气候变化对中亚草地生态系统碳循环的影响研究

准确评估草地生产力、碳源/碳汇功能,分析气候变化对草地生态系统碳循环的影响,对于草地资源的合理开发和有效保护至关重要。选取对气候变化以及人类干扰高度敏感的中亚干旱区草地生态系统为研究对象,利用Biome-BGC模型,模拟分析其NPP、NEP的年际变化趋势及其空间分布格局。结果显示：（1）1979-2011年中亚地区草地生态系统NPP年平均值为135.6 gC·m^-2·a^-1,且随着时间的推移呈现出波动下降的趋势,下降速率为0.34 gC·m^-2·a^-1。（2）NEP的年平均值为-8.3 gC·m^-2·a^-1,表现为碳源,且该值随着时间的推移呈现出波动上升的趋势,上升速率为0.58 gC·m^-2·a^-1。（3）NPP高值区域在降水较为丰富的天山山脉附近以及哈萨克斯坦北部。（4）NPP的年际变化与降水量的年际变化趋势基本一致,相关系数为0.52;NPP与温度的相关系数为-0.28,未达到显著相关水平。本研究实现了Biome-BGC模型在中亚干旱区草地生态系统的应用,对评价干旱区草地生态系统碳源/碳汇功能及其在全球碳循环和全球变化中的作用、实现中亚草地生态系统的可持续利用、完善区域和全球碳循环理论体系具有重要意义。     

基于BIOME-BGC模型的三峡库区不同草地群落碳源/汇的动态变化研究

三峡库区草地群落净生态系统生产力(NEP)的核算对于碳源/汇功能评价和生态屏障功能诊断具有重要理论意义。本文选取三峡库区的三种典型草地群落(雀梅藤群落、芒草群落、扭黄茅群落)为研究对象。基于气象数据和基础数据(高程、植被类型、土壤质地等),利用BIOME-BGC模型模拟并分析了1999—2013年库区草地群落植被NPP、NEP的变化特征及其与水热因子的相关性,分析了碳储量的变化特征及储存分布差异。结果表明:三种草地群落的植被NPP、NEP的年内变化规律均呈现倒U型,其中7—8月数值最大,呈现出明显碳源—碳汇—碳源的变化特征;三种草地群落多年NEP的平均值分别为6.63、4.85、4.17 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1),碳汇功能明显。不同草地群落NPP、NEP对水热因子响应差异明显,其中雀梅藤群落NPP与温度呈显著正相关,与降水量呈负相关;芒草群落、扭黄茅群落NPP与温度均呈负相关,与降水量呈正相关;三个草地群落的NEP与温度均呈正相关,与降水量均呈负相关。三种草地群落碳储量丰富,多年累计值分别为33 979、50 750、29 236 kg C·m~(-2),且85%~90%储存在土壤中,植被碳储量最少约为3%~4%。     

黄河流域植被净初级生产力时空特征及自然驱动因子

植被净初级生产力（NPP）是陆地生态系统的关键指标,是地表碳循环的重要组成部分,能够用来较客观地评价生态系统变化及其可持续性。利用MOD17A3HGF数据、土地利用数据、气象数据、地形数据,应用变化趋势分析、相关性分析及地理探测器模型等方法,探讨了2000—2019年黄河流域NPP（以C计量）时空格局及演变特征,并对影响NPP的自然因子进行量化研究。结果表明：（1）2000—2019年黄河流域植被NPP整体呈极显著上升趋势（）。流域平均年NPP为281.39 g·m^-2,变化范围为270—347 g·m^-2,增速为5.75 g·m^-2·a^-1。流域NPP显著增加的区域占整个流域面积的99.53%,空间分布呈西北低东南高的趋势。（2）不同土地利用类型的植被NPP年平均值差异较大,林地是对该区域植被NPP贡献最大的土地利用类型。（3）NPP与海拔之间存在一定相关性,NPP与气温、降水显著正相关的区域分别占总面积的23.20%和44.17%,自然驱动因子中海拔、气温及降水对植被NPP的驱动作用差异明显,降水>气温>海拔,各因子之间的交互作用均为双因子增强。     

