北半球高纬海冰主要气候特征的全球海冰气耦合模式数值模拟

利用一个全球海冰气耦合模式对北半球高纬海冰的主要气候特征进行了数值模拟。结果表明 ,模拟结果中海冰的季节变化特征合理 ,冬季海冰的主要地理分布特征都模拟得很好 ,但夏季北冰洋内部靠近欧亚大陆部分边缘海区海冰密集度模拟得偏大。模拟结果中 ,北半球高纬地区冬季海冰密集度具有显著的年际变化 ,变化最显著区域位于格陵兰海 ,其次是巴伦支海 ,这些特征均与观测结果一致。对这个海冰气耦合模式在北半球海冰平均气候状况、季节变化和年际变化方面模拟能力的检验结果表明 ,当前的研究工作为下一步进行长期变化趋势的模拟打下了基础。     

白令海海冰变化及其影响研究综述

白令海是北冰洋的边缘海,其海冰变化与北极其他海域存在巨大差异。近10年来,白令海海冰面积发生显著减少,对区域水文、大气甚至生态系统造成巨大影响,甚至影响到中纬度乃至我国气候系统。基于卫星观测、模式模拟等多种手段,学术界对白令海海冰时空变化特征及其影响因子进行了大量的研究。本文阐述了白令海近期海冰变化,回顾了海冰变化的影响因子,总结了白令海海冰变化对水文、大气、生态系统以及中纬度气候系统的影响。通过对已有研究进行综合分析指出,受研究方法缺陷和观测数据缺失,以及探索因果关系机制的综合性研究较少的影响,对于驱动季节内白令海海冰变化机理认识仍然不足。进一步指出,需要加强对前期海冰对后期海冰影响、风场对海冰的拖拽作用、暖平流对海冰的影响尺度以及海冰面积变化尺度演变等方向的研究。     

全球冰—海洋耦合模式的海冰模拟

海冰是全球气候系统的重要分量,与大气和海洋的相互作用,直接影响大气环流和海洋环流,对气假及其变化及具有重要影响,文中依据冰、海洋间的热力、动力耦合相互作用,改进冰－海洋热力耦合方案,利用由中国科学院大气物理研究所的３０层海洋模式和基于Ｆｌａｔｏ空化流体流变学的海冰动力模式和Ｈｉｂｌｅｒ表面热收支平衡的零层少冰热力模式,建立全球冰－海洋耦合模式,利用大月平均气候资料,模拟的南半球少冰分布及海冰的分布及其季节性变化、海冰漂移进行了耦合模拟和分析,模拟的南半球海冰分布及季节变化与实际分析资料非常接近,比２０层冰－海洋耦合模式的结果有显著改进,北半球海冰范围偏小,但季节变化的量值与实际相当一致,模拟的海冰速度场反映了南、北半球海冰漂移的主要特征,如北极的穿极漂流和南大洋的绕极环流等,对海冰密集度的分析表明,模拟结果得以     

全球冰-海洋耦合模式的海冰模拟

海冰是全球气候系统的重要分量 ,与大气和海洋的相互作用 ,直接影响大气环流和海洋环流 ,对气候及其变化具有重要影响。文中依据冰、海洋间的热力、动力耦合相互作用 ,改进冰海洋热力耦合方案 ,利用由中国科学院大气物理研究所的 30层海洋模式和基于Flato空化流体流变学的海冰动力模式和Hibler表面热收支平衡的零层海冰热力模式 ,建立全球冰海洋耦合模式。利用大气月平均气候资料 ,利用冰海洋耦合模式对全球海冰的分布及其季节性变化、海冰漂移进行了耦合模拟和分析。模拟的南半球海冰分布及季节变化与实际分析资料非常接近 ,比 2 0层冰海洋耦合模式的结果有显著改进。北半球海冰范围偏小 ,但季节变化的量值与实际相当一致。模拟的海冰速度场反映了南、北半球海冰漂移的主要特征 ,如北极的穿极漂流和南大洋的绕极环流等。对海冰密集度的分析表明 ,模拟结果得以改进原因在于改进的冰海洋热力耦合方案增强了融冰期冰海洋耦合系统海洋热通量增加—密集度减小—能量收支增加的正反馈机制。     

