晚更新世以来贵州清水江阶地发育及地貌意义

对贵州清水江上游马寨、翁东、三江、施洞沿江4个剖面的阶地特征、年代学结果进行了综合分析。发现以凯里断层为界,上游地区的马寨和翁东2个剖面的T2阶地形成时代约为51~57 ka B.P.,T1阶地的形成时代约为25 ka B.P.,下游地区的三江和施洞2个剖面的T2阶地形成时代约为122~102 ka B.P.,T1阶地的形成时代约为78 ka B.P.。选取各剖面的T2阶地的基座高度来计算了河流下切速率,发现上游地区2个剖面（马寨、翁东）的河流下切速率较接近,约为0.41~0.34 m/ka,明显高于下游地区的2个剖面（三江、施洞）的0.16~0.20 m/ka,表现为上游下切速率高,越往下游方向下切速率逐渐降低。这表明自晚更新世以来,清水江上游区域受到构造作用的影响而发生差异抬升,具体表现为西部构造抬升幅度大,阶地下切速率快;东部构造抬升幅度小,阶地下切速率慢。     

贡嘎山 蜀山之王

贡嘎山座落在青藏高原东部边缘,在横断山系的大雪山中段,位于大渡河与雅砻江之间。"贡嘎山",藏语意为“最高的雪山”,山体南北长约60公里,东西宽约30公里,其主峰海拔7556米。此山地处东经101.8°,北纬29.6°,在四川省康定、泸定、石棉、九龙四县之间。下,山谷和山坡被茂密的原始森林所覆盖。森林中植物种类繁多,有珍稀植物40余种。同时,也是野生动物的乐园,在这里生活着400余种高山动物和森林动物。山中活动性断裂带上还分布有多处温泉,并建有各种旅游服务设施。贡嘎山地区地质构造活动频繁,产生了许多褶皱和断裂。随着山体的抬升,河流东西…     

中国花岗岩地貌的类型特征与演化

在中国南方亚热带季风气候条件下, 自中、上新世以来的夷平面及其深厚的花岗岩风化壳在后期不同程度构造抬升-下切过程中, 造成许多中国特有的花岗岩地貌类型, 如黄山和三清山等处的花岗岩峰林、石林、造型石、风动石等。本文讨论了中国花岗岩风化壳和地貌的时空演化规律, 提出地貌发育年代与中、上新世广布的夷平面的密切关系, 以及在不同抬升背景下, 花岗岩地貌与风化壳的关系。并可据此推算不同山地的抬升幅度, 沿海仅抬升约200m, 向内地逐渐增大, 到南岭或大别山、伏牛山则达到约1600~2000 m。     

黔中乌当盆地阶地沉积特征及其对盆地演化的指示

黔中乌当盆地是贵州省山间盆地的典型代表,四级河流阶地清晰地记录了新构造运动中区域地壳抬升和盆地演化。通过阶地沉积物砾组统计、粒度分析、光释光（OSL）测年,探讨盆地的发育和演化。结果显示,阶地砾石排列指示盆地水系古流向与现代河流基本一致,砾石磨圆度变化大,分选较差,岩性继承了区域地层。砾石组合特征反映了构造抬升期盆地内强烈的冲刷剥蚀。漫滩沉积物粒度表明盆地在稳定阶段河流水动力整体呈增大趋势。T4和T3发育阶段区域以冲刷剥蚀为主并塑造了盆地雏形。T2阶地沉积特征及测年结果（177.4 ka~87.6 ka）表明中更新世末期持续数万年的沉积夷平作用使盆地基本成型。T1阶地形成时代约25ka,指示了黔中地区最近一次构造抬升和盆地的最终定型。     

东天山北麓老奇台黄土中的孢粉化石

老奇台位于博格达山北坡开垦河冲、洪积扇中部。山麓地区黄土呈带状广泛分布,平行于山脉走向,东西绵延约200公里,南北宽约25公里,覆盖于不同时代地层之上。厚度从2—30米不等,一般为土黄色粉砂质粘土,细而均匀,富含碳酸盐类。黄土分布的上限往往与云杉林分布的下限相一致,海拔为1700米左右。当地1700米—2700米的中山带现广布雪岭云杉林,海拔1500米—1700米的山地河谷内是桦、山杨、榆等阔叶落叶树与云杉形成的混交     

南极洲的气候资源

南极洲总面积为1400万平方公里,与北冰洋面积大体相同,比澳大利亚和欧洲还要大。南极是世界上最高的洲,海拔高度平均为2040米,比其它大陆的平均高度高2.8倍。南极洲大部分地区被平均厚度达1720米的冰层所复盖,冰层最大厚度约4000米,体积为24.10~6立方公里。     

