南海北部新生代海陆变迁与不同盆地的沉积充填响应*

新生代以来南中国海的多幕旋回运动形成了其北部陆坡性质各异、演化有别的多个陆缘沉积盆地。依据各盆地新生界发育特征、主干地震剖面及钻井资料对南海北部的相对海平面变化与沉积环境进行系统分析,采用年代地层对比的方法探讨南海北部构造演化序列与海陆变迁规律的内在联系,再现了南海北部陆缘新生代的海陆变迁过程,从而建立了南海北部陆缘裂谷盆地、走滑拉分盆地和陆内裂谷盆地的构造—沉积充填一体化模式。新生代海平面整体呈上升趋势,古近纪各盆地以陆相河流、粗粒三角洲湖相沉积为主;而新近纪主要发育滨浅海及三角洲相,呈现出明显的早陆后海的规律。靠近陆地一侧的陆内裂谷盆地北部湾盆地海侵最晚,其古近系充填厚度明显大于新近系,以发育近源扇三角洲为特色;而靠近海域一侧的走滑拉分盆地(莺歌海盆地)则以新近纪海相沉积占优势;陆缘裂谷盆地(琼东南与珠江口盆地)古近纪陆相与新近纪海相相对均衡发育,发育大型三角洲与碳酸盐岩台地。不同盆地的沉积充填特征主要受构造运动与海侵规模控制,并由此奠定了不同盆地的资源前景。     

Cenozoic tectonic jumping and implications for hydrocarbon accumulation in basins in the East Asia Continental Margin

Tectonic migration is a common geological process of basin formation and evolution. However, little is known about tectonic migration in the western Pacific margins. This paper focuses on the representative Cenozoic basins of East China and its surrounding seas in the western Pacific domain to discuss the phenomenon of tectonic jumping in Cenozoic basins, based on structural data from the Bohai Bay Basin, the South Yellow Sea Basin, the East China Sea Shelf Basin, and the South China Sea Continental Shelf Basin. The western Pacific active continental margin is the eastern margin of a global convergent system involving the Eurasian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Indian Plate. Under the combined effects of the India-Eurasia collision and retrogressive or roll-back subduction of the Pacific Plate, the western Pacific active continental margin had a wide basin-arc-trench system which migrated or ‘jumped’ eastward and further oceanward. This migration and jumping is characterized by progressive eastward younging of faulting, sedimentation, and subsidence within the basins. Owing to the tectonic migration, the geological conditions associated with hydrocarbon and gashydrate accumulation in the Cenozoic basins of East China and its adjacent seas also become progressively younger from west to east, showing eastward younging in the generation time of reservoirs, seals, traps, accumulations and preservation of hydrocarbon and gashydrate. Such a spatio-temporal distribution of Cenozoic hydrocarbon and gashydrate is significant for the oil, gas and gashydrate exploration in the East Asian Continental Margin. Finally, this study discusses the mechanism of Cenozoic intrabasinal and interbasinal tectonic migration in terms of interplate, intraplate and underplating processes. The migration or jumping regimes of three separate or interrelated events: (1) tectonism-magmatism, (2) basin formation, and (3) hydrocarbon-gashydrate accumulation are the combined effects of the Late Mesozoic extrusion tectonics, the Cenozoic NW-directed crustal extension, and the regional far-field eastward flow of the western asthenosphere due to the India-Eurasia plate collision, accompanied by eastward jumping and roll-back of subduction zones of the Pacific Plate.     

阿尔金断裂系的组成及相关中新生代含油气盆地的成因特征

阿尔金构造带是多次俯冲—碰撞而形成的塔里木板块东南边缘,构造带内的走滑活动始于奥陶纪中晚期,中新生代强烈活动,并将北部不同构造单元的一些地质体拖曳到断裂带中,形成北山与敦煌构造楔。北山—阿拉善及断裂两侧的其他地质体受到走滑拉分作用的强烈改造,形成许多中新生代含油气盆地,共同构成我国中西部一条巨型走滑断裂系。     

Tectonic Landform of Quaternary Lakes and Its Implications for Deformation in the Northern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau

