鲁西金岭地区含矿闪长岩体成因:来自锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学证据

鲁西金岭闪长岩位于华北克拉通东南部,主要由辉石闪长岩-黑云母闪长岩组成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年测定闪长岩侵位年龄为(129.17±0.96)和(130.15±0.65)Ma,属于早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。闪长岩SiO2和K_2O的质量分数较低,MgO、Na_2O、Fe_2O_3、MgO和Al_2O_3的质量分数较高,Mg#为58.00~70.00。Na_2O/K_2O为1.08~2.96,相对富钠高铝,其里特曼指数为1.95~2.96,具有钙碱性系列的岩浆演化趋势。金岭闪长岩w(Ni)为99.00×10~(-6)~237.00×10~(-6),w(Cr)为270.00×10~(-6)~600.00×10~(-6),w(Co)为19.00×10~(-6)~44.00×10~(-6),表明其具有幔源岩浆的属性。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线表明样品具有富集轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损重稀土元素(HREE)以及弱Eu(δEu为0.91~1.12)异常的特征。所有样品富集大离子亲石元素(Ba、K、Sr)和高场强元素Nd,亏损高场强元素Rb、Nb、Ta、Zr。样品中约2.5Ga古老锆石的存在证明岩浆源区受到古老下地壳物质的混染作用。鲁西金岭地区闪长岩应形成于太平洋板块俯冲后后撤引起的伸展环境,其岩浆源区是富集地幔起源的基性岩浆底侵华北古老下地壳并与下地壳熔融形成的壳源酸性岩浆混合过程的产物。     

桂北罗城垒洞煌斑岩形成过程:地球化学、年代学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素约束

对桂北罗城垒洞煌斑岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,获得的岩浆侵位年龄为约100Ma。其高钾(K2O/Na2O=15.7~24.0),富碱[w(K2O+Na2O)=6.18%~8.25%],富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素、Sr及重稀土元素,高(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.718 832~0.719 730),低εNd(t)(-9.15~-8.97),富集放射性Pb的特征,显示源区可能为早期俯冲交代作用形成的EMⅡ型富集地幔,该富集地幔形成于新元古代扬子和华夏地块的俯冲作用。煌斑岩岩浆的形成与华南陆块在白垩纪(100Ma)伸展拉张的背景下软流圈上涌促使这些富集地幔部分熔融有关。区域上NNE向的深大断裂为岩浆侵位提供了良好的通道。     

云南武定左所辉绿岩铂族元素地球化学、Pb同位素及其地质意义

古元古代晚期至中元古代早期,西南康滇地区发生过一次强烈的构造、岩浆及成矿事件,即昆阳裂谷,以广泛出露1.8~1.5 Ga基性岩浆岩及铁铜矿床为重要标志。文章报道了滇中武定地区左所辉绿岩的岩石化学、微量元素、Pb同位素及铂族元素地球化学特征,通过铂族元素地球化学对昆阳裂谷期的岩石圈演化、壳幔相互作用进行了探讨。左所辉绿岩相对富碱(w(Na_2O+K_2O)平均为3.55%),低w(Si O_2),较高的w(Ti O_2)(均值为3.30%)、w(P_2O_5)(平均值0.35%),Ca O/Ti O_2比值(平均值为2.4)及Al_2O_3/Ti O_2比值(平均值为3.4)低,具有典型地幔热柱玄武岩的岩石化学特征。左所辉绿岩微量元素中相对富集大离子半径元素,高场强元素弱亏损,稀土元素中出现弱的Eu负异常,反映了斜长石的轻度结晶分异。辉绿岩具有较高的铂族元素含量,PPGE和IPGE明显分异,PGE原始地幔标准化配分曲线呈较明显的左陡倾型。辉绿岩的Cu/Pd比值均低于原始地幔值,表明原始岩浆S不饱和,亦未发生硫化物的熔离过程,较高的PGE含量可能与初始岩浆本身的S含量较高有关。高的Pd/Ir比值可能与IPGE在部分熔融过程中更倾向于残留相以及岩浆演化早期铬铁矿和橄榄石的结晶分异有关。低程度的地幔部分熔融、Pb同位素特征暗示左所地区辉绿岩的形成过程:陆内裂谷环境下,富硫的原始岩浆在上升过程中受到较少下地壳物质的混染,侵位至浅表并较快冷却,形成辉绿岩。     

