湖南将军庙花岗岩的成因:岩石化学、锆石U-Pb年代学与Sr-Nd-Hf同位素制约

为探讨湖南省衡阳市将军庙花岗岩的成因,在野外地质调查的基础上,对其进行了岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析测试。结果显示,将军庙花岗岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为(229.1±2.8)Ma(n=8)。岩石以富硅、富碱、高钾钙碱性、过铝质为特征,且富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th、U、K),亏损重稀土元素、高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)和Ba、Sr等。全岩Sr-Nd同位素显示其具有较高的Sr初始比值(0.702 5～0.7189)、低的Nd初始比值(-9.0～-9.4),t_(DM2)较老(1.7～1.8 Ga)。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)为-0.2～-2.9,t_(DM2)为1.3～1.4 Ga,加权平均值为1.35 Ga。结果表明,将军庙岩体具壳源花岗岩的特点,形成于后碰撞期或碰撞晚期的构造环境,源于中元古代结晶基底的部分熔融。结合区域大地构造背景,认为将军庙岩体形成于秦岭-大别和松马两条印支期缝合带碰撞结束后的印支晚期伸展构造背景,是板内挤压加厚的地壳减压熔融作用的产物。     

吉南集安金厂沟金矿区晚三叠世黑云母闪长岩和正长花岗岩的年龄、岩石成因及其构造意义

本文报道了吉林南部金厂沟矿区黑云母闪长岩和正长花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄、锆石Hf同位素和岩石地球化学资料,以确定该区岩体的形成时代、源区性质和构造背景。黑云母闪长岩和正长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为221.5±1.1 Ma和227.4±1.9 Ma,表明岩体形成于晚三叠世。正长花岗岩富硅、铝、碱和贫钙、钠、镁及铁,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾型,微量元素蛛网图上表现为大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K)富集和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)及P亏损,锆石ε_(Hf)(t)介于–15.3~–9.0之间,Hf二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))介于1.83~2.22 Ga之间。以上特征表明,该期正长花岗岩为准铝质-过铝质钾玄岩系列,与S型花岗岩特征相似,岩浆起源于古元古代长英质下地壳在低压环境下的部分熔融。黑云母闪长岩具有富硅、铝、钾、钠和贫镁的特点,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾型,微量元素蛛网图上表现为富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K及活泼的不相容元素Th和U,相对亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P和Ti,具有高Sr(735×10~(–6)~1560×10~(–6)),低Yb(0.92×10~(–6)~1.23×10~(–6))的特征。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)为–12.9~–8.5,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM2))为1.82~2.07 Ga。结合前人研究成果,认为黑云母闪长岩起源于深部的古元古代镁铁质下地壳的部分熔融。综合分析吉南地区已有的年代学资料和区域构造研究成果,认为吉南中生代岩浆作用主要发生在晚三叠世、早中侏罗世和早白垩世,与辽东和胶东地区具有相同的年代学格架并构成一条北东向岩浆岩带。吉南地区晚三叠世黑云母闪长岩和正长花岗岩是扬子板块与华北板块碰撞拼合的产物。     

广东长埔锡多金属矿床石英斑岩锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

广东省海丰县长埔锡多金属矿床位于粤东地区莲花山断裂带南西段,是一个中型锡多金属矿床。以与长埔锡多金属矿床矿化联系密切的石英斑岩为研究对象,首次对其进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年以及锆石Hf同位素分析,获得其锆石U-Pb同位素加权平均年龄为(145.0±0.9)Ma,形成于早白垩世初;锆石Hf同位素特征显示其ε_(Hf)(t)为–7.95~–2.74,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM2))为1371~1704 Ma,表明石英斑岩主要来源于中元古代古老地壳岩石的部分熔融,可能有少量地幔物质的加入。根据所得数据,结合区域构造演化,长埔锡多金属矿床石英斑岩可能形成于古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲作用有关的区域伸展动力学背景。     

