洋面温度的气象卫星遥感测量方法

本文简要阐述了气象卫星红外遥感测定洋面温度的原理,着重介绍了由卫星测定的辐射,经消除云和水汽的影响后,反演为洋面温度的方法。     

ASCAT洋面风资料在中国北方海域的真实性检验

采用北方海域6个海洋观测站风资料对2009年3月—2013年6月ASCAT卫星反演洋面风(10 m)资料进行了检验。ASCAT反演洋面风与测站风向、风速偏差均较小,二者风速平均偏差为0.99 m/s,ASCAT风速略高于测站风速,二者风向平均偏差为-12.97°,表明ASCAT洋面风资料在北方海域具有可信性;分风级统计表明,在北方海域,风力为0—7级(0—17.1 m/s)时,利用ASCAT风速代表洋面风速是可行的(其中风力为4—5级时,ASCAT与测站风速误差最小,为0.10 m/s),当风力达到8级以上时ASCAT的可信度较低。     

应用卫星红外窗区遥感资料反演海面温度时的云捡测和大气削弱订正

云检测和大气削弱订正是利用气象卫星红外大气窗区通道辐射测量资料,精确地反演海面温度的两个主要问题。本文介绍了美国国家地球卫星局（NESS）全球业务洋面温度计算系统（GOSSTCOMP）过去用过和目前正在应用的云检测和大气削弱订正方法。如果我们希望利用气象卫星辐射测量资料计算海面温度,或者建立类似的海面温度计算系统,这些经验对我们是有帮助的。     

利用AMSR-E对台风"泰利"的初步分析

基于洋面上的微波辐射传输模型,采用多元线性回归算法,建立了海洋-大气参数的反演算式,并对其进行了验证。在此基础上,根据AMSR-E的反演结果,对台风“泰利”的发生发展过程进行了初步分析。结果表明,反演算式的精度接近于网上公布的业务产品,反演结果比较符合实际情况;但是由于受到所采用物理模型的限制,反演结果对于强降水区不敏感。     

微波辐射计海面温度的数据质量控制

根据星载微波辐射计反演海洋大气参数的过程,分析了仿真实验中线性反演算法和非线性反演算法对反演结果的数据质量控制能力。AMSR-E观测数据的非线性反演结果分析对仿真实验的结论进行了验证,得到了肯定的结果。实验结果表明:星载微波辐射计的非线性反演算法物理意义明确、结果可靠,有良好的数据质量控制能力,具有业务化应用的潜力。     

2.5维海洋非线性共轭梯度反演应用效果研究

为了研究频率域2.5维非线性共轭梯度反演在海洋天然气水合物探测中的实际应用效果,利用美国Scripps研究所在South Hydrate海域采集的可控源电磁探测数据进行2.5维非线性共轭梯度反演计算,结合其他地球物理方法在同一海区的研究结果,综合分析2.5维反演计算的准确性和有效性。结果表明,非线性共轭梯度反演能够清晰地反映出该区域海底面以下1~2 km地层的电导率结构分布,其局部反演结果与地震反射、地震层序、测井分析结果基本一致,且对小尺寸异常、浅层高阻体分辨力较强,尤其在海洋天然气水合物探测方面具有较大潜力。     

用AVHRR资料计算月平均海水表层温度场

本文利用ＡＶＨＲＲ资料反演海表面温度，并用台站及船舶观测资料进行订正计算月平均海水表层温度场，结果表明，海水表层温度与ＡＶＨＲＲ资料反演的海水表面温度之间基本呈线性关系，比例系数接近１．０，位移订正随季节变化较大；用ＡＶＨＲＲ资料计算海水表层温度，可以很好地反映海水表层温度在较大尺度上的分布结构。     

海洋大气边界层风场的非线性动力诊断模式的数值试验

本文介绍利用所提出的边界层风场的非线性动力诊断模式,作风场“MOD”预报的方法.根椐对1985年4月至10月北太平洋洋面风场“MOD”预报的试验,说明此模式优于线性动力诊断模式.     

用波面高度分布的非正态特征反演非线性随机海浪

本文不依据波动的非线性方程,而是利用波面高度分布的非正态特征反演非线性随机海浪.在窄谱条件下,论述了反演的非线性波面、谱及波面极大(小)值分布同现有某些非线性理论结果的一致性,以深水正态海浪过程用浅水非正态特征反演浅水非线性海浪过程及其谱作为算例,并用实测资料检验,结果表明,其同实测值符合较好,从而说明本文方法是可行的.     

SAR影像仿真与水下地形反演的阻尼牛顿—行作用法

研究了浅海SAR影像仿真与水下地形反演的数值方法。将仿真与反演问题模型处理为相互独立的依赖于时间的非线性偏微分方程动力系统。使反演问题模型仅依赖于SAR影像灰度值，计算可一次性完成，计算过程中无须与正问题进行数据交互，在此基础上，提出了仿真与反演的一种新的一致性优化算法：阻尼牛顿-行作用法．数值实验结果表明，算法对SAR影像仿真问题具有高效、可靠、计算稳定的特征；对水下地形反演问题也有较强的数值稳定性和较高的计算精度。本文3个算例反演出的地形与实际地形之间的相关系数都优于0．72029．     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.