冀北沽源铀矿田粗面岩的年代学、地球化学特征及岩石成因

沽源铀矿田位于开源-赤峰断裂带以南的华北古板块北缘,燕辽Mo-U-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属成矿带西段和沽源-红山子铀成矿带西南段,铀矿赋存在粗面岩-流纹岩组合中。2个粗面岩样品(样号分别为GY101和GY108)的锆石均具有明显的环带结构,Th/U比值高,属典型的岩浆成因锆石。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果表明:GY101粗面岩13个分析点的206Pb/238U年龄范围为142~136 Ma,加权平均值为(138.4±1.3)Ma,MSWD=0.47;GY108粗面岩12个分析点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄范围为143~137 Ma,加权平均值为(139.5±1.3)Ma,MSWD=0.49,指示地质时代属早白垩世早期。粗面岩具有较高的SiO_2、K_2O+Na_2O含量和K_2O/Na_2O、Fe_2O_3/FeO比值,在SiO_2-(K_2O+Na_2O)图解中落在碱性系列粗面岩或粗面英安岩范围,在SiO_2-K_2O图解中落在橄榄玄粗岩系列范围,结合标准矿物Q含量小于20%,属典型的高钾碱性粗面岩。稀土元素含量高,富集轻稀土,Eu负异常不明显,稀土分布模式为右倾轻稀土富集型,具高压型粗面岩的稀土元素特征;富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Pb和高场强元素Zr、Y,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti元素,具高Sr-Ba英安岩-流纹岩的微量元素特征。较低的Ti/Zr、Nb/Ta比值和较高的Rb/Sr比值,具有壳源火山岩的特征;具有较高的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i(0.707781~0.708156)、εNd(t)(–5.31~–5.83)和δ~(18)OVSMOW(7.08‰~8.05‰),较小的tDM2(1361~1376 Ma),较低的(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i(16.97~17.00)、(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i(15.06~15.62)和(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i(36.73~36.80),在ε_(Nd)(t)-(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i图解中落在EMⅠ富集地幔与亏损地幔的联线附近,在(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)t-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t图解中落在靠近EMⅠ富集地幔的下地壳和地幔之间,在(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t和(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t图解中均落在EMⅠ富集地幔端元附近,在Zr/Al_2O_3-TiO_2/Al_2O_3和Y-Zr判别图解中都落在板内构造环境内。可见,沽源铀矿田粗面岩的成因可用两阶段模式进行解释:中元古代源于EMⅠ富集地幔和亏损地幔的岩浆混合并在底侵于下地壳的过程中受到少量古老下地壳物质混染后形成年轻下地壳;中侏罗世晚期-晚侏罗世发生的挤压构造事件导致地壳加厚,早白垩世早期在拉张构造环境下加厚地壳的年轻下地壳发生部分熔融形成的粗面质岩浆喷出地表形成粗面岩。     