黄果树瀑布成因初探

黄果树瀑布是我国岩溶地区的一座著名瀑布,位于贵州省镇宁县打帮河上游,滇黔公路旁,东北距安顺市45公里。瀑布高66米,宽约50米,壁面近直立,是上起白水河瀑布,下至螺丝滩的瀑布群中最高的一级。流水壁面内有长42米的水帘洞,蔚为奇观。其集水     

风化基座的双层夷平结构及其意义——以粤北坪石盆地第6级河流阶地为例

武江在坪石段共保留下6级基座阶地.坪石的多级基座阶地是在与粤北金鸡岭夷平面同期发育的准平原基础上,由河流的阶段性下切所形成.本区由于受以掀斜运动为特征的新构造运动的影响,阶地所在的西南岸台地区抬升速率约为0.073 m/ka,大于金鸡岭夷平面0.066 m/ka的抬升速率,致使武江在坪石段不断向东北方向摆动,沿途形成了多级基座阶地.在湿热气候条件下,尤其是在基座上覆富含有机质的河漫滩相沉积物的"储酸池"效应作用下,阶地基座发生了强烈的化学风化.该风化基座具有双层夷平结构,与我国南方覆盖型岩溶的双层夷平结构在成因上具有一致性.     

塔里木河下游断流河道输水后潜水埋深变化规律研究

通过对塔里木河下游断流河道2000-2006年8次生态输水期间9个地下水监测断面40口监测井潜水埋深变化监测数据的分析,探讨了生态输水以来潜水埋深变化的规律.结果表明:在8次输水的影响下,潜水埋深总体有显著抬升.运用SPSS统计软件对监测数据进行的回归分析表明,近年来塔里木河下游地区潜水埋深抬升是生态输水作用的直接结果,且抬升幅度与输水持续时间和输水量大小成显著正相关关系,横向和纵向上还表现出潜水埋深抬升幅度随距输水源距离改变而变化的正相关关系.塔里木河下游地区地表水是地下水的主要补给来源,且地表水补给地下水主要是以线型渗漏补给,这是输水以来潜水埋深变化呈现上述规律性的主要原因.输水对潜水埋深的影响具有累积性和滞后性,随着输水的继续进行,潜水埋深变化的规律性会越来越明显.     

科罗拉多大峡谷

科罗拉多大峡谷位于美国西部亚利桑那州的高原上,全长446公里,底部宽0．5～29公里。最大深度1740米。被列入世界自然遗产。科罗拉多高原为典型的“桌状高地”,顶部平坦。侧面陡峭。这是由于地壳强烈抬升和流水的下切侵蚀而形成。     

The changing Patagonian landscape: Erosion and westward sediment transfer paths in northern Patagonia during the Middle and Late Pleistocene

Pleistocene glaciations have promoted important landscape transformations as a result of high rates of erosion and rapid sediment evacuation to adjacent marine basins. In the Patagonian Andes the role of the Patagonian Ice Sheet on landscape evolution, in particular the spatial patterns of glacial erosion and its influence on sediment fluxes, is poorly documented. Here, we investigate the Middle and Late Pleistocene sedimentary record of the continental slope from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 861, offshore Patagonia (46°S), to evaluate the link between glaciations, mountain range erosion and continental margin strata formation. Petrographic analysis of the sand-size fraction (0.063–2 mm) and ɛNd and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr measurements in the silt-size fraction (10–63 µm) indicate that glacial erosion over the last 350,000 years has focused within the Patagonian Batholith, with a minor influence of a proximal source to the drilling site, the Chonos Metamorphic Complex. This shows that erosion has focused in the core of the northern Patagonian Andes, coinciding roughly with the location of the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone and the zone of concentrated precipitation during glaciations, suggesting a combined climatic and structural control on glacial erosion. Temporal variation in the provenance signal is contemporaneous with a marked change in the stratigraphy of ODP Site 861 that occurred after the glaciation of MIS 8 (~240 kyr ago). Before MIS 8, a restricted provenance signal and coarse lithofacies accumulated on the continental slope indicates spatially restricted erosion and efficient transfer of sediment towards the ocean. In contrast, very high provenance variability and finer continental slope lithofacies accumulation after MIS 8 suggest a disorganized expansion of the areas under erosion and a more distal influence of ice sediment discharge to this site. We argue that this change may have been related to a re-organization of the drainage patterns of the Patagonian Ice Sheet and flow of outlet glaciers to the continental margin during the last two glaciations.     

