从端点走向连续:河流沉积模式研究进展述评

从河道类型的划分、河床演变与河型转换、河道沉积与河流砂体的建筑结构要素、河漫滩沉积、季节性河流与分支河流体系、河流沉积相模式、河流沉积学研究技术与方法等方面对国内外河流沉积模式的研究进展进行了综述,认为近十年来河流沉积学的理论和方法都发生了重要的变化。地貌学家、沉积学家和工程师认识到河道形态是连续可变的,而不是只有4~40多个端点类型。河床的演变受河床比降、流量变幅、河岸沉积物粒度构成、气候、植被以及构造沉降速率等多方面的影响。垂向剖面分析法难以对古河流类型做出正确的判断,运用建筑结构要素分析法重建河道内大型底形的地貌形态是河型判别和河流相模式重建的正确方法。河漫滩是河流沉积事件记录最为齐全的部位,对河漫滩、天然堤和泛滥平原沉积层序的研究能够揭示更多古河流沉积过程以及古环境、古气候和古生物方面的信息。对季节性河流、受季风强烈影响地区的河流、以及不同气候带河流所发育的独特沉积构造和建筑结构要素的研究不断增加。分支河流体系的概念得到越来越多的应用,但也得到不少质疑。我国学者应当注重对现代河流地貌形态和沉积过程的观察,把河床演变学的定量方法与沉积学的观点、理论和资料相结合,利用露头、三维地震资料和探地雷达技术建立河流砂体内部建筑结构信息数据库,加强对古河流河漫滩和泛滥平原的沉积过程、特征及其控制因素的研究,加强对不同构造和气候条件下河流沉积的差异性研究,不断发展河流沉积学研究技术,加强河流沉积学实验室建设和研究队伍建设,加强国际交流与合作,使我国河流沉积学为国家经济社会发展提供更加有力和有效的支撑,为推动国际河流沉积学发展做出中国人自己的贡献。     

盐沼潮滩生物动力地貌演变研究进展

盐沼潮滩作为滨海湿地的一个重要类型,为河口海岸地区提供了多种关键的生态服务功能,具有重要的社会、经济与生态价值,其地貌演变规律的认知是海岸带保护修复和科学管理的基础。回顾国内外近一个世纪以来针对潮滩动力地貌过程的研究工作,发现研究热点已逐渐从传统的研究潮滩水-沙-地貌相互作用过渡到探索植物、动物、微生物等生物作用与动力、地貌之间的互馈机制,涉及海岸动力学、地貌学、沉积学、环境生态学等多个学科,是典型的交叉学科前沿研究领域。归纳了盐沼植被与潮滩多种因子的相互作用,总结了常用的盐沼潮滩地貌演变模拟手段及取得的机理认知,并提出今后在生物作用、陆海耦合动力地貌模型研发等方面的科学问题和发展方向。     

不断融入新元素的我国构造地貌学研究:以天山为例

构造地貌学是地貌学的重要分支学科,其研究内容已涵盖构造—气候—地表过程之间的相互作用及对地貌演化的影响。我国的构造地貌学研究肇始于20世纪初,在20世纪50年代得以逐渐发展,21世纪以来进入快速发展阶段。经过长期积累和多年的发展,我国的构造地貌学研究已形成了相对完备的理论和方法体系,并呈现出不断与其他邻近学科交叉、融合的趋势。通过梳理近20年天山构造地貌研究在新生代山体隆升扩展与剥露历史、山麓晚新生代砾岩相沉积的年代与成因、山麓与山间盆地晚第四纪活动构造变形、山麓晚第四纪河流地貌(结构、年代与成因)、山地流域侵蚀等方面取得的主要成果,探究学科交叉、新方法的引入对我国构造地貌学研究的促进作用。最后指出构造地貌研究未来可能仍需要关注的一些基本内容和问题,如不同时间尺度的对比研究和河流阶地年龄等。     

构造地貌及其分析方法述评

构造地貌是指受构造内动力作用控制,通过内外地质动力的相互作用所奠定的能够反映一定构造特征的地貌形式.构造地貌学的研究内容为:地貌与构造的关系、构造地貌发生和发展过程以及构造地貌过程所揭示的地球内部构造动力过程;其分析方法可归纳为构造地貌格局分析法、构造地貌形态分析法、构造地貌相关沉积分析法和构造地貌年代分析法.构造地貌学从地形地貌的角度来分析构造过程,涉及不同圈层间的相互作用,响应了当前地球系统科学的研究思路,可以预见,构造地貌学将在圈层作用研究中发挥重要作用,同时朝着信息化、定量化的方向发展.     