海冰拖曳系数的确定方法研究

风和流对海冰的拖曳系数是海冰数值模式中的基本参数, 它是精确模拟海冰漂移轨迹, 分析海冰的动力破坏、海冰爬升与堆积问题的重要依据.首先讨论了计算海冰拖曳系数的3种方法, 即涡动法、剖面法和动量法, 并分析了它们各自的特点和适用条件.针对辽东湾JZ20-2油气平台上同步连续观测的风速、流速和冰速等资料, 选用动量法对海冰拖曳系数进行了计算, 得到低密集度条件下光滑平整冰的风拖曳系数Ca(42) =1.402×10-3, 流拖曳系数Cw(7) =2.563×10-3.该数值能反映风和流对海冰表面拖曳和形状拖曳的共同作用.不同冰类型和密集度条件下的海冰拖曳系数有很大差异, 对其进一步的研究结果将提高海冰数值模拟的精度.     

极地海冰的研究及其在气候变化中的作用

极地海冰作为全球气候系统的一个重要组成部分,通过影响大洋表面的辐射平衡、物质平衡、能量平衡以及大洋温、盐流的形成和循环而影响全球气候变化.从最初研究极地海冰的强度和承载力到目前海/冰/气相互作用全球气候耦合模型的建立,使海冰变化和全球气候变化紧密结合起来.这些研究领域主要有:海冰及其表层雪的物理特性和过程、海冰区域生态特征、海冰区与气候相关的反照率和物质平衡研究以及海冰气候耦合模型等大的领域.模拟显示,21世纪因为全球变暖,南北极海冰都将减少.海冰和全球气候系统其它要素之间的相互作用问题、极地海冰的厚度季节性区域性分布问题、极地海冰边界及范围变化趋势问题、生消关键过程及其影响因素问题、冰间湖的作用以及海气相互作用等将是未来重要的研究方向.     

渤海海冰和海洋的动力相互作用模拟试验

利用冰-海洋动力耦合模式, 对渤海海冰和海洋之间的相互作用进行了研究和模拟试验.耦合模式中的海洋模式采用普林斯顿海洋模式(POM), 冰模式采用国家海洋局海洋环境预报中心(NMEFC)的渤海海冰业务化数值预报模式.通过模拟研究, 分析了M2分潮对海冰质点运动轨迹、冰外缘线位置、瞬时冰速和冰厚分布的影响; 同时探讨了海冰对冰下海洋的动力作用.     

基于光滑质点流体动力学的海冰热力-动力数值模式

考虑海冰热力因素对其厚度、密集度的影响,在光滑质点流体动力学(SPH)基础上发展了一个海冰热力-动力数值模式。该模式既解决了传统欧拉有限差分法和质点网格法存在的数值扩散问题,同时弥补了光滑质点动力学海冰动力模式未考虑热力因素的不足,具有精确模拟冰缘线运动、计算精度高等优点。首先介绍了光滑质点流体动力学的基本原理,并对海冰生消的热力因素进行了分析,将影响冰厚和密集度的热力因素引入到光滑质点流体动力学的海冰动力模式中,得到该热力-动力模式的控制方程。应用该数值模式对渤海海冰进行了48 h数值模拟,得到了海冰厚度和速度矢量的分布规律;对JZ20-2海域的海冰厚度、冰内温度场分布以及热力因素的变化特性进行了讨论。数值模拟结果表明,该数值模式能够很好地适用于渤海海冰数值模拟,是一种有效的海冰数值模拟方法。     

基于FY-3 MWRI数据的北极海冰密集度反演研究

以ASI算法（ARTIST sea ice algorithm）为基础, 得到基于风云3C气象卫星（FY-3C）微波辐射计（MWRI）数据的纯水与纯冰系点值, 利用插值方法确定基于FY-3 MWRI数据的ASI海冰密集度计算公式, 采用大津法（Otsu算法）得到基于MWRI数据的天气滤波器阈值。以2016年1月数据为例, 对北极海冰密集度进行反演, 并与美国国家冰雪数据中心（NSIDC）以及德国不莱梅大学提供的海冰密集度产品进行对比验证。结果表明： 基于MWRI数据得到的1月平均海冰面积以及平均密集度均介于二者之间, 其中平均密集度与不莱梅产品更接近, 仅相差1.310%。与风云卫星空间分辨率为250 m的中分辨率光谱成像仪（MERSI）数据得到的结果进行对比, 发现二者的海冰外缘线基本一致, MERSI数据得到的海冰密集度以及海冰面积比MWRI数据得到的结果分别高出5.029%、 9.318%。因此, 应用该方法可有效推进MWRI数据反演北极海冰密集度, 进而监测北极海冰分布和变化。     

