小波勒山地区1颐5 万地球化学数据处理与异常评价

以小波勒山地区1:5万水系沉积物数据为对象,利用相关分析和R型聚类分析确定研究区成矿元素组合为Pb-Ag-Zn-Cu-Bi(铅多金属成矿组合)和Mo-W-Sn(钼多金属成矿组合),以线性方法构置组合变量F1(Pb-Ag-Zn-Cu-Bi)、F2(Mo-W-Sn),组合变量中的各元素权重根据该元素对主成矿元素的相关性强度来确定;运用趋势面分析方法圈定研究区两个组合变量的异常图.结果显示,根据组合变量所圈定的综合异常与研究区已知矿化地段重合性很强.结合成矿地质条件对所圈定异常进行评价.确定出具Ⅰ级找矿潜力异常区3个,Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级找矿潜力异常区各2个,为研究区下一步找矿方向的确定提供了科学的依据.     

小波勒山地区1:5万地球化学数据处理与异常评价

以小波勒山地区1:5万水系沉积物数据为对象,利用相关分析和R型聚类分析确定研究区成矿元素组合为Pb-Ag-Zn-Cu-Bi(铅多金属成矿组合)和Mo-W-Sn(钼多金属成矿组合),以线性方法构置组合变量F1(Pb-Ag-Zn-Cu-Bi)、F2(Mo-W-Sn),组合变量中的各元素权重根据该元素对主成矿元素的相关性强度来确定;运用趋势面分析方法圈定研究区两个组合变量的异常图。结果显示,根据组合变量所圈定的综合异常与研究区已知矿化地段重合性很强。结合成矿地质条件对所圈定异常进行评价,确定出具Ⅰ级找矿潜力异常区3个,Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级找矿潜力异常区各2个,为研究区下一步找矿方向的确定提供了科学的依据。     

核主成分分析在地球化学元素组合异常圈定中的应用

地球化学元素作为成矿预测一种重要的数据源,其异常分析往往是进行下一步找矿工作的基础,也是确定找矿靶区一种重要技术手段。作者以青海省大柴旦镇柴达木山南坡一带为研究区,通过开展1:10 000土壤地球化学测量,共分析了Au、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Sb六种元素,采用核主成分分析地球化学元素组合异常,并与主成分分析进行比较分析,从应用结果可以看出核主成分的降维效果更好。从异常等值线图可以看出,采用核主成分的异常区域分布更加集中,所圈定的元素组合异常与已知矿床点在空间上具有良好的对应关系,说明利用核主成分圈定元素组合异常能够较好地确认地球化学元素组合异常。     

基于成分数据分析和多重分形滤波技术识别青海红垭豁地区地球化学异常

红垭豁地区位于青藏高原东北缘，秦祁昆晚加里东造山系中祁连构造带内，区内岩浆岩分布广泛，成矿条件优越。为有效提取矿致地球化学异常，本文采用主成分分析(PCA)和多重分形模型(S-A)方法对研究区沟系641件土壤样品异常进行了提取及ilr(对数比)变换，并结合密度曲线及箱线图，对比三类数据(原始、对数、ilr变换)元素的多元统计含量特征，运用S-A提取研究区地球化学异常及背景。结果显示，ilr变换后数据消除了数据闭合效应，元素含量更接近正态分布。主成分分析得到2类不同的元素组合，PC1为Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn元素组合，即中高温热液成矿元素组合形式，代表与侵入体和断裂有关的Cu-Pb-Zn多金属矿化，反映了铜多金属矿成矿过程的叠加；PC2为Au、As、Sb元素组合，代表与金锑矿化有关的低温热液活动。PC1分解图显示，PC1低背景、高异常主要分布在安山岩地层中，且周围附近有中酸性侵入岩及构造破碎带，为铜多金属矿提供物质来源，经异常查证，发现铜矿体1条。研究认为，红垭豁地区具有良好的找矿潜力，S-A所圈定的综合异常可为下一步的地质找矿工作提供依据。     