青藏高原西南部赛利普超钾质火山岩富集地幔源区和岩石成因:锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素制约

西藏拉萨地块西南部赛利普钾质-超钾质火山岩为一套含地幔包体的粗面安山岩,高K_2O,MgO、Cr、Ni含量,K_2O/ Na_2O比值和Mg~#,为地幔低度部分熔融的原始岩浆,或经橄榄石、单斜辉石或Fe-Ti氧化物分离结晶。岩石强烈富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素、亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti,富集放射性成因Sr、Pb和Nd同位素,指示岩浆源区为富集地幔。采用LA-ICP-MS测定赛利普钾质-超钾质火山岩三件样品的18颗新生岩浆锆石U-Pb年龄为15.8～19.2Ma,其中钾质岩石样品SL0628中11个点的加权平均值为17.7±0.3Ma,与他人获得的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄一致。三件样品中新生岩浆锆石的ε~(Hf)(t)变化范围为-7.6～3.9,平均地壳模式年龄(t_(DMC)=0.86～1.59Ga)变化较大,除两个分析点显示亏损特征外,总体显示富集特征,表明岩石源于富集源区,但有少量亏损地幔物质加入。三件样品共获得49颗继承锆石的U-Pb年龄介于20～1907Ma,其Hf同位素组成(ε_(Hf)(t)=-25.9～5.3)和平均地壳模式年龄(t_(DMC)=0.79～4.08Ga)变化较大;其中的37颗年龄较小的继承锆石(20～110Ma)指示地幔源区可能受到四期明显的岩浆改造事件(62.2～64.0Ma,43.3～55.1Ma,29.5～37.7Ma和20.1～27.4Ma)和两个岩浆活动间歇期(70～90Ma和37.7～43.3Ma)。在拉萨地块首次发现29.5～37.7Ma的岩浆活动,并发现与林子宗火山岩同期的、Hf同位素富集的岩浆活动(62.2～64.0Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)=-21.2～3.0)。三件样品中49颗继承锆石的Hf同位素研究表明源区富集组分可能源自拉萨地块古老地壳基底和俯冲的印度大陆地壳。赛利普钾质-超钾质岩石形成可能是印度大陆地壳前缘撕裂和分段俯冲的结果。     

东天山双龙铜矿石英闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素分析及对构造环境的制约

通过对新疆东天山雅满苏岛弧带双龙铜矿成岩地质特征、岩石地球化学特征及Hf同位素分析,认为赋矿岩体为一套形成于后碰撞环境下的准铝质高钾钙碱性岩石系列的石英闪长岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为(300.9±1.2)Ma。岩石地球化学显示,赋矿岩石具富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)K,Rb等及高场强元素(HFSE)Th,U,Zr和Hf,贫Nb,Ta,Ti,Sr,P特征,可能形成于后碰撞构造环境。石英闪长岩锆石176Hf/177Hf变化范围0.282949~0.283002,平均值0.282979,εHf(t)值为12.32~14.40,平均13.40,tDM2(Hf)为375~482Ma,平均429Ma,表明岩浆物源可能来自志留纪新生地壳的部分熔融。     

新疆东准噶尔塔克尔巴斯陶一带闪长岩岩石学及地球化学特征

塔克尔巴斯陶闪长岩体位于东准噶尔北缘,乌伦古河断裂南侧,卡拉麦里断裂北侧。该岩体由辉长闪长岩、辉石闪长岩、二长闪长岩组成,SHIRMP锆石U-Pb测年为(362.5±9.4)Ma。岩石属高钾钙碱系列,富集大离子亲石元素Sr,K,Ba,亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,Ti,Th,其中Ta为0.28×10-6~0.73×10-6,Hf/Ta为7.41~12.86,Hf/Th为0.67~1.44,Zr/Nb为15.25~29.85,且大多数样品的Nb,Ta有较强的亏损等特征,反映岩浆源区可能来自地幔,并与有着明显Nb,Ta亏损的岛弧环境闪长岩相似。岩体高Sr低Y及低Sr/Y值,同时δEu=0.75~1.09,(La/Yb)N=6.04~11.67,暗示岩体中有大陆地壳物质参与。通过获得的SHIRMP锆石U-Pb年龄及岩石地球化学等特征,判断塔克尔巴斯陶岩体产于俯冲岛弧环境,岩体为地幔岩浆来源,并有一定地壳物质参与,同时也约束了东准噶尔地区俯冲-消减作用结束的时限。     