The Hohxil region in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is occupied by numerous plateau lakes, which have long been inferred as being tectonic products. However, so far little evidence has been found to support this tentative inference. Field survey and morphotectonic analysis of TM satellite images in the eastern segment of the Hohxil region revealed that Kusai Lake and Yelusu Lake are S-shaped pull-apart basins, which were dominated by left strike-slip master faults trending WNW–ESE. The pull-apart distances of the two lakes are analyzed to be <15-20 km and 15 km respectively. Based on studies of the faulting rate, the initiation ages of the pull-apart basins are suggested to be approximately in the Early Pleistocene. The pull-apart basin tectonics is further regarded as a common mechanism for the widely distributed large lake basins in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Regional distribution of these pull-apart basins and their substantial intra-block slip suggest that a sinistral shear stress, which is independent of the distinguished strike-slip faults, has been imposed on across the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Thus, the intra-block slip may be an important expression of the eastward extrusion of the Plateau crustal material in accommodating the ongoing continent–continent convergence between India and Eurasia. The revelation of pull-apart tectonics within the Plateau hinterland provides field evidence and a possible style of deformation for the newly proposed continuous deformation by the global positioning system (GPS) measurement across the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A model, with respect to systematic tectonic landform development, for pull-apart basins is finally proposed.     

A Review of the Bentong-Raub Suture vis-à-vis New Insight of the Tectonic Evolution of Malay Peninsula,South East Asia

Genesis of the so‐called Bentong‐Raub Suture of Malay Peninsula does not fit to the model of subduction‐related collision. It has evolved from transpression tectonics resulting closure and exhumation of the inland basin which underwent extensive back‐arc extension during Triassic. Crust having similar thickness (average ～35 km) below entire Malay Peninsula nagate collision of two separate continental blocks rather supports single continental block that collided with South China continental block during Permo‐Triassic. Westward subduction of intervening sea (Proto South China Sea) below Malay Peninsula resulted in widespread I‐ and S‐Type granitization and volcanism in the back‐arc basins during Triassic. Extensive occurrence of Permo‐Triassic Pahang volcanics of predominantly rhyolitic tuff suggest its derivation from back‐arc extension. Back‐arc extension, basin development and sedimentation of the central belt of the peninsula continued until Cretaceous. A‐Type granite of metaluminous to peraluminous character indicates their emplacement in an intraplate tectonic setting. Malay Peninsula suffered an anticlockwise rotation due to the rifting of Luconia–Dangerous Grounds from the east Asia in the Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary. Extensive ductile and brittle deformation including crustal segmentation, pull‐apart fracturing and faulting occurred during the closure and exhumation of the basins developed in the peninsula during Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary. Crustal shortening in the central belt of the peninsula has been accomodated through strike‐slip displacement, shearing and uplift.     

Meso‐Cenozoic Evolution of Earth Surface System under the East Asian Tectonic Superconvergence

The East Asian geological setting has a long duration related to the superconvergence of the Paleo‐Asian, Tethyan and Paleo‐Pacific tectonic domains. The Triassic Indosinian Movement contributed to an unified passive continental margin in East Asia. The later ophiolites and I‐type granites associated with subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate in the Late Triassic, suggest a transition from passive to active continental margins. With the presence of the ongoing westward migration of the Paleo‐Pacific Subduction Zone, the sinistral transpressional stress field could play an important role in the intraplate deformation in East Asia during the Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic, being characterized by the transition from the E‐W‐trending structural system controlled by the Tethys and Paleo‐Asian oceans to the NE‐trending structural system caused by the Paleo‐Pacific Ocean subduction. The continuously westward migration of the subduction zones resulted in the transpressional stress field in East Asia marked by the emergence of the Eastern North China Plateau and the formation of the Andean‐type active continental margin from late Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (160‐135 Ma), accompanied by the development of a small amount of adakites. In the Late Cretaceous (135‐90 Ma), due to the eastward retreat of the Paleo‐Pacific Subduction Zone, the regional stress field was replaced from sinistral transpression to transtension. Since a large amount of late‐stage adakites and metamorphic core complexes developed, the Andean‐type active continental margin was destroyed and the Eastern North China Plateau started to collapse. In the Late Cretaceous, the extension in East Asia gradually decreased the eastward retreat of the Paleo‐Pacific subduction zones. Futhermore, a significant topographic inversion had taken place during the Cenozoic that resulted from a rapid uplift of the Tibet Plateau resulting from the India‐Eurasian collision and the formation of the Bohai Bay Basin and other basins in the East Asian continental margin. The inversion caused a remarkable eastward migration of deformation, basin formation and magmatism. Meanwhile, the basins that mainly developed in the Paleogene resulted in a three‐step topography which typically appears to drop eastward in altitude. In the Neogene, the basins underwent a rapid subsidence in some depressions after basin‐controlled faulting, as well as the intracontinental extensional events in East Asia, and are likely to be a contribution to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.     