高速远程滑坡的地貌学与沉积学研究进展

本文总结了当前有关高速远程滑坡远程机制的研究现状,探讨了滑坡地貌学和沉积学对于揭示高速远程滑坡运动学机理的重要意义。通过梳理前人关于高速远程滑坡堆积形态的分类,分析了高速远程滑坡主要的形态学特征、蕴含的运动学信息以及高速远程滑坡的脱落块体、丘体、脊结构、断层等的地貌结构特征,并进一步指出这些地貌结构的形成主要是滑坡体物质不均匀运动的结果,其受地形和内聚力的影响。高速远程滑坡的沉积学特征明显受到岩性、地形和基底等因素的影响,本文对高速远程滑坡的沉积相模式及其运动学意义进行了分析,并对地层不变性与反序结构两个重要堆积特征进行了讨论。最后,指出高速远程滑坡地貌学与沉积学研究当前主要存在的一些问题,建议将大型物理模拟与数值模拟方法相结合,加强对高速远程滑坡地貌微形态和堆积结构的形成机制研究。     

壳体地貌初论

壳体地貌是针对传统地貌学存在的基本问题,吸收和运用历史—因果论大地构造学说的理论观点和方法,将地貌成因因素和过程因素综合起来研究的一种地貌学理论和方法。本文运用成因—过程分析法,将地貌及其发展置于大地构造背景下加以研究,提出了地貌四要素和壳体地貌旋回的概念。并主张将侵蚀地貌过程和沉积地貌过程统一起来研究。     

浅谈地貌筛分与复原——李四光学术思想的传承与创新

李四光的学术体系博大精深,科学思路独树一帜,研究方法系统全面,十分值得传承和创新。其亮点之一就是构造筛分。构造筛分指的是把各不同时期形成的构造从复合构造中按先后顺序分离出来。该思路在复杂构造区研究显得更为重要。构造筛分的思想在地貌学研究中也有重要的指导意义。地貌学是一门四维科学,它不仅要从三维空间的角度去研究地貌的点、线、面、体等四要素,而且还要从时间的角度,研究地貌的过去、现在和未来。论文以地貌学时间维作主线,以华南沿海地区宏观地貌（水系、夷平面、晚中生代花岗岩穹窿山、晚白垩世-古近纪红层盆地、晚第四纪盆地等）为例,通过对新老嵌合的复合地貌以及地貌形成的内、外动力作用的筛分,恢复不同阶段地形原貌并发展历史,探讨地貌发展规律、机理和大地构造背景。研究表明,尽管华南沿海地貌类型繁多,新老嵌合,成因复杂,但却显示了一幅和谐统一的图像,显示了筛分思路在地貌学研究的指导意义。文章最后讨论地貌学时间维研究以及科学理论的传承与创新等哲学问题,指出,纪念李四光,更重要的是传承他思想方法和科学方法的精髓,而不拘泥于个别问题,从而促进在中国学者原始创新的道路上大步向前迈进。      