岩石地球化学数据挖掘及弱异常识别--以新疆阿舍勒铜矿为例

勘查地球化学找矿工作的重点在于正确解译地球化学数据,以便从冗杂的地质信息中精准提取与成矿有关的异常信息,指导找矿研究。然而,地球化学数据属于成分数据,具有闭合效应,只有对数据进行正确的预处理才能应用多元统计分析方法,还原元素真实的空间分布。本文在阿舍勒铜锌矿区外围南侧区域共收集1009件地表原生晕样品,对样品中的13种微量元素进行测试,并对原始数据、对数及ilr变换后的数据进行EDA分析,对比数据空间分布及内部结构特征。运用(稳健)主成分分析,结合成分数据双标图及第一主成分点位图,解译三类数据指示的元素组合与成矿信息之间的关联。随后运用多重分形滤波技术,对以ilr变换为基础的稳健主成分得分数据分解元素组合异常和背景分布特征。结果表明:①经过对数及ilr变换后的数据相比原始数据空间尺度更均匀,数据近似正态分布;②三类数据双标图表明,仅ilr变换后的数据消除了“闭合效应”,且其第一主成分元素分组揭示了研究区铜矿化与铅锌多金属矿化组合;以对数变换与ilr变换为基础的第一主成分点位图表明,后者主成分得分异常能够较好指示研究区地质找矿信息;③结合研究区地质找矿信息、元素组合异常及背景空间分布特征,最终圈定3个有利找矿靶区。     

广西融水374矿床外围地电提取测量法找矿预测

开展矿区外围找矿工作是矿山增储、缓解资源危机的有效手段。为了查明广西融水374铀矿床外围铀矿并圈定成矿预测靶区,本研究利用地电提取测量法进行探索。在含矿剖面开展找矿可行性试验,结果表明在已知矿体正上方能获得清晰的主成矿元素异常,示矿效果显著,说明利用该方法在研究区进行找矿是可行和有效的。通过对13种地电提取元素进行因子分析和聚类分析,获得F1(Pb-Zn-Ce-Eu-La-Nd-Yb)、F2(U-Th-As)、F3(Sb-W)、F4(Mo)4种元素组合因子并确定F2因子为研究区主成矿因子,F1因子为伴生因子。绘制F1和F2因子得分异常图,对元素组合异常的分布进行分析,发现w(U)/w(Th)>1/3的异常区域对寻找铀矿具有重要参考价值。根据单元素因子、F1因子、F2因子以及w(U)/w(Th)值异常特征,结合研究区地质背景,共圈定两处靶区,其中Ⅱ号靶区成矿前景更大,是进一步寻找隐伏铀矿的有利地区。     

多重分形模式下多元素综合地球化学异常的提取

根据博罗科怒成矿带东段约660km2内2269个水系沉积物样品的11项元素分析数据的因子分析,F1因子为研究区的主要成矿或示矿元素Ag、Pb、Zn、Cu、Bi、Sn组合,体现了主要的成矿作用和过程中的信息,F2因子为Sb、As低温活泼元素组合,F3因子为W、Mo高温元素组合。各因子浓度-面积(C-A)多重分形模型拟合直线一般为四段式,根据其拐点划分出地球化学背景、区域异常、局部异常和高异常区,其局部异常可以反映不同的成矿地质条件,基于F1主成矿因子的分形异常圈定出莱历斯高尔和可克萨拉2个主要的预测靶区。各预测靶区与区内已发现矿床的分布基本吻合,揭示因子分析各主要因子的分形异常在多元素综合地球化学异常找矿中具有良好的指示意义,为地球化学找矿提供了良好的方法手段。     

