内蒙古乌梁素海~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs测年与现代沉积速率

对乌梁素海沉积物柱心样品进行210Pb、137Cs测年分析表明,柱心剖面上有明显的1963年蓄积峰,这个蓄积峰对乌梁素海的现代沉积有明显的时标意义。根据210Pb的CRS模式,可以计算出每个样品深度所对应的年代,在该沉积柱心中与137Cs时标吻合较好。乌梁素海的沉积速率并不稳定,变化比较大,表明乌梁素海近113 a来沉积环境不稳定。210Pb、137Cs两种计年方法的结合有助于认识沉积速率变化较大的沼泽的沉积状况,也有助于对核素计年方法的理解。     

新安江水库不同区域沉积物年代学特征

为了研究新安江水库过去环境变化和预测区域环境质量,选取了水库的3个代表性区域采集沉积物柱心,运用放射性核素计年技术、结合粒度变化特征,计算了水库建库以来的分段沉积速率,分析了沉积环境演化。研究发现,湖心区沉积柱在32 cm处存在明显的~(137)Cs识别峰,该峰时标为1964年。基于~(210)Pb CRS计年模型获得库区过去60年的沉积年代,32 cm处时标为1963年,与~(137)Cs计年结果一致;两者1964~2015年平均沉积速率均为0.23 g/(cm~2·a)。放射性核素计年与沉积事件研究表明,利用沉积物粒度变化指示的沉积事件能够为近代沉积计年提供可靠的依据;结合各点分段沉积速率,说明建库事件相较于大范围泄洪对沉积速率的影响更大。     

松花湖沉积物~(137)Cs和~(210)Pb分布及沉积速率

松花湖沉积物柱心中存在3个明显的137Cs蓄积峰,分别是37 cm处的1964年蓄积峰、27 cm处的1971年蓄积峰和23 cm处的1975年蓄积峰.利用137Cs核素1964年和1975年对应蓄积峰计算的沉积速率分别为0.86 cm/a和0.71 cm/a.采用210Pb计年的常量初始浓度模式(CIC)计算的平均沉积速率为0.71 cm/a,两者估算的沉积速率吻合.松花湖1964-1975年间的沉积速率明显高于1975-2006年间的沉积速率.137Cs和210Pb计年方法的结合有助于提高沉积速率估算的准确性.     

东平湖沉积物 210Pb、137Cs 垂直分布及年代学意义

对东平湖沉积物柱状岩芯放射性年代学研究表明： 12cm处的 ¹³⁷Cs比活度峰值对应于1963年人工核试验高峰,9cm和6cm处的 ¹³⁷Cs比活度蓄积峰可能分别与1974年的全球核素散落和1986年前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站核泄漏有关; ²¹⁰Pb比活度随深度呈指数衰减,利用 ¹³⁷Cs核素1963年对应的蓄积峰进行校正,采用 ²¹⁰Pb计年的CRS模式建立了1889年以来东平湖现代沉积年代序列。根据 ²¹⁰Pb年代序列,计算了东平湖现代沉积速率,发现近百年来东平湖地区沉积速率有明显变化： 1889～1945年,沉积速率较高,平均达0.297g/cm2•a; 1945～1963年,沉积速率整体处于下降趋势; 1963～2000年,沉积速率比较稳定,平均约0.141g/cm2•a; 约2000年以来,沉积速率有增高趋势。通过分析认为,1945年以前东平湖较高的沉积速率可能与东平湖作为黄河水的自然滞洪区有关; 1950年代国家对东平湖的治理改造,控制了黄河水的自然倒灌,导致了东平湖沉积速率的迅速下降; 1963年以后,由于黄河上中游大型水利工程设施的修建,抑制了东平湖调洪功能的发挥,导致东平湖沉积速率低而稳定; 近年来,东平湖沉积速率有增大趋势,这可能与湖区人民发展围网养殖带入较多的沉积物有关。     