西藏NPP时空格局与气候因子的关系

根据2000-2012年1 km MOD17A3 NPP遥感数据和气温、降水等气象资料,在GIS支撑下,结合多种统计计算方法,对西藏NPP时空格局与气候因子的关系进行研究。结果表明:2000-2012年间西藏陆地植被的NPP为119.3～148.4 g·m^-2·a^-1,平均为135.2 g·m^-2·a^-1;近年来西藏NPP呈不显著上升趋势,NPP总体上由东南向西北逐渐变小。13年来西藏NPP在总体不变(面积占61.11%)的基础上略有增加(面积占10.7%);不同植被类型中阔叶林的NPP最大,为1 185.2～1 430.2 g·m^-2·a^-1,其次是混交林,为535.1～741.2 g·m^-2·a^-1,其后依次是稀树草原、针叶林、农用地、草地和灌丛;西藏NPP与气温、降水因子分别有较好的正、负相关性。所有植被类型都与年均气温呈正相关,其中草地的NPP与年均气温的相关系数达0.88,其次是针叶林为0.76,相关性最差为热带稀树草原0.13;与年降水量的相关性,除了热带稀树草原正相关(0.26),其余都负相关,草地、针叶林的相关系数分别为-0.79、-0.73。     

基于CSCS改进CASA模型的中国草地净初级生产力模拟

将草原综合顺序分类系统（CSCS）中的热量指标（∑θ）和湿润度指标（K）引入CASA模型。利用该模型模拟了2004-2008年中国41个草地类的净初级生产力（NPP）,并分析了其时空变化和不同草地类NPP变化。结果表明：2004-2008年中国草地NPP模拟平均值与实测平均值分别为503.8 g·m^-2·a^-1和567.3 g·m^-2·a^-1,两者较为接近。各类草地的平均误差和平均相对误差均值分别为4.85 g·m^-2·a^-1和7.6%。草地NPP的实测值和模拟值相关性较好。改进CASA模型模拟值比Miami和Thornthwaite Memorial模型模拟值更接近实测值。NPP空间分布呈东高西低,南高北低,从西北向东南逐渐增加的趋势,体现了K和∑θ的水平和垂直地带性分布规律。2004-2008年中国草地NPP总体呈现增加趋势,其总量增加了23.0%。草地NPP年均值在不同植被类型中差异显著,分布规律与CSCS划分草地类的K和∑θ密切相关。总之,改进后的CASA模型模拟精度较高,实现了草地NPP模拟与草地分类的相互关联。     

内蒙古草地生态系统碳源/汇时空格局及其与气候因子的关系

草地净生态系统生产力(NEP)能够表征草地生态系统的固碳能力,直接定性定量地描述草地生态系统的碳源/汇性质和大小.因此,研究区域尺度草地生态系统NEP具有重要的实践意义.基于卫星遥感资料,地面气象观测资料及实地采样数据,结合光能利用率模型估算了2001-2012年内蒙古草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP).同时,应用土壤呼吸模型估算了逐月平均土壤呼吸量(Rs),进而估算内蒙古草地净生态系统生产力(NEP).研究揭示了2001-2012年内蒙古草地生态系统NPP,NEP年际变化规律,气候因子的年际变化规律,以及草地NPP,NEP与主要气候因子的关系.结果表明:2001年以来,内蒙古草地生态系统整体发挥碳汇效应,净碳汇总量达到0.55 Pg C,年均固碳率约为0.046 Pg C/a;研究区大部分草地NPP,NEP与降水均呈正相关关系,与温度相关性不显著,内蒙古草地生态系统仍有巨大的固碳潜力.     

未来气候情景下中国植被净初级生产力稳定性及气候影响

中国陆地生态系统在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用,植被净初级生产力(NPP)是重要碳循环分量。但对中国植被NPP未来变化趋势、稳定性及应对气候变化机制的研究尚少见报道。本文应用前期发展的生态系统过程模型CEVSA-RS,分别模拟了RCP4.5和RCP8.5气候情景下2006—2099年中国植被NPP,利用分段线性回归分析NPP年际变化转折点,采用滑动窗口法分析NPP稳定性的变化及气温和降水的影响。结果表明：(1)中国植被NPP在RCP4.5和RCP8.5气候情景下的总量分别为4.41 Pg C a^-1和4.40 Pg C a^-1,季风区分别贡献了总量的72.8%和73.4%。(2)两种情景下NPP年际变化均为先增后减,转折点分别为2062年和2055年;转折年份之前NPP分别以5.3 g C m-210a^-1、6.5 g Cm-210a^-1显著增加,后以前期的4.28倍和2.57倍速率下降。(3)两种气候情景下滑动窗口计算的NPP稳定性分别以-2.9%10a^-1和-4.3%10a<...     