黑龙江省木兰县六块地南土壤地球化学异常特征及成矿预测

黑龙江木兰县六块地南大地构造位置属于小兴安岭-张广才岭岩浆弧,成矿区带为伊春-延寿多金属成矿亚带的重要组成部分,成矿地质条件优越。为查明该区各成矿元素和矿(化)体的分布特征,实现找矿突破,开展了1：2万土壤地球化学测量及成矿预测工作。利用12种成矿元素进行相关性分析、聚类分析、因子分析、单元素异常分析和组合元素异常分析,圈定了元素异常区,优选了找矿靶区。结果表明,区内Au、As、Sb、Mo元素变异系数值高,成矿潜力较强;As、Sb元素的相关性较好,相关系数为0.73,R型聚类分析将成矿元素分为4类,因子分析将分析元素分为4组;结合区内成矿地质条件和土壤地球化学异常特征,共圈出单元素异常113处,组合异常3处;测区主攻矿种为Au和Zn, Au元素主要找矿靶区为Au-5和Au-7异常区,Zn元素主要找矿靶区为Zn-6异常区,As、Sb、Mo找矿前景非常好,可作为第一找矿目标元素。     

云南省新街-董干地区地球化学特征及找矿方向

以云南省新街-董干地区1:50000水系沉积物测量成果为基础,统计分析了水系沉积物地球化学参数。运用变异系数、成矿有利度、聚类分析及因子分析等方法分析区内19种元素的地球化学特征, 划分出五类成矿元素组合,确定了主成矿元素。根据组合异常的空间分布及特征,圈定34处综合异常,结合成矿地质条件划分了四处成矿远景区。     

模糊证据权方法在镇沅(老王寨)地区金矿资源评价中的应用

采用模糊证据权方法和GeoDASGIS技术开展了镇沅(老王寨)及其邻区的金矿资源潜力评价.分别采用GeoDASGIS软件提供的局部奇异性分析技术、S-A异常分解技术、主成分分析技术、证据权、模糊证据权等技术对相关地球化学元素进行了系统的处理和分析.应用主成分分析方法确定了可能的2种不同成矿类型,并采用主成分得分确定了组合异常点,在此基础上分别采用普通证据权和模糊证据权方法编制了成矿后验概率图,圈定了有利成矿地段.对比普通证据权方法与模糊证据权方法所得结果表明,模糊证据权方法可减小图层离散化造成的有用信息损失,提高预测结果精度.     

Hybrid outranking of geospatial data: Multi attributive ideal-real comparative analysis and combined compromise solution

Identifying mineralization areas with an acceptable level of reliability is a complex matter demanding the implementation of supervised methods for mapping mineralization exploration aims. In this study, further collecting all available exploratory information and data of the region of study, their good processing and analysis, and then integrating them with an appropriate method, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches were utilized to outranking porphyry Cu mineralization areas. This paper describes an acceptable procedure for obtaining evidential layers for recognizing porphyry Cu mineralization, assigning weight to the layers, and combining them. For this aim, first, a data-driven multi-class index overlay (DMIO) approach is applied as it is a proven method with proper results in mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM) to integrate evidential layers (criteria and sub-criteria emanated from geoscience data including geological, geochemical, remote sensing, and geophysical datasets). After that, two recent MCDM models, combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) and multi attributive ideal-real comparative analysis (MAIRCA), were used to prioritize the porphyry Cu potential areas producing MPM. Concentration-area (C–A) fractal method and prediction-area (P–A) plots by considering the areas of occurrence of the known mineralization and normalized density (N_d) as traditional methods were applied for weighting and integration evidential layers and evaluation of the final maps in a data-driven manner. Consequently, verifying the verisimilitude of the MAIRCA prospectivity map (N_d = 3.17) is similar to the DMIO map in delimiting the priority areas. The results of the CoCoSo model (N_d = 2.7) show this methodology was also successfully applied in mapping the porphyry Cu mineralization areas in the study.     