湘赣边区NNE向走滑造山带构造发展样式

应用马杏垣教授倡导的构造解析方法,对湘赣边区ＮＮＥ 向走滑盆岭山链的构造发展过程及样式进行了研讨,论证了该地区前中生代ＥＷ 向古特提斯构造体系与中新生代ＮＮＥ向滨太平洋构造体系之间的立交桥式横跨叠加关系和构造背景,建立了华南陆壳俯冲 会聚走滑转换造山模型,提出了新华夏式变质核杂岩构造的新概念,并对其基本特征和形成机制进行了阐述。文中强调,发育在湘赣边区的ＮＮＥ 向走滑断裂是郯庐断裂带南段的主干成分,由ＮＥ３０°同向走滑断裂（Ｐ） 和ＮＷ３２０°反向走滑断裂（Ｒ′） 交织而成的雁列菱形网结系统是该断裂在地表的基本构造样式。大多数陆壳俯冲型和会聚走滑型的花岗岩都具剪切重熔成因,雁列的半地堑盆地和新华夏式变质核杂岩体主要受走滑 伸展变形场所控制。指出自晚三叠世以来,该地区曾经历了两次不同的重大构造转换和两个性质及发展趋向相反的走滑造山过程,即印支晚期的陆壳俯冲向陆内会聚走滑转换和侏罗纪时期的会聚走滑造山;早白垩世开始的会聚走滑向离散走滑转换和白垩纪－ 老第三纪的离散走滑造山。每次构造转换和构造变形对该地区的成岩成矿都起到了重要的作用。     

Two‐stage Cenozoic evolution of NW–SE‐trending faults in the coastal area of southeast China controlled the fan‐shaped Zhangzhou basin

Widespread NW–SE‐trending faults and Cenozoic basins in the coastal area of Fujian Province demonstrate unique tectonic deformations from the influence of the modern arc‐trench system on the adjacent continent. Field‐based structural analyses in the Zhangzhou region identify two‐stage deformation in the Cenozoic. The early stage was dominated by normal faulting and mafic intrusions. The structural configuration was differentiated as a graben in the estuary area and linear ridges in the western mountains, representing outer arc extension caused by orthogonal flexure of the coast. Late‐stage deformation turned early stage normal faults into sinistral strike‐slip faults and induced a transtensional setting that greatly facilitated the evolution of the basin as well as a small rotation of the segmented structures. The tectonic dynamics are attributed to far‐field effects of the west Pacific subduction zones. Additionally, a strike‐slip fault‐controlled scissor‐like structure is proposed to demonstrate the mechanism of the redefined, fan‐shaped basin.     

试论南中国海盆地新生代板块构造及盆地动力学

南海地处欧亚、印度—澳大利亚和菲律宾海板块的交互带,是西太平洋地区面积最大的边缘海之一,其成因机制和演化过程对探讨特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域相互作用及油气勘探等问题具有重要意义,虽备受关注但仍存争议.综合目前该区及外围已有的大地构造等方面的资料,本文从探讨南海外围的构造格架及中-新生代演化过程入手,分析了南海及外围板块...     

东海陆架盆地地质结构及构造演化

东海陆架盆地发育于东海大陆架之上,是一个复合型沉积盆地。盆地的西侧是浙闽隆褶带,东侧是钓鱼岛岩浆岩带,盆地从西至东呈现为凹-凸-凹的格局,南北差异明显,总体地质构造格架表现为东西分带、南北分块的特征。该盆地存在元古代的变质基底,是浙闽沿海陆区出露的深变质岩系向东的延伸,这套古老的变质岩系组成了陆架盆地的主要基底。盆地在垂向上表现为明显的多层结构。除古生界地质结构尚待证实外,中生界明显为裂谷型二层结构,新生界为三层结构。盆地结相特征受控于特定的构造演化过程。中生代以前不同性质的地体增生和中生代以来太平洋板块的运动方向不断变化以及印度板块作用造成的地壳蠕散是控制盆地形成和树造演化的主要体制,使盆地构造演化表现为多阶段、多种构造体的明显特征。     