东北四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物纹层计年与137Cs、210Pb测年

对东北四海龙湾玛珥湖SHLF6孔纹层沉积物的¹³⁷Cs放射性测量表明:¹³⁷Cs比活度的最大值出现在55cm处,对应于1963年世界原子弹试爆高峰期。纹层计年表明0～6cm共有35个纹层层偶。从75cm到65cm,¹³⁷Cs比活度从256±009dpm/g急剧增加到1868±017dpm/g,可能65cm对应于1954年。通过测量²²⁶Ra子核²¹⁴Pb和²¹⁴Bi（能量为295keV,352keV和609keV）放射的光子数获得²²⁶Ra比活度数据,然后求得过剩²¹⁰Pb_{比活度（²¹⁰Pbuns）。²¹⁰Pbuns比活度随深度增加而呈指数衰减,其异常波动可能与人类活动以及沉积速率变化有关,例如55cm处²¹⁰Pb比活度较高,与¹³⁷Cs的峰值对应,这可能与1963年前后人工核实验的高峰有关,因为核试验不仅产生¹³⁷Cs,而且可以产生208Pb和²¹⁰Pb;45cm处²¹⁰Pb比活度较低,而²²⁶Ra较高,可能与人类活动加剧,导致沉积速率增加有关。根据²¹⁰PbunsCRS模式,SHLF6孔0～19cm的平均沉积速率为20mg/cm²·a,或约为011cm/a。²¹⁰Pb测年数据与¹³⁷Cs时标及纹层计年均有很好的一致性。四海龙湾玛珥湖发育的纹层为年纹层,可以建立高分辨率时间序列。}     

开放潮坪地区210Pbexc测年CIC和CRS计算模式的选择

现代沉积物测年方法已经在海岸带地区得到了广泛应用,但在开放潮坪地区还存一定的问题,尤其是在通过210Pb进行沉积速率计算时,常量初始浓度(constant initial concentration,简称CIC)模式和恒定补给速率(constant rate of supply,简称CRS)模式给出的结果通常差别很大,即使是与137Cs时标法进行比对时,有时也不易解释.这严重制约了现代沉积物测年方法在开放潮坪及浅海区的应用效果.有鉴于此,选取了其中的1个典型站位的柱状样品,同时开展210Pb_exc过量的210Pb的CRS模式和CIC模式计算,并与137Cs时标法进行对比,结合区域沉积历史数据,对210Pb_exc的CRS模式和CIC模式的选择进行了综合分析,为现代沉积物测年在海岸带地区的应用和解释提供了过程参考.结果显示,对210Pb_exc数据分段采用CIC模式获得的结果较CRS模式获得的更为可靠.这是因为海岸带地区,被潮流搬运来的沉积物更容易满足CIC计算模式所要求的前提条件,即沉积物中的210Pb_exc初始比活度是恒定的.作为一般数据使用者,更倾向于通过210Pb_exc测年方法(也就是CRS模式)能够获得每一层的年龄,但在海岸带地区应用该方法时就需要更加慎重.      

现代沉积的210Pb计年

²¹⁰Pb具有百年时间尺度沉积计年的重要价值。²¹⁰Pb_ex计年假设：沉积物是封闭系统；进入水体的²¹⁰Pb能有效地转移到沉积物中并不发生沉积后迁移；非过剩²¹⁰Pb与其母体²²⁶Ra保持平衡。²¹⁰Pb_ex计年可用稳定输入通量-稳定沉积物堆积速率模式、常量初始浓度模式或恒定补给速率模式。沉积物柱芯必须保持原态并以0．5～1cm间隔分截；用相应层节²²⁶Ra校正。沉积物表层混合作用及²²²Rn的丢失可能导致顶部²¹⁰Pb_ex异常。季节性缺氧湖泊沉积物顶部可能存在²¹⁰Pb及²¹⁰Po的再迁移。²¹⁰Pb与¹³⁷Cs两种计年方法原理上具有根本差别。²¹⁰Pb，¹³⁷Cs与沉积纹理方法对比是准确计年的重要保证。     