青海不同矿区软玉地球化学特征及Ar-Ar定年研究

为了探讨青海软玉的成矿物质来源、成矿环境及成矿年代,对三岔口矿点、拖拉海沟矿点及大灶火矿点的样品进行了主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素及Ar-Ar法定年的测试。结果显示,软玉样品的主量元素变化不大,与透闪石的理论值相符;微量元素差异较大,说明不同矿点成矿环境不同;稀土元素总量较低(0.29×10-6~40.72×10-6),Eu中度负异常(0.49~0.84),除大灶火青玉样品具左倾的重稀土元素富集模式[(La/Yb)N=0.16~0.61]外,其他样品都具有右倾的轻稀土元素富集模式,(La/Yb)N=2.87~6.34。三岔口矿点、拖拉海沟矿点软玉样品的稀土元素分配曲线与纳赤台基性辉长岩相似,大灶火矿点黄玉的稀土元素分配模式与二长花岗岩相似,而青玉的分配模式与斜长花岗岩相似。样品的~TAl~(3+)、~CAl~(3+)和Ti含量变化表明,翠青玉的成矿温度最高、压力最大,黄玉成矿温度较高、压力较大;烟青玉和青玉成矿温度较高、压力较低;白玉、青白玉和糖玉成矿温度较低、压力较低。翠青玉和黄玉中明显较低的Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta和Sr/Ba值提示其成矿环境酸性明显加强。3个矿点样品的成矿年代301.38~237.28 Ma介于晚石炭世—中三叠世之间,属于印支-海西运动阶段。成矿年代均晚于侵入岩形成年代,说明矿体经历了多次热液交代过程。     

A comparative study of two modes for mapping felsic intrusions using geoinformatics

Identifying felsic intrusions is an essential task in support of mineral exploration because the intrusions can be a source of energy and metals for magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization. In this paper, two models for mapping felsic intrusions are compared based on regional geochemical and geophysical data. Geochemical data as a type of compositional data which carry relative information should be preprocessed using log-ratio transformation. The first model, a factor ratio (F2/F1) model, was developed based on the chemical characteristics of the felsic intrusions, which are rich in K₂O and high field strength elements (F2), but poor in Fe₂O₃ and compatible elements (F1). The second model, a hybrid model that combines principal component analysis and local singularity analysis, was based on the chemical and physical properties of the felsic intrusions. The results showed that (1) raw geochemical data should be processed using log-ratio transformation prior to multivariate data analysis to avoid spurious correlations between variables, and (2) the hybrid model performed better than the ratio of factors model for inferring felsic intrusions in the study area. The felsic intrusions mapped in this study provide information that can support further mineral exploration in the Dong Ujimqin Fe–Cu polymetallic district, Inner Mongolia, northern China.     

Geochemical Characteristics and Zonation of Primary Halos of Pulang Porphyry Copper Deposit,Northwestern Yunnan Province,Southwestern China

The Pulang (普朗) porphyry copper deposit, located in the southern segment of the Yidun-Zhongdian (义敦-为中甸) island arc ore-forming belt of the Tethys-Himalaya ore-forming domain, is a recently discovered large copper deposit. Compared with the composition of granodiorite in China, the porphyry rocks in this area are enriched in W, Mo, Cu, Au, As, Sb, F, V, and Na2O (K1≥1.2). Compared with the composition of fresh porphyry rocks in this district, the mineralized rocks are enriched in Cn, Au, Ag, Mo, Pb, Zn, W, As, Sb, and K2O (K≥1.2). Some elements show clear anomalies, such as Zn, Ag, Cu, Au, W, and Mo, and can be regarded as pathfinders for prospecting new ore bodies in depth. It has been inferred from factor analysis that the Pulang porphyry copper deposit may have undergone the multiple stages of alteration and mineralization: (a) Cu-Au mineralization; (b) W-Mo mineralization; and (c) silicification and potassic metasomatism in the whole ore-forming process. A detailed zonation sequence of indicator elements is obtained using the variability index of indicator elements as follows: Zn→Ag→Cu→Au→W→Mo. According to this zonation, an index such as (Ag×Zn) D/(Mo×W) D can be constructed and regarded as a significant criterion for predicting the Cu potential at a particular depth.     