Late Cretaceous tectonic switch from a Western Pacific‐ to an Andean‐Type continental margin evolution in East Asia,and a foreland basin development in NE China

The early Cretaceous structure of NE China was a result of slab‐rollback‐driven extensional tectonics, characteristic of Western Pacific‐type continental margins. Oblique docking of a microcontinent along the Asian active margin in the early Late Cretaceous induced a compressional stress regime that brought about an Andean‐type continental margin development. Partitioning of contractional–transpressional strain across NE China produced a retroarc foreland basin system, comprising, from east to west, an orogenic wedge, a foredeep (Songliao basin), a forebulge (Great Xing'an Range) and a back‐bulge depozone (Hailar and Erlian basins). A sub‐circular lacustrine depozone in the pre‐existing Songliao basin evolved into a NNE‐trending depocentre near the forebulge and acquired a westward flowing fluvial–deltaic drainage system during the Campanian. Development of this retroarc foreland basin system signals a significant tectonic switch from a Western Pacific‐type to an Andean‐type continental margin evolution in the geological history of East Asia.     

AN INTRACONTINENTAL EXTENSIONAL TECTONIC SETTING FOR THE ORIGIN OF YULONG PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN EAST TIBET

AN INTRACONTINENTAL EXTENSIONAL TECTONIC SETTING FOR THE ORIGIN OF YULONG PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN EAST TIBET     

Cenozoic Magmatism and Tectonic Framework of Western Yunnan, China: Constrained from Geochemistry, Sr–Nd–Pb Isotopes and Fission Track Dating

Western Yunnan is composed of several extruded continental microblocks that were generated by the oblique collision between the Indian and Asian continents during the Cenozoic. In this study, the magmatic and tectonic frameworks of western Yunnan in the Cenozoic were analyzed based on geochemistry, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes, and apatite/zircon fission track dating. Magmatism during the Cenozoic in western Yunnan was then divided into three distinctive episodes: alkali granite rocks produced from 55 to 46 Ma were derived from the anatexis of crustal materials; bimodal igneous rocks formed between 37 and 24 Ma were possibly derived from an EMII mantle with a contribution from continental materials; and intermediate–basic volcanic rocks produced in the Tengchong microblocks since ~16 Ma are considered to be generated by the partial melting of the upper mantle that was induced by the pulling apart of the dextral Gaoligong strike–slip fault system. Moreover, fission track analysis of apatite and zircon indicates that the regional crustal uplift in western Yunnan possibly began at ~34 Ma, with accelerated annealing occurring at ~24 Ma, ~13 Ma, and ~4 Ma. During the past 24 Ma, the average denudation rate was ~0.32 mm/yr for the faulted block controlled by the Chongshan–Lancang River fault. However, crustal uplift has been relatively gentle in places lacking influence from strike–slip shear zones, with an average denudation rate of ~0.2 mm/yr. Combined with strike–slip shear and block rotation in the Cenozoic, the tectonic evolution of western Yunnan since ~45 Ma can thus be divided into four stages occurring at 45–37 Ma, 37–24 Ma, 24–13 Ma, and 13–0 Ma.     

PALEOCENE—MIDDLE EOCENE DEXTRAL STRIKE-SLIP DEFORMATION AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION IN THE WESTERN YUNNAN, CHINA

PALEOCENE—MIDDLE EOCENE DEXTRAL STRIKE-SLIP DEFORMATION AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION IN THE WESTERN YUNNAN, CHINA     