基于CASA模型的植被第一性生产力人为影响定量研究——以石羊河流域为例

人类活动是影响植被净第一性生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）变化的主要因子之一,定量计算NPP人为影响值具有重要意义。以石羊河流域为研究区,采用改进CASA模型计算理论NPP和实际NPP,并求得NPP人为影响值,分析了该流域NPP人为影响值的分布和变化规律。结果表明：（1）2001-2014年石羊河流域年均实际NPP为261.70 gC·m^-2·a^-1,总量为10.62 TgC·a^-1,NPP呈略微上升趋势。（2）人类活动对NPP的正向和负向影响都非常强烈,影响值介于-644.15~740.31 gC·m^-2·a^-1之间。在人为作用下,正向影响总量年均为1.93 TgC·a^-1,负向影响总量年均为3.16 TgC·a^-1,整体表现为明显负影响,表明该流域植被在人为作用下一直处于退化状态。（3）研究期间人为作用变化显著,人为正负影响绝对值之和呈减小趋势（年均减少速率为26 592 gC·m^-2·a^-1）,说明人类活动有所减缓;同时人为正负影响值代数和也呈减小趋势（年均减少速率为82 856 gC·m^-2·a^-1）,说明人类对植被的负影响效应正在减弱,表明治理初见成效。（4）研究期间人为负向影响减弱区面积占流域面积的41.04%,主要分布在下游荒漠区,说明下游植被NPP有所增加,生态环境有所改善。     

2000—2014年青藏高原植被净初级生产力时空变化及对气候变化的响应

青藏高原是全球气候变化最敏感的地区之一。计算青藏高原生态系统净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity, NPP)对精确估算全球碳循环具有重要意义。基于CEVSA模型，利用M-K趋势检验法、Sen’s斜率估计法及Pearson相关系数法，分析了2000—2014年青藏高原生态系统的净初级生产力时空变化特征。结果表明：（1） 青藏高原高寒生态系统净初级生产力在空间分布上表现出由东南向西北减小的趋势，在东部及东南部的森林区NPP在600~1 200 gC·m^-2·a^-1之间，中部草原和草甸区NPP在200~400 gC·m^-2·a^-1之间，西部和北部荒漠区，受水热条件的限制NPP很小，该趋势与水热分布趋势基本一致。（2） NPP年际变化与多年平均气温呈正相关，与降水量呈负相关。NPP与气温呈正相关的地区面积占研究区总面积的82.24%，与降水量呈负相关的地区面积占49.31%，表明气温是影响植被NPP空间分布的主要因子。（3） 近15 a来，青藏高原 NPP整体呈增加趋势，与气温趋势变化一致，降水量表现出微弱的减少趋势，气温的增加伴随降水量的减少是青藏高原NPP缓慢增加的主要原因。因此，准确描述NPP对气候变化响应的能力将使我们能够深入理解陆地生态系统应对全球变化做出的反应。     

干旱区内陆湖盆沙尘水平通量及粒度特征——以青土湖地区为例

内陆季节性湖盆是干旱区重要的粉尘来源地,其沙尘的排放会通过一系列的陆地-大气相互作用对区域气候及生态环境产生重大影响。以青土湖、南湖和红沙岗为研究对象,利用BSNE型沙尘仪采集沙尘物质,探讨不同地区沙尘水平通量和粒度特征。结果表明：5个测点平均沙尘水平通量表现为青土湖北(612.1 kg·m^-2·a^-1)>青土湖南(84.6kg·m^-2·a^-1)>青土湖东(35.2 kg·m^-2·a^-1)>红沙岗(11.0 kg·m^-2·a^-1)>南湖(10.7 kg·m^-2·a^-1),随着高度增加,青土湖北和青土湖东沙尘水平通量快速降低,青土湖南和红沙岗的下降速度分别在0.5 m和1 m高度以上放缓,南湖先降后增;沙尘颗粒物主要为粉沙和极细沙,其次为细沙和黏土,除青土湖南外,其余测点随着高度的增加呈粉沙含量递增、细沙含量递减、平均粒径变细的趋势;5个测点总体表...     