Quantitative analysis of anomalous sources and geochemical signatures in the Walker Lake quadrangle of Nevada and California

A new quantitative transportation model for geochemical elements in stream sediment samples is proposed and used to estimate mineral sources of anomalous concentrations and to adjust both location and concentration for the transportation effect. Subsequent to transportation analysis, data on 14 geochemical elements in the Walker Lake quadrangle are analyzed for geochemical signatures for three types of mineralization environments: epithermal gold-silver deposits, porphyry-skarn copper deposits, and a mixed occurrence. Geochemical signatures are analyzed using a multidimensional scaling method referred to as the p_ijk model, which is a factor-like model generalized to include nonlinear associations, as well as linear, among triple variables (elements). A result of this analysis is that Pb is the best indicator for epithermal gold-silver mineralization, Mo and Zn for mixed mineralization, and Cu for porphyry-skarn mineralization.     

Vertical uplift capacity of two interfering horizontal anchors in sand using an upper bound limit analysis

The vertical uplift resistance of two interfering rigid rough strip anchors embedded horizontally in sand at shallow depths has been examined. The analysis is performed by using an upper bound theorem of limit analysis in combination with finite elements and linear programming. It is specified that both the anchors are loaded to failure simultaneously at the same magnitude of the failure load. For different clear spacing (S) between the anchors, the magnitude of the efficiency factor (ξ_γ) is determined. On account of interference, the magnitude of ξ_γ is found to reduce continuously with a decrease in the spacing between the anchors. The results from the numerical analysis were found to compare reasonably well with the available theoretical data from the literature.     

Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the hydrothermal illite from Hoam granite,South Korea: Implications for episodic fluid injections in the hydrothermal alteration system

Two stages of illite mineralization are recognized in the hydrothermal alteration zone of the Hoam granite. These illites are formed as a result of pervasive alteration by re-equilibration with high water/rock in a brittle environment below <2 km; the mineralization timing is middle Oligocene (26–27 Ma), coinciding with the timing of crustal deformation related to the opening of the East Sea (Sea of Japan). The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the clearly distinguished illites at each site indicate that they were mineralized from different fluid injections in distinct geological environments. Illites at the site-1 alteration zone are characterized by high-K content [K_0.84 per O₁₀(OH)₂], 2M₁ polytype of 99 %, hexagonal plate shape, and coexistence with pyrite. These observations indicate that the illites were formed in a slow cooling system (>250 °C), high fS₂, and a relatively acidic environment. The pseudomorphic replacement combined with matrix-filling texture indicates that the illites at the site-1 alteration zone recorded the changes in fluid conditions from low to high water-rock ratio. In contrast, the illites at the site-2 alteration zone show the coexistence of polytypes (2M₁, 1M, and 1M_d), high-K illites [(K_0.83 per O₁₀(OH)₂]/low-K illites [K_0.63 per O₁₀(OH)₂], platy/hairy shapes, and presence of magnetite. Furthermore, this alteration zone no longer exhibits primary textures because of pervasive alteration induced by the dissolution-precipitation process. These results indicate that they were formed in a rapid cooling system and were continuously under conditions of high water-rock ratio, as well as in a less acidic and fS₂ environment than that observed at the site-1 alteration zone. The behavior of trace elements for each illite primarily depends on the constituents of the hydrothermal fluid, which reflect different degrees of fluid evolution. The enrichment of high field strength elements (Nb and Ta), large ion lithophile elements (B, Be, and Cs), rare earth elements, and actinide elements (U and Th) in illite at the site-2 alteration zone shows that these elements formed by a more evolved fluid than that of the illite at the site-1 alteration zone. In addition, negative Ce anomalies at the site-2 alteration zone indicate that these crystallized in a reducing environment. Considering the mineralogical and geochemical properties of illites at the site-1 and site-2 alteration zones, the illite mineralization in the Hoam granite was likely generated by at least two episodes of hydrothermal illite mineralization, which originated from episodic injections of fluids, rather than continuously evolved fluids.     