东亚及其大陆边缘新生代构造迁移与盆地演化

构造迁移是盆地发展演化过程中十分普遍的地质现象,但西太平洋地区相关研究程度较低,本文基于近10年来对中国东部海域渤海湾盆地、南黄海盆地、东海陆架盆地和南海盆地等所开展的大量研究工作,并综合前人研究成果,对西太平洋地区中最具有代表性的中国东部及邻近海域的新生代构造迁移特征进行了系统讨论.西太平洋活动大陆边缘位于欧亚、太平洋和印度三大板块的交汇处,占据了全球板块汇聚中心的独特位置,并同时受到印度板块的挤入、太平洋板块的后退式俯冲、台湾造山带的楔入的联合作用,自新生代以来,形成了宽阔的自西向东后退式的沟弧盆体系.中国东部及邻区作为西太平活动大陆边缘的重要组成部分,在这个大地构造背景下,新生代的构造特征总体也表现出自西向东的迁移规律,具体表现在盆地的断裂活动性、沉积作用、断陷的萎缩与消亡等自西向东变新逐步演化,新生代的生、储、盖、圈、运、保六大油气成藏要素也表现出西早东晚、自西向东迁移的特征.这种成藏规律的识别对于中国东部油气、天然气水合物勘探具有非常重要的指导意义.最后,从板缘、板内和板下过程和机制,探讨了盆内和盆间的新生代构造迁移机制,这种构造-岩浆-成盆-成藏等的向洋变新迁移和跃迁是晚中生代以来挤出构造和新生代北西向壳内伸展、印度和欧亚板块碰撞诱发的软流圈向东流动的远程效应及太平洋俯冲带的跃迁式东撤的联合效应.     

中国中、新生代含油气盆地成因类型、构造体系及地球动力学模式

讨论了中国中、新生代含油气盆地的成因类型、构造体系和地球动力学模式：（１）按照地球动力学背景，将中国中、新生代盆地划分成伸展、缩短挠曲和走滑３种成因类型；（２）提出了含油气盆地构造体系的概念，并按照盆地成因类型、板块构造背景和构造演化讨论了中、新生代含油气盆地构造体系的分布；（３）根据构造几何学、运动学和动力学、火山岩岩石地球化学、基底和岩石圈结构以及地温场等特征，建立了有关大陆内伸展盆地和前陆盆地的地球动力学模式。     

蒙古-鄂霍次克褶皱系地质特征及其构造属性讨论

将蒙古-鄂霍次克褶皱系的地质构造特征及其演化进程,置于古亚洲洋和滨太平洋构造域的宏观格架中加以对比研究,可以看出,蒙古-鄂霍次克构造带属于复合褶皱系.依据其主体特征,可以分为西、东两部分.西部地区,杭盖-肯特-达斡尔褶皱带的晚新元古代-晚古生代地质特征,与古亚洲洋构造域演化进程的特征类同,早中生代构造演化与古亚洲洋构造域板块汇聚后的大陆裂解有关,晚中生代叠加了大规模走滑和逆冲作用.东部地区,褶皱系的主体属于滨太平洋活动大陆边缘中生代构造演化的一部分,西段的中生代陆缘弧盆系和大型走滑断裂带叠加在古欧亚大陆板块及古生代褶皱带之上,东段的中晚侏罗-早白垩世乌达-穆尔加陆缘褶皱-逆冲带被晚白垩世的锡霍特-阿林、鄂霍次克-楚科奇大陆边缘火山岩带斜截并覆盖.     

黑龙江东部中-新生代盆地演化

黑龙江省东部中-新生代盆地基底由佳木斯地块和完达山地体复合而成.佳木斯地块以加里东期变质岩及花岗岩为主,东缘发育晚古生代和早中生代大陆边缘沉积.完达山地体在中-晚侏罗世就位在佳木斯地块东缘,并在早白垩世早期逆冲到佳木斯地块之上,形成具有前陆盆地性质的大三江盆地.大三江盆地在早白垩世晚期遭受逆冲、走滑构造改造.敦密断裂以北的诸多盆地均属大三江盆地改造后的残余盆地.这些残余盆地和完达山地体之下可能存在隐伏的晚古生代和早中生代大陆边缘沉积.三江盆地东部是古近纪断陷的主要发育区,可能存在一与佳依地堑平行的深断陷.隐伏的大陆边缘沉积和断陷是值得重视的油气勘探领域.     

济阳坳陷深层构造及其对中新生代盆地发育的控制作用

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西南三江构造体系及演化、成因

西南三江构造体系突出表现为以昌都-兰坪-思茅地块为中轴的不对称走滑对冲构造,次为与走滑断裂相伴的伸展滑脱、走滑拉分盆地构造体系,再次为块体内部的近北东、北西向走滑断裂系.西南三江造山带构造体系演化分为挤压收缩变形、走滑深熔热隆、走滑剪切伸展、走滑剥蚀隆升等4个阶段.自晚白垩世开始,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞,西南三江造山带...