雅鲁藏布江源头区的植被及其地理分布特征

雅鲁藏布江源头区是国家级重要生态功能区,该区域自然背景资料极为缺乏。2002—06和2002—11,结合遥感影像数据,对源头区主要河谷典型地理环境位点植被进行了2次地面踏勘。结果表明：源头区主要植被类型有高寒草原、高寒草甸、高寒灌丛以及高寒垫状植物和流石坡植物。高寒草原类型主要有紫花针茅(Stipa pur purea)草原、青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii)草原、固沙草(Orinus thoroldii)草原、藏白蒿(Artemisia younghusbandii)草原、藏沙蒿(Artemisia weiibyi)草原。高寒草甸主要类型有高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸、藏北嵩草(Kobresia littledalei)、三角草(Trikeraia hookeri)草甸。高寒灌丛的主要建群种有小叶金露梅(Potentilla parvifolia)、金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)和变色锦鸡儿(Caragana versicolor)。在雪线附近有由多种高寒植物组成的垫状植物群落和流石坡稀疏植物。对群落的物种组成,分布区的土壤、水分等生态要素以及植被地理格局进行了概括性描述。     

青藏铁路格尔木至安多段沿线高寒植被、土壤特性与人工植被恢复研究

 对青藏铁路格尔木至安多段沿线不同海拔梯度下高寒植被与土壤特征进行研究。沿线高寒植被的主要分布种有91个,主要建群种为:紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、青藏苔草(Carex moorcroftii Falc)、藏异燕麦(Helictotrichon tibeticum)、黄芪(Astragalus)、棘豆(Oxytropis)、粗壮嵩草(Kobresia robusta Maximowicz)、矮嵩草(Kobresia robusta Maximowicz)等。高寒植被物种数、平均盖度、地下生物量和总生物量与海拔呈正相关性,而平均高度和地上生物量与海拔呈负相关性。沿线高寒植物群落主要可划分为海拔小于4 000 m的高寒荒漠植被、海拔4 000~4 500 m的高寒河谷灌丛植被、海拔4 500~4 700 m的高寒草原植被、海拔4 700~4 800 m的高寒垫状植被、海拔4 800~4 900 m的高寒草甸植被和海拔5 000 m左右的高寒沼泽和高寒流石坡植被。土壤全氮和有机质含量都与海拔高度呈正相关性,但全磷、全钾及pH值则在高海拔地区达到最低。沿线土壤颗粒组成主要以中、细沙(d＜0.4 mm)为主,占到了总含量的85%以上,因此,中、细沙是构成沿线土壤的最主要颗粒。沿线植被恢复比较有效的方法是选择紫花针茅、垂穗披碱草、燕麦、棘豆、黄芪、蒿草、梭罗草等当地草种,采取原生植物种子异地繁殖,再经沿线播种或栽培抚育,从而达到植被恢复的目的。该研究对青藏铁路沿线的植被恢复与植物防沙工程具有一定的指导意义。     

雅鲁藏布江中上游沙生植物群落结构及多样性分布格局

雅鲁藏布江流域作为西藏重要的人口聚居区,其植物群落结构及多样性格局吸引着众多学者的关注。本文沿雅鲁藏布江中上游流域河岸两侧原生生境设置44个样地,共计220个样方,计算植物的重要值并进行群落分类。结合1985–2015年多年平均降水量和多年平均气温数据以及样地的坡位、坡度等生境数据,采用偏冗余分析(偏RDA)的方法探讨雅鲁藏布江中上游地区植物多样性分布格局及其环境影响因素,根据样地的生物多样性指数预测雅鲁藏布江中上游地区植物多样性分布格局。结果表明:研究区植被群落按重要值划分为垫型蒿—紫花针茅群落、藏沙蒿—羊茅群落、金露梅—固沙草群落、三角草—冷蒿群落、高山嵩草群落、砂生槐—臭蒿群落、砂生槐—白草群落等7个群落;生物多样性随着经度降低、纬度升高和海拔增加而减少;雅鲁藏布江中上游植物多样性分布格局具有明显的地带性特征,水分和热量对植物多样性分布格局的解释率分别为19.3%和5.7%,而二者共同解释了60.8%的空间变异,耦合效应明显;雅鲁藏布江中上游地区植物多样性呈现由西北向东南逐渐升高的分布格局。     

Quantitative Classification and Ordination of Plant Communities in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

Based on vegetation survey data and environmental data of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, we conducted a quantitative ecological analysis of the vegetation community composition and the relationship between species and the environment in the study area. The results showed that 44 sampling sites and 68 plant species in the study area can be classified into seven subtypes: Artemisia minor + Stipa purpurea; Artemisia demissa + Stipa purpurea + Artemisia wellbyi; Kobresia pygmaea; Trikeraia hookeri; Sophora moorcroftiana + Cotoneaster multiflorus + Pennisetum centrasiaticum; Artemisia frigida; Potentilla fruticosa + Orinus thoroldii. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) indicated that both longitude and altitude play important roles in site and species distribution patterns. In addition, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, changes in temperature and precipitation caused by longitude are the main factors controlling the formation and transition of vegetation community types. Moreover, natural vegetation could be divided into three types: desert steppe community (source area), alpine steppe community (middle reaches region), and shrub community (confluence of Yarlung Zangbo River and Nyangqu River).     