福建兴化湾外近海210Pb法沉积速率及校正方法

运用γ谱仪,对采自福建省兴化湾外近海海域的D37和FJ3-12孔进行了 ²¹⁰Pb 、²²⁶Ra和 ¹³⁷Cs 活度的测试,得到这3种核素活度随深度变化特征。分别运用 ²¹⁰Pb 法的CFCS模式(恒定通量恒定沉积模式,Constant Flux and Constant Sedimentation)和CRS模式(恒定供给速率模式,Constant Rate of Supply)以及 ¹³⁷Cs 时标法计算平均沉积速率,发现3种方式的计算结果存在一定差异。在排除粒度变化对核素剖面的影响后,对比不同取样深度的结果发现,指数衰减剖面不完整度(取样深度未达 ²¹⁰Pb 的本底值区)对运用CFCS和CRS模式计算平均沉积速率均有不利影响,其中对CRS模式的影响随剖面不完整性愈强而愈显著。为此提出了相关校正方法作为参考,即先根据CFCS模式估算平均沉积速率和相应的²¹⁰Pb_ex累积量,再通过CRS法建立钻孔年龄框架,由此可计算得出D37和FJ3-12孔的平均沉积速率分别为2.76cm/yr和4.53cm/yr。     

放射性同位素定年技术在崇明岛潮滩沉积速率上的应用研究

选取崇明岛北侧由东至西4个潮滩沉积柱,分析137Cs、226Ra和210Pb放射性比活度,应用210Pb和137Cs放射性同位素定年方法计算崇明岛潮滩沉积物沉积速率。对于东西两端,210Pb方法测得速率分别为3.08cm/a和2.34 cm/a,而137Cs测得速率分别为6.19 cm/a和2.06 cm/a。结果表明,137Cs定年方法计算出的潮滩沉积速率普遍大于210Pb方法结果;但两者反映了相同的速率规律。崇明岛主力生长方向为东和东北,西侧沉积作用相对较弱,表现出"东快西慢"的特点。沉积纵向上,1954年以来,自下而上沉积速率逐渐减缓。     

河口港湾沉积物中的(137)Cs剖面及其沉积学意义

本文通过对采自海南岛洋浦港?福建厦门外港?浙江象山港三个河口港湾的六个沉积柱样的137Cs分析,分别用137Cs剖面的最大峰值层及137Cs剖面的起始值层位估算了该六个站位的现代沉积速率,结果表明:在河口港湾沉积环境条件下,用137Cs剖面来估算沉积物的平均沉积速率是可行的,由137Cs最大值法,这六个站位的平均沉积速率分别为1.14cm/a?1.56cm/a?0.82cm/a?0.75cm/a?1.26cm/a?1.66cm/a,由137Cs最大值法得出的平均沉积速率其精确度与可信度要好于137Cs起始值得出的平均沉积速率?与210Pb法所得的结果符合的很好?137Cs起始值层位与预期值偏离的大小可以为我们提供有关该站位沉积环境?扰动作用强弱的信息?在应用137Cs剖面估算沉积速率时,还要注意沉积结构变化的影响?     

六氟化硫法测量33S/32S、34S/32S和36S/32S的方法研究

六氟化硫法是测量硫同位素组成的新方法。与传统的二氧化硫法相比，六氯化硫法有灵敏度高，准确度高，能同时测定扩δ³³S、δ³⁴S和δ³⁶S的优越性。本文介绍了国内第一台同位素分析用的六氟化硫制样装置，并报导了对硫化银、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、陨硫铁、方铅矿和闪锌矿等天然硫化物用六氟化硫法进行硫同位素测定的结果。结果表明，我们的装置和方法达到了国际上现有的水平，并在操作的方便性、可靠性及样品适用范围方面有所改进。     

State of disequilibrium between 238U, 234U, 226Ra and 222Rn in groundwater from bedrock

Approximately one thousand drilled wells were investigated for their natural radioactivity. The determinations of ²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²²⁶Ra and ²²²Rn from 310 samples showed a high state of radioactive disequilibrium between the members of the uranium series present in water. The ${}^{238}\text{U}{}^{226}\text{Ra}$ activity ratio usually fell in the range 1–20 and the ${}^{238}\text{U}{}^{222}\text{Rn}$ activity ratio in the range 1–20 × 10^?4, the highest activity ratios being from samples with an elevated uranium content. The ${}^{234}\text{U}{}^{238}\text{U}$ activity ratio varied between 0.76 and 4.67, the most frequent values showing a 60% excess of ²³⁴U in the samples. Most of the ${}^{234}\text{U}{}^{238}\text{U}$ activity ratios near unity were found in samples with a high uranium content. Several drilled wells with anomalously high uranium contents were found in southern Finland. The average ²²⁶Ra and ²²²Rn contents of these wells were not exceptionally high, which suggests high mobility of uranium in groundwater from the areas involved.     