A Tertiary-Quaternary section at Sarsbukta, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, and its foraminifera

Tertiary and Quaternary deposits outcrop in the coastal cliff of Balanusviken at Sarsbukta in Vest-Spitsbergen. The Tertiary deposits appear by their foraminifera to belong to the Middle to Upper Oligocene. The Quaternary deposits consist of an upper part of Late Pleistocene to Holocene age, and a lower part which had previously been considered Middle Weichselian of age. Its foraminiferal assemblages suggest a higher age (Late Saalian, Eemian?). This lower part of the Quaternary deposits is related to a series of raised beaches with an upper limit at SO m above present day sea level. They were probably formed during the Eemian, and have not been distorted by later glaciation. The present study is based on sediment samples collected from the coastal cliff of Balanusviken, and particularly from that of Balanuspynten, Sarsbukta, Spitsbergen, during the summer expedition of Norsk Polarinstitutt in 19Sø.     

伶仃洋ZK19孔晚第四纪沉积地球化学特征 及其古环境意义

依据对珠江口伶仃洋海域ZK19孔岩芯材料的沉积学、年代学和沉积地球化学研究,探讨了该海域古环境演变特征。该孔以末次盛冰期风化层为界,存在2个沉积旋回和2次海侵事件。微量元素质量分数、主量元素（Al2O3/Na2O值、MgO/Al2O3值、Sr/Ba值及V/Cr值等）,化学蚀变指数（CIA）和化学风化指数（CIW）的变化特征,反映了MIS4晚期至MIS3初期,该地由陆相向滨海相过渡,气候从偏冷逐渐升温,海平面逐渐上升,但速度较慢;MIS3该地为河口湾相,气候进一步转暖,海平面以较大幅度上升;MIS2阶段（末次盛冰期）海平面大幅下降,气候变冷;MIS1的8―12 cal. ka B.P.气候逐渐转暖,海平面快速上升,为河流相―滨海潮滩相―河口湾浅滩相―河口湾相;中全新世大暖期,受水下滩槽地貌侧向迁移影响,该孔地层遭剥蚀;晚全新世3 cal. ka B.P.以来,气候整体相对稳定,较早全新世温暖,沉积环境依次为河口湾相―三角洲前缘斜坡相―三角洲前缘浅滩相。     

Sequence architecture and depositional evolution of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea: responses to tectonic processes and changes in sea level

The continental slopes of the South China Sea (SCS), the largest marginal sea on the continental shelf of Southeast Asia, are among the most significant shelf‐margin basins in the world because of their abundant petroleum resources and a developmental history related to sea floor spreading since Late Oligocene time. Based on integrated analyses of seismic, well‐logging and core data, we systematically document the sequence architecture and depositional evolution of the northern continental slope of the SCS and reveal its responses to tectonism, sea‐level change and sediment supply. The infill of this shelf‐margin basin can be divided into seven composite sequences (CS1–CS7) that are bounded by regional unconformities. Composite sequences CS3 to CS7 have formed since Late Oligocene time, and each of them generally reflects a regional transgressive–regressive cycle. These large cycles can be further divided into 20 sequences that are defined by local unconformities or transgressive–regressive boundaries. Depositional–geomorphological systems represented on the continental slope mainly include shelf‐edge deltas, prodelta‐slope fans, clinoforms of the shelf‐margin slope, unidirectionally migrating slope channels, incised slope valleys, muddy slope fans, slope slump‐debris‐flow complexes and large‐scale soft‐sediment deformation of bedding. Changing sea levels, reflected by evidence from sequence architecture in the study area, are generally comparable with those of the Haq (1987) global sea level curve, whereas the regional transgressions and regressions were apparently controlled by tectonic uplift and subsidence. Composite sequences CS3 and CS4 formed from Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene time and represent continental‐slope deposition during a time of northwest‐northeast seafloor spreading and subsequent development of sub‐basins in the southwest‐central SCS. The development of composite sequences CS5 to CS7 after Middle Miocene time was obviously influenced by the Dongsha Movement during convergence between the SCS and Philippine Sea plates. Climatic variations and monsoon intensification may have enhanced sediment supply during Late Oligocene‒Early Miocene (25–21 Ma) and Late Pliocene‒Pleistocene (3–0.8 Ma) times. This study indicates that shelf‐edge delta and associated slope fan systems are the most important oil/gas‐bearing reservoirs in the SCS continental‐slope area.     