青海海北高寒草甸五种植被生物量及环境条件比较

分析了高寒草甸不同植被类型植物种类组成、生物量变化规律及其差异。研究表明不同植被类型的分布与土壤湿度和温度有很大的关系。藏篙草草甸、金露梅灌丛草甸、矮篙草草甸、正恢复的矮篙草草甸、小嵩草草甸这5种不同植被类型所对应的土壤湿度依次降低，而所对应的土壤温度依次升高；植物种类数量表现为矮嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞小篙草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸＞藏篙草草甸。地上生物量高低依次为小嵩草革甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸＞藏篙草草甸；地下生物量则表现出金露梅灌丛革甸＞矮嵩草甸＞小篙草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸的特征，而其在年内的周转值表现出金露梅灌丛草甸＞正承复的矮嵩草草甸＞小篙草草甸＞矮篙草草甸;土壤有机质的季节变化表现为0—40cn整层土壤有机质含量小嵩草草甸＞金露梅灌丛草甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸，0—10cm的表层土壤有机质金露梅灌丛草甸＞矮嵩草草甸＞小嵩草草甸＞正恢复的矮篙草草甸。     

Evaluation of the carbon sequestration of Zhalong Wetland under climate change

Wetland ecosystems are crucial to the global carbon cycle.In this study,the Zhalong Wetland was investigated.Based on remote sensing and meteorological observation data from 1975–2018 and the downscaled fifth phase of the coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP5) climate projection dataset from 1961–2100,the parameters of a net primary productivity (NPP) climatic potential productivity model were adjusted,and the simulation ability of the CMIP5 coupled models was evaluated.On this basis,we analysed the spatial and temporal variations of land cover types and landscape transformation processes in the Zhalong Nature Reserve over the past 44 years.We also evaluated the influence of climate change on the NPP of the vegetation,microbial heterotrophic respiration (Rh),and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of the Zhalong Wetland and predicted the carbon sequestration potential of the Zhalong Wetland from 2019–2029 under the representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios.Our results indicate the following:(1) Herbaceous bog was the primary land cover type of the Zhalong Nature Reserve,occupying an average area of 1168.02±224.05 km~2,equivalent to 51.84%of the total reserve area.(2)Since 1975,the Zhalong Nature Reserve has undergone a dry–wet–dry transformation process.Excluding several wet periods during the mid-1980s to early 1990s,the reserve has remained a dry habitat,with particularly severe conditions from 2000 onwards.(3) The 1975–2018 mean NPP,Rh,and NEP values of the Zhalong Wetland were 500.21±52.76,337.59±10.80,and 162.62±45.56 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1),respectively,and an evaluation of the carbon balance indicated that the reserve served as a carbon sink.(4) From 1975–2018,NPP showed a significant linear increase,Rh showed a highly significant linear increase,while the increase in the carbon absorption rate was smaller than the increase in the carbon release rate.(5) Variations in NPP and NEP were precipitation-driven,with the correlations of NPP and NEP with annual precipitation and summer precipitation being highly significantly positive(P0.001);variations in Rh were temperature-driven,with the correlations of Rh with the average annual,summer,and autumn temperatures being highly significantly positive (P0.001).The interaction of precipitation and temperature enhances the impact on NPP,Rh and NEP.(6) Under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios,the predicted carbon sequestration by the Zhalong Wetland from 2019–2029 was 2.421 (±0.225)×10~(11) g C·a~(-1) and 2.407 (±0.382)×10~(11) g C·a~(-1),respectively,which were both lower than the mean carbon sequestration during the last 44 years (2.467 (±0.950)×10~(11) g C·a~(-1)).Future climate change may negatively contribute to the carbon sequestration potential of the Zhalong Wetland.The results of the present study are significant for enhancing the abilities of integrated eco-meteorological monitoring,evaluation,and early warning systems for wetlands.     