Ground water geochemistry of 228Ra, 226Ra and 222Rn

²²⁸Ra, ²²⁶Ra, and ²²²Rn activities were determined on over 150 ground water samples collected from drilled, public water supply wells throughout South Carolina. A wide range of aquifer lithologies were sampled including the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont and sedimentary deposits of the Coastal Plain. A significant linear relationship between log ²²⁸Ra and log ²²⁶Ra (n = 182, r = 0.83) was indistinguishable between Piedmont and Coastal Plain ground water. Median ${}^{228}\text{Ra}{}^{226}\text{Ra}$ activity ratios for the Piedmont, 1.2, and Coastal Plain, 1.3, ground water are close to estimated average crustal ${}^{232}\text{Th}{}^{238}\text{U}$ activity ratios of 1.2 to 1.5 corresponding to Th/U weight ratios of 3.5 to 4.5. A linear correlation was also found between log ²²²Rn and log ²²⁶Ra for Piedmont (n = 68, r = 0.62) and Coastal Plain (n = 89, r = 0.64) ground water. However, the median ${}^{222}\text{Rn}{}^{226}\text{Ra}$ activity ratio for Piedmont ground water, 6100, was much higher than for Coastal Plain ground water, 230. Higher excess ²²²Rn activities may be due to greater retention of ²²⁶Ra by the chemically active Piedmont aquifers compared to the more inert sand aquifers sampled in the Coastal Plain. The relationship between log ²²⁸Ra and log ²²⁶Ra was used to predict total Ra (${}^{228}\text{Ra +}{}^{226}\text{Ra}$) distributions in Appalachian and Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain ground water. Predictions estimate that 2.4% of Appalachian and 5.3% of Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain ground water supplies contain total Ra activities in excess of the 5 pCi/l limit established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These predictions also indicate that 40–50% of these ground water wells may be overlooked using the presently suggested screening activity of 3.0 pCi/l of ²²⁶Ra for ²²⁸Ra analysis.     

40Ar(40Ar＊＋40ArE)、39Ar释气特征与过剩氩的甄别及年代学意义

对具有不同地质历史背景的3类⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法样品中的⁴⁰Ar和³⁹Ar释出特征进行对比,研究结果表明,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法样品中的⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线主要表现为以下3种形式:完全重合型、过剩氩型和不规则型。当⁴⁰Ar与³⁹Ar释气曲线呈完全重合型时,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法全熔年龄代表了岩体的形成年龄;当⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线是过剩氩型时,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法全熔年龄则大于岩体的形成年龄;当⁴⁰Ar与³⁹Ar释气曲线呈不规则型时,表明样品中的放射成固氩(⁴⁰Ar^*)发生了丢失,其全熔年龄一般较岩体的形成年龄小。对于⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线呈过剩氩型的样品,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法年龄谱通常呈马鞍形,且马鞍形年龄谱的底部年龄一般都具有地质意义,代表了岩体的形成年龄。对于⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线呈不规则型的样品,对其年龄谱的解释应持谨慎态度。     