长时间序列北极海冰密集度遥感数据的比较评估

基于空间分辨率和精度更高的BLM海冰密集度数据集, 评估了两种时间跨度较长、 应用广泛的25 km分辨率海冰密集度遥感数据集——NSIDC数据集和SICCI数据集。两种数据集与BLM数据集的海冰面积变化趋势相同, 但均低于基于BLM数据集得到的海冰面积, 其中基于SICCI数据集得到的海冰面积更接近BLM数据集。相比于NSIDC数据集, SICCI数据集的年、 月平均和日海冰面积偏差分别低81.88%、 80.90%、 81.44%, 且其海冰密集度平均偏差为-3.28%, 低于NSIDC数据的4.36%, 因此在进行北极地区整体海冰面积及海冰密集度分析时应选用SICCI数据集。按纬度、 海冰密集度值分情况对两种数据进行比较, 发现NSIDC数据集对开阔水域和浮冰区的区分效果较差, 其在低纬度和低密集度区域的平均偏差分别为10.11%和13.13%, 而SICCI数据集的平均偏差达到0.05%和0.44%, 是研究低纬度和中低海冰密集度区域的首选数据。与之相对, NSIDC数据集对中高纬度高海冰密集区域, 特别是近北极点区域的反映能力优于SICCI数据集, 平均偏差为1.08%, 均方根偏差为7.76%, 因此进行中高纬度高海冰密集度区域分析时首选NSIDC数据集。对两类数据集在北极东北航道上的分段评估结果发现, 低纬度海冰边缘地带或中低海冰密集度区域占比较高的航段区, SICCI数据集更接近BLM数据集, 这些航段应使用SICCI数据集进行分析; 而在中高纬度高海冰密集度区域占比较高的航段区, NSIDC数据集更加贴合, 应为首选数据集。     

白令海楚科奇海的海冰范围变化特征

白令海和楚科奇海位于北极太平洋一侧的海冰外缘线附近,具有较强烈的气冰海相互作用.采用滑动t检验和小波分析方法对白令海和楚科奇海1953—2004年海冰范围的年际变化、年代际变化和总体趋势变化进行分析.结果表明:20世纪70年代后期,海冰范围在白令海存在显著的均值突变现象,而楚科奇海在对应阶段则表现为更明显的变频现象;在突变点前后两个时段里,阿留申低压中心低压加强、核心位置偏移以及对应风场分布的变化是导致白令海海冰范围明显缩小的主要动力原因.楚科奇海海冰范围的年际变化中存在由低频向高频变化的现象,该现象除了在局地气温变化中存在之外,在北冰洋区域风涡度、波弗特海纬向风、东西伯利亚海经向风等动力因素中也有所体现.因此,除热力因素外,动力因素引起的海冰的平流与该变频现象也存在一定的联系.     

国际综合大洋钻探计划IODP323白令海航次介绍

国际综合大洋钻探计划IODP323航次于2009年7月6日开始至9月4日结束在白令海实施.该航次的主要科学目标是通过钻取白令海的海底沉积物岩心样品,获得高纬度边缘海的较长时间尺度沉积序列,用于研究该海区上新世-更新世的从千年尺度到米兰科维奇尺度气候变化及其与太平洋和北冰洋的关联.经历近2个月的海上钻探与研究工作,在7个井位上共钻取5 741 m岩芯,获得上新世(近5 Ma)以来的不同位置岩芯样品,并取得微体古生物与沉积学等分析测试的初步结果.     