风沙地貌形态动力学研究进展

风沙地貌是广泛分布于干旱、半干旱,甚至部分湿润地区,由风力作用形成的一种地貌类型。风沙地貌学是研究在风力作用下物质运动形成的地表形态特征、空间组合规律及其形成演变的科学,是地貌学中以风为外营力形成的地貌为对象的分支学科。风是风沙地貌学研究的基础,其贯穿整个风沙地貌学研究。风况决定了风沙地貌的形态特征、空间组合特征和演化过程,同时,沙丘表面气流和风沙流控制沙丘的形态演化过程和移动过程。风沙地貌经过100多年的发展,在沙丘形态特征、动力学过程等方面取得了长足发展。从风沙地貌观测方法、分析方法和形态动力学角度出发,总结了近年来风沙地貌形态、形成风况以及动力学方面的研究进展。随着新技术的发展,全站仪、三维地形扫描仪等新的形态观测设备开始应用于风沙地貌形态测量,使得大范围风沙地貌形态精准测量成为可能,为风沙地貌形态动力学研究提供精确的地形特征资料。同时,三维超声风速仪等高频风速观测仪器也广泛应用于风沙地貌动力学观测,从而探讨风沙地貌形态—近地层气流的互馈机制。但是,针对具体的分析方法,如风况与沙丘形态的对应关系,近地层气流的分析方法以及形态—气流互馈关系等方面,目前还没有好的解决办法。     

湘桂走廊地貌发育特征的地学意义及形成机制研究

为了探讨湘桂走廊内岩溶发育特征、水文地貌学意义及区内峰林平原形成原因,文章通过实地调查区内地貌形态、岩性以及地貌类型的空间展布特征,运用岩溶水文地貌学理论探讨区内水文地貌的形成与演化。根据区内地貌形态的空间展布特征,分析认为区内水系经历一次反向袭夺过程;区内地貌演变受到越城岭、海洋山两个隆起的影响,平原面积变小,湘江向东北退缩;区内地貌演化至少经历了古湘江期、灵河孕育期、灵河期等三个夷平时期。文章在分析区内峰林平原形成动力机制的同时,提出岩溶流域潮间带概念模型和岩溶流域牵动交互式袭夺模式,丰富了峰林平原成因类型和岩溶水文地貌学的研究方法,提出的科学术语具有重要科学意义。     

地震沉积学在识别重力流沉积体系中的应用

探讨地震沉积学方法在识别陆相断陷盆地重力流沉积体系的研究思路。以歧口凹陷歧南斜坡沙一段的深水厚层砂岩为研究对象, 在现代沉积学和地震沉积学理论和方法的指导下、分频解释和时频分析技术建立高频等时格架的基础上, 通过岩芯相精细描述确定沙一段主要发育重力流水道沉积体系。形成了以古地貌和地震属性约束物源方向, 预测重力流水道的宏观展布;地层切片、反演与三维可视化相结合刻画砂体空间展布形态的断陷湖盆沟道型重力流地震沉积学识别方法和技术。应用该方法对歧南斜坡重力流水道砂体进行了精细刻画, 为在歧口凹陷广泛发育的湖相泥岩中寻找岩性油气藏开辟新的勘探领域, 并在歧口凹陷油气勘探中取得了良好的应用效果, 同时也丰富和发展了断陷盆地重力流沉积体系的地震沉积学研究成果。     

Development of Tectonic Geomorphology Study Promoted by New Methods in China: A Viewpoint from Reviewing the Tian Shan Researches