羌塘雀莫错始新世石英二长岩的年代学、地球化学与岩石成因

正长岩以及富碱的石英二长岩常常被认为起源于富集地幔的熔融。本文报道了起源于增厚陆壳熔融的石英二长岩。雀莫错岩体是分布在羌塘北部(青藏高原中部)的雀莫错(湖)东北部雀莫山上的一个侵入体,前人认为其由正长斑岩组成,形成时代不确定(45~23 Ma)。近期,我们对该侵入体进行了详细的野外地质调查和室内岩石学、地球化学以及年代学研究。雀莫错侵入岩主要由石英二长岩组成,激光锆石U-Pb测年显示,该岩体的侵位时代为始新世(41.71±0.29 Ma),与区域上大面积始新世火山岩同期。雀莫错侵入岩高硅(SiO_2=65.12%~66.71%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=9.08%~9.71%)、富钾(K_2O=5.50%~5.92%)和高铝(Al_2O_314.79%),同时高Sr(1874~2001μg/g),亏损重稀土Yb(1.24~1.34μg/g)和Y(14.4~15.7μg/g),高Sr/Y(124~136)和La/Yb(67~74)比值,富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs),亏损高场强元素(HFSEs),具有不明显的Eu负异常、Sr正异常和略高的Mg~#(47~56),与区域上大面积的同期埃达克质火山岩类似。岩石具有非常均一的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i同位素比值(~0.7069)和ε_(Nd)(t)值(-2.6~-2.8)。结合区域地质、岩石和构造资料,认为雀莫错侵入岩形成于印度-欧亚大陆汇聚诱发的高原中部挤压阶段:挤压导致陆内俯冲,俯冲地壳发生部分熔融,岩浆在上升的过程中与地幔橄榄岩发生小规模反应,然后岩浆上升侵位形成了该区侵入岩。     

新疆博格达东缘色皮口一带辉绿岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

博格达造山带内出露的晚石炭世辉绿岩,为研究博格达裂谷演化末期地球动力学背景提供了重要信息.色皮口地区辉绿岩主量元素以低TiO2、较高Al2O3、较低MgO、贫P2O5,较低的K2O/Na2O比值(0.12~0.53),ΣREE较高,LREE/HREE为2.45~3.56,铕负异常不明显(δEu=0.82~1.02)等为特征.与原始地幔相比,其不相容元素K,Rb, U,Ba富集,高场强元素Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf无富集,Ti亏损不明显,Nb,Ta,Th表现为明显负异常.U富集可能指示与地壳物质的加入有关,较低的Nb/Zr比值(0.02~0.06),暗示岩浆源区可能为受地壳混染的亏损地幔.辉绿岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果为(300.5±1.7) Ma(MSWD=2.3,Th/U比值为0.36~1.3),为晚石炭世晚期,代表了博格达裂谷闭合后地球动力学环境由挤压变为拉张的转折期.     

安徽庐枞盆地黄屯闪长玢岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

黄屯闪长玢岩侵位于安徽庐枞盆地北部边缘,与盆地内铅锌金多金属矿关系密切。岩石地球化学分析结果显示,闪长玢岩ALK=7.49%~12.37%,K_2O/Na_2O=0.2~1.0,σ=3.9~8.4,A/CNK=1.2~1.8,具有富碱富钠,高钾过铝质特征;稀土元素∑REE=128.22×10~(-6)~300.24×10~(-6),LREE/HREE=5.2~14.0,δEu=0.7~1.1,表现为LREE富集,HREE亏损,弱的Eu负异常特征;微量元素富集LILE(K、Rb、Pb),亏损HFSE(Th、Ta、Nb、Ti);Sr-Nd同位素组成为(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i=0.70688~0.70772,(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)i=0.511856~0.511997。地球化学研究结果表明黄屯闪长玢岩岩浆来源于EMI型富集地幔,在岩浆演化过程中存在较弱的结晶分异作用,同时还受到了一定的地壳物质混染,形成于庐枞盆地由挤压向拉张转化的构造背景之下。     