钻孔及现代河流重矿物特征揭示的更新世以来酒东盆地水系演化历史

对黑河中游酒东盆地大洼井（DWJ）和新开九队（XKJD）两个钻孔以及现代黑河干流和支流进行重矿物采集与分析。分析结果发现：DWJ钻孔下部（140~69.7 m）沉积物重矿物特征同摆浪河与马营河的相似性较高;DWJ钻孔上部(69.7~0 m)和XKJD钻孔(65.6~0 m)的沉积物重矿物特征与现代黑河干流、梨园河和山丹河两个支流比较吻合。重矿物组合特征的变化指示了沉积物的源区发生明显变化。DWJ钻孔上部与下部的岩性和沉积相均发生明显变化,重矿物组合特征所反映的源区变化指示了黑河中游水系发生重要调整。对比钻孔岩芯和走廊区第四系岩相剖面特征,推测此次黑河中游沉积环境与水系格局发生变化的时间大致为早-中更新世之交。     

南迦巴瓦峰与托木尔峰山地垂直自然带的比较

南迦巴瓦峰地处喜马拉雅山脉东端雅鲁藏布江大拐弯的内侧，托木尔峰地处天山山脉的西端，二者独特的自然地理特征及其高大的山体为山地垂直自然带谱的形成和发展提从了十分有利的自然环境，发育了相当完整的山地垂直系列。比较二者的垂直带谱，可以发现无论在垂直带谱的形成条件，基带，性质和结构类型，还是景观特征，垂直分异影响因素及南北坡差异程度等方面，都存在着较大的差异。南峰垂直带谱为以森林－草原－荒漠土壤系列为特征的季风性湿润，法湿润带谱系统，垂直分异的主导因素为温度；托峰垂直带谱为以荒漠－－草原－荒漠土壤系列为特征的大陆性干旱带谱系统，垂直分异的主导因素为湿度。不同的垂直自然带特征决定了不同的资源开发利用和保护措施。     

DCCA在黄土高原流域径流环境解释中的应用

以黄土高原腹地泾河流域12个水文特征指标为“物种”,选取对流域径流有影响的9个环境因子,采用DCCA排序方法定量分析河流径流特征沿环境因子梯度的演变规律。结果表明:(1)DCCA排序的前3轴分别与退化草地比率、降水量、降水强度、植被指数、平均坡度显著相关;(2)河流径流特征沿环境梯度可明显分为输沙量极大的北部黄土丘陵区;平均含沙量极高的中北部黄土沟壑区;径流量大、输沙量小的山地-沟壑过渡区;侵蚀模数极高、径流年内变化极大的中部黄土残塬区;产流量大、年含沙量极低的南部山地区。     

Geomorphology and tectonics of uplifted coasts: New chronostratigraphical constraints for the Quaternary evolution of Tyrrhenian North Calabria (southern Italy)

The Tyrrhenian coastal sector of North Calabria, stretching between Torre S. Nicola and the Lao river, belongs to the inner extensional sector of the Neogene Apennines thrust belt. It is characterised by a stair of Quaternary marine and fluvial terraces representing the geomorphic response to the interaction between the Quaternary sea level fluctuations and the regional trend of tectonic uplift experienced by the margins of the Tyrrhenian back-arc basin. Since the last century, several authors studied the North Calabria coasts, where the flight of terraces preserves significant marine and continental successions, and proposed several paleo-geomorphological and tectonic reconstructions. In this paper we present a new stratigraphic and morphostructural setting of the North Calabria coasts based on both chronostratigraphical constraints obtained from marine deposits and detailed geomorphological analysis. A ten order stair of marine terraces, stepping between 240 and 0 m a.s.l., was recognized and time-constrained by the age of the Fornaci S. Nicola marine succession which was ascribed by integrated paleoecological, biostratigraphical and paleomagentic analyses to the early Middle Pleistocene (MIS 19–15). In particular, the 240, 200 and 160 m a.s.l. high strandlines were ascribed to the Early Pleistocene and the ones between 100 and 15 m a.s.l. to the Middle Pleistocene. The total amount of the vertical motion experienced by the studied area was estimated, and evaluation of the average rates of uplift for the Middle and Late Pleistocene times were also given. Considering the elevation a.s.l. of the oldest terraces, a tectonic uplift of at least 240 m was calculated for the North Calabria coasts since the Early Pleistocene times, 100 m of which gained from the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. On the other hand, the 8-m high Late Pleistocene strandlines display a negligible vertical displacement affecting the area during the last 130 ka. The entire staircase of terraces preserves a record of slowing down in the rate of uplift, which attained an average value of 0.15 mm/year during the Middle Pleistocene.     

黄淮海平原地貌结构特征及其演化

本文对黄淮海平原地貌从地表到地下随时间变化进行了四维空间的研究，着重探讨了平原地貌结构和它的发育、演化规律，为本区地下水资源评价、国土整治和环境保护提供了一定的理论依据。     

达来诺尔的变迁

达来诺尔是在汗克拉源水头两个新生代断陷盆地、古地貌、新构造运动的影响下,几经变迁发育而成.中更新世中期该湖出现在好鲁厍一带,末期湖面扩大;晚更新世中期湖水占据现代分水岭两侧宽广地带,末期湖水越过分水岭超复全区;全新世地壳上升,湖水退缩在区内景低位置.