original map corresponding to that layer. The synthesis map is composed of the highest weighted values found in the set of layers. Also at each pixel, conflicts between the contents of layers are quantified and mapped.     

基于遥感影像的城镇空间数据建库技术框架研究

快速、高效和低成本地建立与更新小城镇基础空间数据库,是建立小城镇建设规划管理信息系统,实现小城镇规划建设管理信息化的关键。本文提出了基于0．61m分辨率的QuikBird遥感影像进行屏幕矢量化的方式,同时综合历史规划设计资料和工程测量资料,建立小城镇基础空间数据库的技术方案,并以北京顺义区后沙峪镇基础空间数据库建设为例,证明了方案的可行性和有效性。     

Classification of kangaroo habitat distribution using three GIS models

Abstract

In this paper, we compare three techniques for mapping wildlife habitat, termed BIOCLIM, CART and a new classification method based on nonparametric techniques. These techniques model dependent map layers of species distributions, where the areas to be mapped are large and the plot data is sparse. The techniques recognise pattern in the (independent) plot data, available to natural resource managers. In this case, the independent data set comprised 12 climate surfaces, that attempt to represent the range of temperature and precipitation important in determining the habitat of kangaroos across Australia. With this particular data set, the CART (decision tree) model was most accurate, but more time consuming to initialise. The relative performance of these models depends on the quality of the data set, and skill of the GIS analyst. Where possible, GIS analysts should implement all available methods, and compare output.     

Ensemble adaptive tile prefetching using fuzzy logic

Prefetching is a process in which the necessary portion of data is predicted and loaded into memory beforehand. The increasing usage of geographic data in different types of applications has motivated the development of different prefetching techniques. Each prefetching technique serves a specific type of application, such as two-dimensional geographic information systems or three-dimensional visualization, and each one is crafted for the corresponding navigation patterns. However, as the boundary between these application types blurs, these techniques become insufficient for hybrid applications (such as digital moving maps), which embody various capabilities and navigation patterns. Therefore, a set of techniques should be used in combination to handle different prefetching requirements. In this study, a priority-based tile prefetching approach is proposed, which enables the ensemble usage of various techniques at the same time. The proposed approach manages these techniques dynamically through a fuzzy-logic-based inference engine to increase prefetching performance and to adapt to various exhibited behaviours. This engine performs adaptive decisions about the advantages of each technique according to their individual accuracy and activity level using fuzzy logic to determine how each prefetching technique performs. The results obtained from the experiments showed that up to a 25% increase in prefetching performance is achieved with the proposed ensemble usage over individual usage. A generic model for prefetching techniques was also developed and used to describe the given approach. Finally, a cross-platform software framework with four different prefetching techniques was developed to let other users utilize the proposed approach.     

地籍管理信息系统制图研究

该文通过分析当前地籍管理系统在制图方面存在的问题及其原因 ,研究了空间数据库技术和工作流管理技术在地籍管理信息系统制图中的应用 ,并研究了基于GIS技术的地理数据可视化原理和基于GIS的数字地图制图实现过程。在此基础上 ,进一步探讨基于以上技术的地籍管理信息系统的基本框架及地籍制图的实现     

水文气象序列趋势分析与变异诊断的方法及其对比

日趋频繁的极端天气和水文事件对经济发展和人类生命安全构成重大危害,水文气象序列的趋势变化分析与预测研究是避免和控制这些破坏性全球环境变化的前提,也是目前亟待解决的科学问题之一。基于现代数学和统计学理论,气象学和水文学研究人员对水文气象要素趋势检验和突变点识别的方法做了大量的研究。针对当今普遍采用的参数统计、非参数秩检验和小波分析方法及其本质原理,在分类阐述的基础上,系统归纳总结了各个方法在应用过程中存在的问题及解决方案,并以黑河流域托勒气象站年平均气温为实例对比分析各方法计算结果的差异性,凝练出水文气象序列趋势分析与变异诊断的理论与方法系统体系,为今后理论方法的进一步改进及应用发展提供参考。     

Sampling and mapping of heterogeneous surfaces: multi-resolution tiling adjusted to spatial variability

Abstract

Mapping by sampling and prediction of local and regional values of two-dimensional surfaces is a frequent, complex task in geographical information systems. This article describes a method for the approximation of two-dimensional surfaces by optimizing sample size, arrangement and prediction accuracy simultaneously. First, a grid of an ancillary data set is approximated by a quadtree to determine a predefined number of homogeneous mapping units. This approximation is optimal in the sense of minimizing Kullback-divergence between the quadtree and the grid of ancillary data. Then, samples are taken from each mapping unit. The performance of this sampling has been tested against other sampling strategies (regular and random) and found to be superior in reconstructing the grid using three interpolation techniques (inverse squared Euclidean distance, kriging, and Thiessen-polygonization). Finally, the discrepancy between the ancillary grid and the surface to be mapped is modelled by different levels and spatial structures of noise. Conceptually this method is advantageous in cases when sampling strata cannot be well defined a priori and the spatial structure of the phenomenon to be mapped is not known, but ancillary information (e.g., remotely-sensed data), corresponding to its spatial pattern, is available.