Tectonic Geomorphology is an important branch of Geomorphology. Now the scope of tectonic geomorphology study has covered the interactions between tectonics, climate, surface processes and the influence on geomorphic evolution. The study of tectonic geomorphology in China started at the beginning of the 20th century, developed gradually in the 1950s, and entered a rapid development stage in the new century. Based on the long-term development, the study of tectonic geomorphology in China has formed a relatively complete theoretical and methodological system, and now presents a trend of the continuous intersection and integration with other adjacent disciplines. Now, several books on tectonic geomorphology have been published. The representative book abroad is Tectonic Geomorphology which was edited by Burbank D. W. and Anderson R. S., and was first published in 2001 and reprinted in 2012. In China, the first book on tectonic geomorphology is Active Tectonic Geomorphology which was edited by Yang Jingchun and Li Youli and was first published in 2011.In recent years, the tectonic geomorphology study has been absorbing and integrating the new ideas and new methods of other disciplines, significantly promoting the development of tectonic geomorphology. At the 2019 China Geographic Congress & the 110th anniversary of the establishment of the Chinese Geographical Society, the authors organized the session "Theory, Method and Application of Tectonic Geomorphology", aiming to present the recent progresses of tectonic geomorphology study in China. Later, invited by the editorial office, the authors organized the special column with the same name in the journal Advances in Earth Science. The contents of this column mainly dealt with the classical theoretical problems of geomorphology (the evolution and the controlling mechanism of river terrace, planation surface, and alluvial fan), new methods (such as K-feldspar thermoluminescence thermochronology, detrital zircon U-Pb chronology), and models and numerical simulation of tectonic geomorphology evolution. Because of the limited number of the articles, it was impossible for this column to comprehensively present the recent progresses in the study of tectonic geomorphology in China. Therefore, this paper first briefly reviewed the history of the development of tectonic geomorphology in China and the basic trend of tectonic geomorphology. The authors started the study of neotectonics and tectonic geomorphology in the Tian Shan range and its foreland basins about 15 years ago (exactly in 2002). The main aim of this paper was to explore the contributions of the interdisciplinary and new methods to the development of tectonic geomorphology study, by reviewing the main achievements in the tectonic geomorphology study conducted in the Tian Shan and its foreland basins during the past 20 years. These achievements include the history of uplift and exhumation during the Cenozoic times, the chronology and genesis of the late Cenozoic terrigenous sedimentary sequences in the foreland basins, the characteristics of the late Quaternary active tectonic deformation in the foreland and intermontane basins, the late Quaternary river geomorphology (geomorphic framework, chronology, and cause of formation), and erosion rates of the catchment basins. At the end of this paper, it was pointed out that, two aspects may need more attention in the future tectonic geomorphology study, i.e. the comparative study at different time scales and the better constraint of the formation age of river terrace.     

Aeolian Geomorphology in the Era of Deep Space Exploration

The exploration of "Deep Sea, Deep Earth and Deep Space" provides opportunities and challenges for the development of geoscience, and geographical science begins to meet the climax of deep space exploration represented by Mars. In China, Martian exploration will be launched in 2020, which will carry out global and comprehensive surrounding exploration of Mars, patrol detection in some local areas, researchers need to be well prepared for the study of planetary geosciences including aeolian geomorphology based on these coming data. Aeolian geomorphology is divided into three stages based on the development history and trend: classical research focusing on single dune observation, modern research with earth system ideology and future research mainly on extra-terrestrial planets. The characteristics of each developing stage were summarized, and we believe that the planetary aeolian research will come naturally. Then, the development and achievement of planetary aeolian research are summarized, the existing problems and future developing trend were also discussed here. Study shows that there are many types of aeolian landforms on Mars, Venus and Titan, and the aeolian process is the most active modern surface process. Aeolian geomorphology in different planets has good similarity, but the difference is also obvious, which means that they have similar formation mechanism, but different formation and evolution conditions, therefore, the theory of aeolian geomorphology will be improved and enriched gradually through the comparative study on different planets. There are obvious advantages in revealing the formation laws and mechanism of aeolian geomorphology in extraterrestrial planets because of the simple formation conditions, and the research of aeolian geomorphology in the era of deep space exploration is in the ascendant.     

山东岱崮地貌研究综述

岱崮地貌是继岩溶地貌、丹霞地貌、张家界地貌、嶂石岩地貌之后的中国第5种岩石地貌,作为一种新命名的地貌类型,岱崮地貌具有极大的美学价值和科研价值。但对其的研究和开发却相对滞后。该文介绍了岱崮地貌的研究现状、分布及其形成过程、发育阶段等,岱崮地貌的分布规律、形态特征、组成结构,其演变趋势与模式及其形成机制等,是其学术研究的核心问题。加强对岱崮地貌的研究,不仅能够改变地貌学中关于方山研究的薄弱局面,丰富大陆风化及陆地碳循环研究,而且可深化对沂蒙山区地质地貌条件、生态环境特点的认识,也可为申报国家地质公园和世界自然遗产提供科学支撑。     