238U/235U分馏及其地质应用

铀是自然界中天然存在的最重的放射性元素。传统观点认为²³⁸U/²³⁵U是不分馏的,但近些年的研究发现自然界中铀同位素分馏δ^238/235U可达1.3‰,远大于多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICPMS）的测试精度±0.2‰（2σ）。铀同位素的分馏机制与核场效应有关,自然界中最大的δ^238/235U分馏发生在氧化性沉积物（形成于氧化环境下的大洋锰结核富集轻铀同位素）和还原性沉积物（形成于还原环境下的黑色页岩富集重铀同位素）中,次氧化性沉积物和海水中δ^238/235U的分馏则小于前两者。由于具有对氧化-还原环境较敏感的特性,铀同位素被认为是理想的反演古海洋及古大气氧化还原环境变化的手段之一。δ^238/235U在形成于不同氧化-还原环境的高温型铀矿床（比如岩浆型）和低温型铀矿床（比如砂岩型）之间存在明显的同位素分馏,此特征可以作为确定铀矿床类型的重要依据。铀同位素分馏现象的发现,提示人们在应用Pb-Pb体系进行年轻地质体高精度测年时需要考虑到铀同位素分馏对测年精确度的影响。文章对近年来有关²³⁸U/²³⁵U的研究成果做了详细介绍,以推动铀同位素体系在地球科学领域的研究和应用。     

1H and 13C NMR of marine humic acids

¹³C and ¹H NMR spectra were obtained for humic acids isolated from marine sediments. NMR shows great promise in identifying structural components of humic acids as some new and interesting structural features are identified. Aliphatic structures were found to constitute a much larger fraction of humic acids than previously thought, and they appeared to be highly branched. Although the aromatic content of terrestrial humic acid was found to be lower than expected, the aromaticity appears to be a specific discriminator of terrestrial/aquatic source types. A humic acid isolated from an anoxic algal sapropel was found to be composed predominantly of polyuronic acids and different than other aquatic sedimentary humic substances.     

Assessment of 137Cs and 90Sr fluxes in the Barents Sea

The annual balance of radionuclides inflow/outflow was assessed for ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr isotopes in the Barents Sea, taking into account the atmospheric precipitation, inflow from the Norwegian and the White seas, as well as riverine discharge, liquid radioactive waste disposal (LRWD), and outflow to the adjacent seas. The original and published data for the period of 1950–2009 were analyzed. According to the multiyear dynamics (1960–2009), the inflow of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr into the Barents Sea was significantly preconditioned by the Norwegian Sea currents; and precipitation played a major role in the 1950s, 1960s, and in 1986. Currently, the trans-border redeposition of ⁹⁰Sr prevails over ¹³⁷Cs redeposition in the Barents Sea, and constitutes about 99% of inflow of each element.     

硝酸盐中15N和18O测试新技术

最近40年,硝酸盐(NO-3)已成为最常见的地下水污染源之一.本文介绍了用CaO除去CO2与H2O的测定氮同位素比值的燃烧管方法和用AeNO3+C(石墨)生成CO2的测定NO-3中氧同位素比值的燃烧法,它们是1995年以后发展起来的最新测试技术.     

A comparative study on 28Al and 53Mn in eighteen chondrites

An investigation on the low energy cosmic ray products ²⁶Al and ⁵³Mn in 18 chondrites encompassed several side aspects in meteoritics. The ratio of observed to calculated specific activity of ²⁶Al in 13 chondrites with recovered masses ranging from ~ 3 to 2000 kg remains constant within ±15 per cent of a mean of 0.93. This is consistent with Fuse and Anders' observation of invariance of the ²⁶Al-production rate with depth and size. A plot of the ⁵³Mn specific production rate (dpm/kg Fe) versus recovered meteorite mass revealed that the compensation by the secondaries for the absorption of the primaries is also effective in the case of ⁵³Mn. Thus, the ⁵³Mn production rate remains rather constant within ±15 per cent of a mean of 520 dpm/kg Fe for most of the stones. Applying this information to two chondrites, Ladder Creek and Scurry, of known relatively short exposure and terrestrial ages, the ⁵³Mn half-life (T₅₃), computed from their ⁵³Mn_obs/²⁶Al_obs ratios, is found to be 3.85 ± 0.4 m.y. which agrees very well with the currently accepted value of T₅₃ = 3.8 ± 0.6 m.y. From the observed ⁵³Mn/⁵⁴Mn activity ratio in Allende, relative to the production rate ratio of 0.98, an exposure age of t_R = 4.2 m.y. is derived, in concordance with literature data. The result strongly suggests that this isotope pair holds promise as an index of absolute radiation ages of fresh falls.