拉萨地块南缘日多地区叶巴组火山岩地球化学、年代学、锆石Lu-Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

拉萨地块南缘日多地区叶巴组火山岩以中酸性熔岩及火山碎屑岩占绝对优势为特征。以墨竹工卡县以东日多地区叶巴组火山岩代表性岩石组合为对象进行了地球化学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及锆石Lu-Hf同位素研究。研究结果表明,叶巴组火山岩具有轻稀土元素富集,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti(P、Hf)的地球化学特征。其中,基性火山岩具低钾、低钛和富钠、富铝的特征,Nb、Zr含量和Th/Y、Th/Yb、Ta/Yb值较高,而La/Nb值较低,呈现出大陆地壳组分增加的趋势。中酸性火山岩属中钾-高钾钙碱性系列,具有低钛、低镁和高铝的特征,微量元素含量及比值与大陆岛弧安山岩接近。叶巴组火山岩总体地球化学特征与陆缘弧火山岩相似。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得英安岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值分别为176.9±2.3Ma和162.2±3.3Ma,表明研究区叶巴组酸性火山岩形成于中侏罗世。锆石Hf同位素测试结果显示,εHf(t)值为2.43~11.42,二阶段模式年龄(t_(DM)~C)为482~1065Ma,暗示叶巴组酸性火山岩源区除新生地壳物质的部分熔融外,还明显受到古老结晶基底的影响。结合前人研究成果,认为叶巴组形成于早中侏罗世雅鲁藏布江洋北向俯冲于拉萨地块南缘之下的陆缘弧环境。     

辽宁大石桥早白垩世建一岩体年代学、地球化学及成因研究

建一岩体岩性主要为花岗闪长岩.岩石中的锆石呈自形,发育岩浆振荡生长环带,具有较高的Th/U比值（>0.1）,均暗示其为典型的岩浆成因锆石.锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示,所测锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄集中于138~145 Ma,其加权平均年龄为140 Ma,说明花岗闪长岩的形成时代为早白垩世.主量元素特征显示,该岩体为铝不饱和的I型花岗岩.球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配模式显示轻稀土元素（LREE）相对富集,中稀土和重稀土元素（MREE和HREE）相对亏损,具有轻微的负Eu异常,暗示岩浆演化过程中角闪石分离结晶明显而斜长石分离结晶较弱.微量元素蛛网图显示富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）Rb、Th、U,贫高场强元素（HFSE）Nb、Ta,其Nb/Ta、La/Nb和Th/Nb比值介于地壳和地幔平均值之间,显示建一岩体岩浆具有壳幔混源的特点.结合建一岩体岩石地球化学特点和区域构造背景,认为该岩体的形成可能与古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下俯冲引起的类似于弧后盆地的伸展环境有关.     