Experimental modeling of the effect of relative thermal power on the shape of a plume conduit and the structure of free-convection flow in it

The shape of a plume conduit produced by melting solid paraffin block above a local heat source was studied experimentally as a function of the relative thermal power of the plume Ka= N/N₁, where N₁ is the power of the plume source and N₁ is the power corresponding to the amount of heat transferred by conduction through the plume conduit to the surrounding solid paraffin block. The limiting power of the plume source at which the plume erupts at the Earth’s surface (N_lim1= (1.35–1.60) × 10¹⁰ W) and the power at which the mushroom-shaped plume ^{head formed at the base of the refractory layer (N}_lim2= ^{(1.78–1.90) × 1010 W) with no horizontal mantle flow were determined. The dependence} of the diameter of the base of the plume on the Ka number was established. The Ka value and the diameter of the plume base were determined for the Hawaiian and Iceland plumes, for the plume responsible for the formation of the Tunguska syneclise and for the McKenzie and Central Atlantic continental plateau-basalt provinces and for the Ontong Java and Manihiki oceanic lava plateaus.     

云南富乐铅锌矿床碳酸盐矿物化学特征及其对成矿作用的指示

富乐铅锌矿床位于川滇黔铅锌矿集区东南部,该区域是我国重要的铅锌银及分散元素成矿带。该矿床的形成分为早成矿期、主成矿期和晚成矿期。应用电子探针和LA-ICPMS原位分析技术,测定了不同期次白云石和方解石的主-微量元素组成。研究表明,白云石和方解石具有不显著的Eu异常向正Eu异常和强负Ce异常向弱负Ce异常演化的趋势,表明硫化物和白云石的沉淀是由于流体氧逸度和温度降低,成矿时流体环境从碱性变为中性再到弱酸性导致的。从成矿早期到成矿晚期,Fe和Mn呈下降趋势,碱性环境下Fe和Mn进入到碳酸盐矿物中,而在酸性环境下Fe和Mn会被释放到流体中,说明由于交代作用的由强变弱,其成矿环境是从碱性为主向以酸性为主演变的;从早到晚Sr呈上升趋势,可能表示热液-围岩不断的反应使得围岩中的Sr不断的被释放到流体中。Fe-Sr图解和Mn-Sr图解表明,成矿过程存在两种流体的混合。综合以上研究,本文认为富乐铅锌矿床可能是由氧化、酸性的富含金属的流体与还原、碱性的亏损金属的流体混合导致矿质沉淀形成的。     

Seismic hazards assessment of Kumaun Himalaya and adjacent region

The ongoing continent?Ccontinent collision between Indian and Eurasian plates houses a seismic gap in the geologically complex and tectonically active central Himalaya. The seismic gap is characterized by unevenly distributed seismicity. The highly complex geology with equally intricate structural elements of Himalaya offers an almost insurmountable challenge to estimating seismogenic hazard using conventional methods of Physics. Here, we apply integrated unconventional hazard mapping approach of the fractal analysis for the past earthquakes and the box counting fractal dimension of structural elements in order to understand the seismogenesis of the region properly. The study area extends from latitude 28°N?C33°N and longitude 76°E?C81°E has been divided into twenty-five blocks, and the capacity fractal dimension (D ₀) of each block has been calculated using the fractal box counting technique. The study of entire blocks reveal that four blocks are having very low value of D ₀ (0.536, 0.550, 0.619 and 0.678). Among these four blocks two are characterized by intense clustering of earthquakes indicated by low value of correlation fractal dimension (D _c ) (0.245, 0.836 and 0.946). Further, these two blocks are categorized as highly stressed zones and the remaining two are characterized by intense clustering of structural elements in the study area. Based on the above observations, integrated analysis of the D _c of earthquakes and D ₀ of structural elements has led to the identification of diagnostic seismic hazard pattern for the four blocks.