Biogenic opal production changes during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition in the Bering Sea (IODP Expedition 323 Site U1343)

Biogenic opal content and mass accumulation rate (MAR) at IODP Expedition 323 Site U1343 were found to fluctuate consistently, generally being high under warm conditions and low under cold conditions during the last 2.4 Ma. Continuous wavelet transform analysis of the normalized biogenic opal content indicates that export production in the Bering Sea varied predominantly at 41-ka periodicity before 1.25 Ma, and shifted to 100-ka periodicity at the onset of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT; 1.25–0.7 Ma). The 100-ka cycles dominated until the Holocene. Export production in the Bering Sea decreased markedly in the Bering Sea two times during the MPT: the first occurred at the beginning of the MPT (1.25 Ma) and the second in the middle of the MPT (0.9 Ma). These decreases coincided with both increases in the relative abundance of sea-ice diatoms and decreases in the warm-water diatom species Neodenticula seminae, indicating that reductions in export production in the Bering Sea during the MPT were associated with climate cooling. Decreases in export production in the Bering Sea during the MPT were most likely associated with the increased influence of polar/Arctic domains on the high-latitude North Pacific.     

白令海北部陆坡100ka来的古海洋学记录及海冰的扩张历史

白令海北部陆坡B2-9柱状样中生源组分的研究显示, 自MIS5.3期以来表层生产力指标的粗组分和蛋白石含量呈阶梯状增加, 反映表层生产力阶段式的增长.全新世表层生产力达到最高, 并且MIS3.2~2期高, 比MIS5.3~3.3期最低.高有机碳含量对应于高C/N比值, 显示有机碳混合来源, 不能作为表层生产力的指标.MIS5.1, 3.3~3.2期和全新世高的有机碳含量和C/N比值反映间冰期陆源有机物质输入量的增加.MIS5.3期至中全新世, 不断增加的陆源砂级和粉砂级颗粒组分说明随着气候的逐渐变冷, 陆架海冰在不断扩张.伐冰碎屑和碳屑颗粒冰期、间冰段和末次冰消期升高, 而间冰期降低, 反映冰期白令海陆架海冰扩张和间冰期海冰消融的过程.冰期海冰扩张与北美大陆气候的相互关联, 揭示了晚第四纪冰期旋回中白令海海冰扩张及其对全球气候变化的响应.      

Planktonic foraminifers in the southern Bering Sea: Changes in composition and productivity during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene

Taxonomic composition and distribution of planktonic foraminifers are studied in section of Core GC-11 that penetrated through Upper Quaternary sediments of the Bowers Ridge western slope, the southern Bering Sea. As is shown, structure of foraminiferal assemblage and productivity have varied substantially during the last 32000 calendar years in response to changes in surface water temperatures and water mass circulation in the northern part of the Pacific, the Bering Sea included. The productivity was maximal during deglaciation epoch, being notably lower in the Holocene and minimal at the glaciation time.     

白令海表层沉积物中硅质生物的变化及其环境控制因素

中国首次北极科学考察在白令海采取了12个表层沉积物样品, 其中对硅质生物和陆源碎屑的详细研究发现, 它们主要由硅藻、放射虫和海绵骨针组成.其中, 硅藻在样品中的丰度均占绝对优势, 高出放射虫和海绵骨针一个数量级.它们与环境控制因素关系的分析表明, 硅藻、放射虫和海绵骨针丰度的高低及其保存程度与深度、温度、盐度和受大规模季节性气候变化控制的表层海水的高营养和高生产力, 以及陆源物质输入的变化密切相关.这一研究结果对白令海第四纪的古气候与古海洋学研究具有十分重要的意义.      

The variations of stable carbon isotope ratio of land plant-derived n-alkanes in deep-sea sediments from the Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean during the last 250,000 years