广西梧州思委银矿区花岗岩的岩石成因：锆石U-Pb测年、岩石地球化学和Hf同位素约束

本文对广西梧州思委银矿区思委岩体中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩进行了系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Hf同位素分析研究,以深入探讨其岩石成因。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得了思委岩体黑云母二长花岗岩成岩年龄为165±1Ma。思委岩体黑云母二长花岗岩为一套弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩,富集U、K、Pb等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素;球粒陨石标准化REE配分模式为右倾斜配分模式,轻重稀土元素分异强烈,富集轻稀土元素,重稀土元素平坦分布。锆石Hf同位素分析花岗岩锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值分布在-15.9~8.7之间,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄(t2DM)在652~2255Ma之间,表明岩浆源区既有直接源于亏损地幔分异的新生地壳的迅速重熔,也有不同比例的古老地壳的混合作用。花岗岩成岩可能是受古太平洋板块持续俯冲作用影响,焊接板片开裂形成的岩浆上侵。     

河北中山沟金矿含金石英脉中锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究

热液石英脉型金矿石中锆石可以来自围岩,也可以由热液活动形成。因此,对其研究有助于揭示成岩成矿信息。中山沟金矿位于河北省张家口—宣化(张宣)地区,主要呈石英脉型产于水泉沟岩体西段,是张宣幔枝构造核部的典型金矿床之一。本文在矿区地质特征基础上,主要开展含金石英脉内锆石形态学特征、LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测年以及Hf同位素研究。研究表明:石英脉内的锆石形态为自形—半自形,环带特征明显,Th/U值较高,平均0.97,具有岩浆锆石特征。锆石稀土元素含量(∑REE)为351×10^-6~976×10^-6,平均值为690×10^-6,呈现出轻稀土(LREE)亏损、重稀土(HREE)富集特征,在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线总体呈现出斜率基本一致的左倾型;17个锆石U-Pb年龄数据获得391±1 Ma的谐和年龄和391±3 Ma的加权平均年龄,两组年龄在误差范围内基本一致,代表了含金石英脉中岩浆锆石的结晶年龄。11个Hf同位素测试数据获得的εHf(t)值位于-21.4~-16.6,T_DM1介于1.7~1.9 Ga,平均1.7 Ga,T_DM2主要集中于2.4~2.6 Ga,平均2.5 Ga,在Hf图解中投影点均位于亏损地幔和球粒陨石演化线之下,基本靠近2.5 Ga古老地壳的Hf同位素演化线,反应了其源区物质在地壳中平均存留的年龄。结合区域、矿区地质和实验锆石特征,本文认为中山沟金矿成矿时代不早于391±1 Ma,推测可能形成于海西早期,存在燕山期热液叠加成矿。水泉沟岩体的主成岩时代为加里东末期—海西早期。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Alkaline rocks of Samchampi-Samteran, District Karbi-Anglong, Assam, India

The Samchampi-Samteran alkaline igneous complex (SAC) is a near circular, plug-like body approximately 12 km² area and is emplaced into the Precambrian gneissic terrain of the Karbi Anglong district of Assam. The host rocks, which are exposed in immediate vicinity of the intrusion, comprise granite gneiss, migmatite, granodiorite, amphibolite, pegmatite and quartz veins. The SAC is composed of a wide variety of lithologies identified as syenitic fenite, magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock, alkali pyroxenite, ijolite-melteigite, carbonatite, nepheline syenite with leucocratic and mesocratic variants, phonolite, volcanic tuff, phosphatic rock and chert breccia. The magnetite ± perovskite ± apatite rock was generated as a cumulus phase owing to the partitioning of Ti, Fe at a shallow level magma chamber (not evolved DI = O1). The highly alkaline hydrous fluid activity indicated by the presence of strongly alkalic minerals in carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks suggests that the composition of original melt was more alkalic than those now found and represent a silica undersaturated ultramafic rock of carbonated olivine-poor nephelinite which splits with falling temperature into two immiscible fractions—one ultimately crystallises as alkali pyroxenite/ijolite and the other as carbonatite. The spatial distribution of varied lithotypes of SAC and their genetic relationships suggests that the silicate and carbonate melts, produced through liquid immiscibility, during ascent generated into an array of lithotypes and also reaction with the country rocks by alkali emanations produced fenitic aureoles (nephelinisation process). Isotopic studies (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) on carbonatites of Samchampi have indicated that the δ¹³C of the source magma is related to contamination from recycled carbon.