草盛期不同类型高寒草甸CO2释放速率的比较研究

Potentilla fruticosa scrub, Kobresia humilis meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4 September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO2 emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO2 emission rates from various treatments were 672.09±152.37 mgm^-2h^-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41±191.99 mgm^-2h^-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36±174.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95±237.02 mgm^-2h^-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48±205.67 mgm^-2h^-1 for GC (grass treatment); 268.97±99.72 mgm^-2h^-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm^-2h^-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore, Kobresia humilis meadow, Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO2 emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG>FC>LC>GC. Moreover, in Kobresia hurnilis meadow,heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, in Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from GG; 49% and 51% from GC. In addition, root respiration from Kobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO2m^-2h^-1,contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period, Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 gm^-2 and 243.89 gm^-2 respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO2 emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and CO2 emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture maybe the inhibitory factor of CO2 emission from Kobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research     

Comparative study on CO2 emissionsfrom different types of alpine meadowsduring grass exuberance period

Potentilla fruticosa scrub, Kobresia humilis meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During the grass exuberance period from 3 July to 4 September, based on close chamber-GC method, a study on CO2 emissions from different treatments was conducted in these meadows at Haibei research station, CAS. Results indicated that mean CO2 emission rates from various treatments were 672.09±152.37 mgm-2h-1 for FC (grass treatment); 425.41±191.99 mgm-2h-1 for FJ (grass exclusion treatment); 280.36±174.83 mgm-2h-1 for FL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); 838.95±237.02 mgm-2h-1 for GG (scrub+grass treatment); 528.48±205.67 mgm-2h-1 for GC (grass treatment); 268.97±99.72 mgm-2h-1 for GL (grass and roots exclusion treatment); and 659.20±94.83 mgm-2h-1 for LC (grass treatment), respectively (FC, FJ, FL, GG, GC, GL, LC were the Chinese abbreviation for various treatments). Furthermore, Kobresia humilis meadow, Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow and Kobresia tibetica meadow differed greatly in average CO2 emission rate of soil-plant system, in the order of GG>FC>LC>GC. Moreover, in Kobresia humilis meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 42% and 58% of the total respiration of soil-plant system respectively, whereas, in Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration accounted for 32% and 68% of total system respiration from GG; 49% and 51% from GC. In addition, root respiration from Kobresia humilis meadow approximated 145 mgCO2m-2h-1, contributed 34% to soil respiration. During the experiment period, Kobresia humilis meadow and Potentilla fruticosa scrub meadow had a net carbon fixation of 111.11 gm-2 and 243.89 gm-2, respectively. Results also showed that soil temperature was the main factor which influenced CO2 emission from alpine meadow ecosystem, significant correlations were found between soil temperature at 5 cm depth and CO2 emission from GG, GC, FC and FJ treatments. In addition, soil moisture may be the inhibitory factor of CO2 emission from Kobresia tibetica meadow, and more detailed analyses should be done in further research.     

Alpine wetlands in the Lhasa River Basin, China

The Lhasa River Basin is one of the typical distribution regions of alpine wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau. It is very important to get a better understanding of the background and characteristics of alpine wetland for monitoring, protection and utilization. Wetland construction and distribution in the basin were analyzed based on multi-source data including field investigation data, CBERS remote sensing data and other thematic data provided by 3S technology. The results are (1) the total area of wetlands is 209,322.26 hm2, accounting for 6.37% of the total land area of the basin. The wetlands are mainly dominated by natural wetland, with artificial wetland occupying only 1.09% of the wetland area; marsh wetland is the principal part of natural wetland, dominated by Kobresia littledalei swampy meadow which is distributed in the river source area and upstream of Chali, Damshung and Medro Gongkar counties. The ratio and type of wetlands in different counties differ significantly, which are widely distributed in Chali and Damshung counties (accounting for 62% of the total wetland area). (2) The concentrated vertical distribution of wetlands is at an elevation of 3600–5100 m. The wetlands are widely distributed throughout the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley from river source to river mouth into the Yarlung Zangbo River. Marsh wetland is dominant in the source area and upstream of the river, with the mosaic distribution of lakes, Kobresia littledalei and Carex moorcroftii swampy meadow, shrubby swamp and river; as for the middle-down streams, the primary types are river wetland and flooded wetland. The distribution is in a mosaic pattern of river, Kobresia humilis and Carex moorcroftii swampy meadow, Phragmites australis and subordinate grass marsh, flooded wetland and artificial wetland.