Two piston cores, one located far from the continents (The North Pacific Ocean: ES core), and another located comparatively closer to the continents (The Bering Sea: BOW-8a core) were investigated to reconstruct environmental changes on source land areas. The results show significant contribution of terrestrial organic matter to sediments in both cores. The δ¹³C values of n-C₂₇, n-C₂₉, and n-C₃₁ alkanes in sediments from the North Pacific ES core show significant glacial to interglacial variation whereas those from the Bering Sea core do not. Variations of δ¹³C values of land plant n-alkanes are related to the environmental or vegetational changes in the source land areas. Environmental changes, especially, aridity, rainfall, and pCO₂ during glacial/interglacial transitional periods can affect vegetation, and therefore C₃ / C₄ plant ratios, resulting in δ¹³C changes in the preserved land plant biomarkers. Maximum values of δ¹³C as well as maximum average chain length values of long chain n-alkanes in the ES core occur mostly at the interglacial to glacial transition zones reflecting a time lag related to incorporation of living organic matter into soil and transportation into ocean basins via wind and/or ability of C₄ plants to adapt for a longer period before being replaced by C₃ plants when subjected to gradual climatic changes. Irregular variations with no clear glacial to interglacial trends in the BOW-8a core may result from complex mixture of aerosols from westerly winds and riverine organic matter from the Bering Sea catchments. In addition, terrestrial organic matter entering the Bering Sea could originate from multiple pathways including eolian, riverine, and ice rafted debris, and possibly be disturbed by turbidity and other local currents which can induce re-suspension and re-sedimentation causing an obliterated time relation in the Bering Sea biomarker records.     

Causes of interannual variability in the sea ice cover of the Eastern Bering Sea

It has been shown that large-scale weather patterns in both the tropical South Pacific (El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, events) and the North Pacific (Pacific-North American, or PNA, patterns) have strong teleconnection effects on the air, ice, and ocean environments of the Bering Sea. This signal apparently comes via the atmosphere and not the ocean. The connection between variability of the Bering Sea and the ENSO and PNA appears to be the winter position of the Aleutian Low. Interannual variability in air temperatures, ice cover, and surface winds in the Bering Sea generally are in phase with each other, whereas sea-surface temperatures (SST) tend to lag these variables by 1–3 months. These Bering Sea time-series are significantly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) time-series (an indicator of ENSO events) when the Bering sea data are lagged behind the SOI for up to 18 months. The correlations suggest that warming in the Bering Sea follows negative anomalies in the SOI (i.e., El Niño events). Cooling in the Bering Sea tends to follow positive anomalies (i.e., precursors of El Niños) in the SOI. Maximal correlations for the PNA also lag the SOI by a mouth or two.Analyses of variance indicate that the SOI can explain 30–40% of the variability in the Bering Sea. Stepwise multiple regressions can explain up to 54% of the variation in air temperatures, up to 39% of the variation in sea ice cover, and up to 46% of the variation in SST in the Bering Sea. PNA and SOI were significant variables only in the equation for air temperatures, indicating a close relationship between them and the atmosphere in the Bering Sea and suggesting that energy is transmitted to the water and ice via the atmosphere. The three variables airtemps, ice, and SST were significant each time they were used as independent variables, indicating a rapid and strong feedback relationship among them.Three ENSO events have occurred since the mid-1970s, but none have been typical. There have been either two positive SOI anomalies preceding an El Niño or there have been none preceding an El Niño. When there has been a positive anomaly, ice cover has been above normal, but neither a positive anomaly nor above-normal ice has occurred in the past two ENSO events. An ice retreat has occurred any time there has been an ENSO event, except in the case of the great El Niño of 1982–1983; the anomalous position of the Aleutian Low at that time explains the lack of response of the ice. Finally, one ice retreat occurred that was unrelated to an ENSO event, but was related to a PNA event.     

Paleoceanographic conditions in the western Bering Sea as a response to global sea level changes and remote climatic signals during the last 180 kyr

We present results from the sediment core SO201-2-85KL retrieved from the western Bering Sea that recovered the past 180 000 years. For the first time, the intense dissolution of calcareous microfossils has been established when the Bering Strait was open during the glacioeustatic sea level rise. Possible mechanisms of climatic teleconnections between remote regions are considered.     

Response of the bering sea to Heinrich Event 11

The present paper addresses the issue of the existence of inferred hiatus on the Shirshov Ridge in the western Bering Sea, which is represented by a sand layer allegedly produced by intensification of the bottom current at the penultimate glacial/last interglacial boundary. Intensification of current velocity near the ocean floor likely provoked washout of the light fine fraction and enrichment of the sediment with heavy coarse particles. Comparison of our and published data on the western Bering Sea and North Atlantic revealed that the sand layer in sediments of the western Bering Sea at the penultimate glacial/last interglacial boundary is related to ice rafting and serves to some extent an analog of Heinrich Event 11 in the North Atlantic.