2001年四川省雅江-康定6.0级地震烈度考察及发震构造背景雏议

2001年2月23日四川省发生的6.0级地震，其宏观震中位于雅江县与康定县之间的高山峡谷地带．极震区烈度可达Ⅷ 度，Ⅷ 度区、Ⅶ 度区和Ⅵ 度区面积分别为180km2，1472 km2和3998 km2，等震线分布总体形态呈椭圆形，长轴近南北向．震区建筑物普遍受损，极震区山地灾害较为严重．初步分析认为，此次地震的发生与理塘断裂和玉农希断裂的长期活动有关，主干断裂活动造成的地壳应力调整和集中，最终在块体内部的次级断裂上释放而产生地震．      

2001年2月23日四川雅江—康定6．0级地震宏观烈度考察及发震构造背景刍议

2001年2月23日在四川省境内发生了6．0级地城, 宏震中位于雅江县与康定县之间的高山峡谷地带。极震区烈度达Ⅷ度，Ⅷ度区，Ⅶ度区和Ⅵ度区面积分别为180，1472和3998km^2，等震线分布总体形态呈椭圆形，长轴近南北向。震区建筑物普遍受损，山地灾害较为严重。据初步分析认为，此次地震的发生与理塘断裂和玉龙西断裂的长期活动有关，主干断裂活动造成地壳应力调整和集中，最终在块体内部的次级断裂上释放而发生地震。     

河北张北地震区活动断裂的探测与研究

1998年1月10日河北张北6．2级地震是河北省张家口坝上稳定地区的一次罕见的破坏性地震。震区被晚第三纪玄武岩覆盖，地面未发现第四纪活动断裂。为了研究震区地表活动断层，利用电磁波探测技术，以玄武岩底界面深度的变化来分析张北震区活动断裂，为此，在河北张北6．2级地震Ⅷ度区范围进行了3条剖面探测，解释结果表明，震区存在北西向、北东向、北北东向3组第四纪活动断裂，张北6．2级地震发生在3组断裂的交汇区附近。     

1306年宁夏固原地震考证与发震构造探讨

根据历史地震资料重新考证和野外实地调查结果,圈定的1306年宁夏固原地震重破坏区(Ⅷ度区)位于固原、开城和朝那一带,极震区(Ⅸ～X度)位于固原开城附近,其震级达7级左右.地震重破坏区长轴方向为NNW向,大致与该区六盘山东麓断裂的固原—和尚铺段相吻合,该段断裂为全新世活动的左旋逆冲断裂,局部段残存有类似地震破裂带遗迹,推测与本次地震有关.     

1954年甘肃山丹7(1/4)级地震史料补遗

在归纳1954年山丹71/4级地震已有地震史料的基础上,根据新获得的朱允明(2006)《山丹地震考察笔记》的详细考察资料,按照《新中国地震烈度表》重新评定了本次地震中各考察点的地震烈度,重新绘制了该地震的等震线图。其中,极震区Ⅸ—Ⅹ度区长轴方向为北西向,呈扁椭圆形,长轴直径约40km;Ⅷ度区南西侧为山丹盆地,第四纪沉积较厚,地震烈度衰减缓慢,因此,Ⅷ度区等震线向南明显突出。1954年山丹71/4级地震极震区位于龙首山北缘断裂西段,大致与该断裂的包代河-黑头山段相吻合,综合分析认为,该段断裂是本次地震的主发震断层,而破喇嘛顶西缘断裂和毛湖洞断裂是重要的参与断裂。     

2003年西藏波密南Ms5.7地震现场考察

2003年8月18日在西藏林芝地区发生的MS5．7地震的宏观震中位于波密县城扎木镇南13km的高山无人区。极震区烈度达到Ⅶ度。Ⅶ和Ⅵ度区面积分别为3200和11000km^2。这次地震的发生与NW向的嘉黎断裂和NE向的扎木-马尼翁断裂的活动有关。震区建筑物遭到一定程度的破坏或影响，地面破坏现象较明显。     

2005年8月5日云南省会泽-四川省会东5.3级地震四川震区地震宏观烈度考察

2005年8月5日在云南省会泽与四川省会东两县交界处,发生了Ms5.3级地震。极震区四川震区位于会东县松坪—野牛坪—甘海子—岩坝—淌塘一带,极震区烈度为Ⅵ度,Ⅵ度区和Ⅴ度区面积分别为353和1208km2。等震线分布形态总体呈长椭圆形,长轴为北东向。四川震区涉及会东县松坪、嘎吉、鲁吉、淌塘、大桥、野租等6个区共28个乡,大多数建筑物受损,在松坪区、淌塘区的部分地区出现山地灾害。综合分析认为,此次地震的发生与震区北东向淌塘—岩坝断裂的活动有关。     

1990年景泰6.2级强震的烈度分布及发震断裂

1990年10月20日16时07分在甘肃省景泰、天祝、古浪三县交界处发生了一次6.2级强震。 现场考察结果表明:宏观震中位于下倘至大圈湾一带。地理位置为北纬37°07′,东经103°37.5′。震中烈度达Ⅷ度。极震区为一面积约20km~2,呈NWW向展布的椭圆形区域。在Ⅵ—Ⅷ度区圈定的基础上,本文对出现于Ⅶ度区内的Ⅷ度高烈度异常区的形成原因进行了初步讨论。并依据主震发生后的直接余震区、震中高烈度区、震源机制解、地面运动方向等资料得出这次地震是全新世以来活动强烈的老虎山断裂最新左旋运动的结果。     

2013年西藏左贡与芒康交界6.1级地震的房屋震害特征

2013年8月12日在西藏自治区左贡与芒康交界发生6.1级地震,该地震宏观震中位于左贡县田妥镇嘎益村-仁果乡吞永村一带,最大烈度Ⅷ度,但不构成Ⅷ度区.根据现场工作队所收集的资料,分析了震区各类房屋建筑的震害特征及其破坏原因,并根据此次地震对该地区房屋所造成的破坏程度提出了防震减灾研究建议,并强调了此类民居需要加强抗震设计.     

2010年4月14日青海玉树地震震动图

在2010年4月14日07时49分(北京时间)青海省玉树藏族自治州玉树县(33.2°N,96.6°E)7.1级地震发生后,综合考虑震中地区的地质构造背景、活动断裂分布、震源机制结果、震源破裂过程、我国西部的地震动参数经验衰减关系及局部场地效应的影响,用考虑场地效应的震动图快速生成方法,在震后约2小时后得到玉树地震震中地区的震动图,并提供给相关部门使用.结果表明,此次地震的地震烈度特征预测如下:①烈度的展布方向NW-SE向,与玉树断裂的走向一致;②极震区的烈度为Ⅸ度,面积约为300km2;③烈度Ⅸ度区主要位于震中东南方向沿断裂走向近40km和西北方向沿断裂走向15km之间的区域;④Ⅸ度区的西北端由于局部场地条件的影响,其烈度由基岩参考面的Ⅸ度区降为土层上的Ⅷ度区;⑤Ⅷ度区面积约为3000km2;⑥Ⅶ度区的面积约为8000km2;⑦Ⅵ度区面积约为24000km2.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.