流域地貌的分形研究

非线性科学中的分形理论已广泛应用于各个学科。在地貌学研究中,数学—物理方法首先被引入到流域地貌的形成、演化的研究中。分形理论的运用则突破了传统方法的局限,开辟了一条新思路。尽管其运用在流域地貌中才刚刚开始,但人们已感觉到它强大的生命力。本文分析了流域地貌的分形特征,着重介绍了目前国内外已建的各种模型及其最新进展。     

Research Methodology of Martian Aeolian Geomorphology

Martian exploration is the focus and hot topic of deep space exploration, and China implemented the first Martian exploration Program in 2020. Aeolian process is the most extensive and active landform process on the surface of Mars, and has been an important part of Martian research. Sustainable development of Martian aeolian geomorphology research requires the support of theoretical system and research methodology, and research methodology is a key issue when field observations are impossible. We analyzed the research methods of Martian aeolian geomorphology from three aspects: methodology, approach, and application of modern technology. Methodology must focus on the dialectical unity of induction and deduction, reductionism and holism. Research approach includes exploration and numerical simulation, and Mars-like aeolian geomorphology study on Earth is also a common approach. Taking full advantage of remote sensing observations and detection technologies is an important basis for the development of Martian aeolian research. Simulation experiments have been an important part of aeolian geomorphology research. Since the 1980s, the United States, Europe, and Japan have successively built Martian wind tunnels to study various aircrafts in Martian atmosphere. In the absence of field observation, wind tunnel experiment and numerical simulation play an important role in studying the evolution and formation process of aeolian landform and the Martian environment.     

基于数字高程模型的中国岩溶地貌研究进展及前景分析

数字高程模型（DEM）蕴含丰富的地形地貌信息,基于DEM的数字地形分析方法为岩溶地貌研究提供了科学、有效的技术手段。文章针对前人应用DEM研究中国岩溶地貌所涉及的关键技术方法,从岩溶地貌识别的尺度效应、岩溶地貌的识别与分类、岩溶地貌的形态及格局分析、岩溶区生态环境变化等方面进行了梳理和分析,提出未来应构建科学的岩溶地貌数字分类体系,对岩溶地貌进行多尺度、深层次的地形分析和定量表达,并从地形现状研究拓展到地形演变的过程与机理研究,发掘出DEM在岩溶地貌研究中更多的应用。      

The concept of cryo-conditioning in landscape evolution

Recent accounts suggest that periglacial processes are unimportant for large-scale landscape evolution and that true large-scale periglacial landscapes are rare or non-existent. The lack of a large-scale topographical fingerprint due to periglacial processes may be considered of little relevance, as linear process-landscape development relationships rarely can be substantiated. Instead, periglacial landscapes may be classified in terms of specific landform associations. We propose “cryo-conditioning”, defined as the interaction of cryotic surface and subsurface thermal regimes and geomorphic processes, as an overarching concept linking landform and landscape evolution in cold regions. By focusing on the controls on processes, this concept circumvents scaling problems in interpreting long-term landscape evolution derived from short-term processes. It also contributes to an unambiguous conceptualization of periglacial geomorphology. We propose that the development of several key elements in the Norwegian geomorphic landscape can be explained in terms of cryo-conditioning.     

南海中西部地貌单元划分及其特征和成因分析

南海中西部处于南海北部和南部的过渡带,夹持于印支地块和南海海底扩张中心之间,其特殊的地貌对于研究整个南海地质地貌有重要意义。本文基于广州海洋地质调查局在南海中西部海洋地质调查项目获取的水深、底质调查及地震剖面数据,结合该海域以往研究成果,提取了有关地貌的信息,编制了南海中西部地貌图。把研究区划分出陆架、陆坡和深海盆地三个二级地貌单元,以及水下岸坡、水下浅滩、海岭、峡谷、麻坑、阶地、盆地、海台、海山、深海扇、深海平原等众多次级地貌单元。文章详细描述了该海域各地貌单元的特征,提出了断层、火山、构造隆起和浊流等地质作用是本区地貌形成的主要因素。     

论灾害地貌学的性质及研究内容

灾害地貌学是一门崭新的、正在开拓之中的边缘科学。在前人大量研究的基础上,对灾害地貌的分类和灾害地貌的学科性质及其研究的主要内容进行了探讨。