赣西北麦斜岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学以及Sr-Nd同位素研究及其岩石成因

赣西北麦斜岩体以灰白色中细粒等粒黑云母花岗闪长岩为主。本文通过锆石LA-ICP-MS法测得黑云母花岗闪长岩的侵位年龄为433.4±7.1Ma(MSWD=0.82)和431.8±6.0 Ma(MSWD=0.43),表明其属于早古生代岩浆活动的产物。岩石含少量角闪石,地球化学特征显示高硅(SiO_2=62.0%~71.43%)、高钾(K_2O/Na_2O=0.88~2.42)、富碱[(K_2O+Na_2O)=5.39%~8.12%]、低Fe_2O_3(2.61%~5.70%)、MgO(0.96%~2.90%)、CaO(1.39%~5.11%)、TiO_2(0.27%~0.67%)、P_2O_5(0.06%~0.10%)含量,整体弱过铝质(A/CNK介于0.98~1.25之间,平均为1.08)特征,且P_2O_5含量与SiO_2含量呈明显的负相关关系,矿物学和地球化学特征显示其属于高钾钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩。微量元素特征上表现为富集Rb、Th、Pb和LREE,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P、Ba、Sr等元素,轻重稀土分馏明显[(La/Yb)_N=5.00~40.42,平均为17.17],弱到中等Eu负异常(δEu=0.63~1.00,平均为0.77)。岩石具有均一的Sr-Nd同位素组成[(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.708444~0.708962,ε_(Nd)(t)=-7.48~-7.22,t_(2DM)(Nd)=1.75~1.87Ga,平均为1.81Ga],相对较高的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i比值和低ε_(Nd)(t)值及较古老Nd模式年龄暗示其来自以古元古代地壳为主要成分的部分熔融作用产物。综合实验岩石学以及样品地球化学特征,表明麦斜黑云母花岗闪长岩形成于中、下地壳中-基性岩(如角闪岩)的水不饱和部分熔融,初始岩浆中可能有一定量的幔源物质混入,并经历了广泛的角闪石、黑云母、钛铁矿、榍石、斜长石、磷灰石等矿物的分离结晶作用,这些幔源物质是华南古元古代时期经历了俯冲流体的交代作用而形成富集地幔的部分熔融产物。结合区域地质背景以及岩石地球化学特征认为其可能形成于陆内后碰撞环境,由幔源基性物质底侵,导致华南早古生代中下地壳部分熔融而形成广泛分布的华南早古生代陆内岩浆岩。     

湘东丫江桥岩体时代与成因:来自LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年代学、地球化学和Lu- Hf同位素制约

丫江桥岩体是湘东地区重要的成矿花岗岩,为精确厘定丫江桥岩体侵位时代、查明岩石成因,本文对丫江桥岩体中粗粒和中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学和原位锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析。获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为213.0±1.2Ma(n=12,MSWD=0.67)和212.1±1.2Ma(n=14,MSWD=0.09);岩石SiO_2含量为70.39%～72.88%和73.19%～74.85%;K_2O+Na_2O值为6.94%～7.95%和7.58%～7.96%;K_2O/Na_2O比值为1.25～1.70和1.45～1.58,A/CNK比值为1.05～1.07和1.07～1.09。稀土元素配分模式右倾,轻、重稀土分馏明显,(La/Yb)N值为13.76～24.52和7.12～11.01;负Eu异常,δEu值为0.34～0.61和0.26～0.33。富集Rb、K、Pb等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ba、Sr、Eu和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-7.01～-0.90和-6.38～+6.85,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_(DM2))为13.1～16.9Ga和12.7～16.6Ga。上述结果表明黑云母二长花岗岩为印支晚期岩浆活动产物,属弱过铝质花岗岩,岩浆主要来源于中元古界地壳物质重熔,可能有少量地幔物质参与。结合前人研究成果认为,黑云母二长花岗岩形成于后碰撞伸展的构造背景下,地壳减薄和压力降低以及地幔物质上涌的共同作用,导致地壳部分熔融形成花岗质岩浆,岩浆侵位冷却结晶,形成花岗岩体。     

安徽滁州地区闪长质岩锆石U-Pb年龄与地球化学:岩石成因和动力学意义

用LA-ICP-MS测得安徽滁州2个闪长玢岩样品中锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为126.19±0.44Ma和126.4±0.7Ma,结合前人研究,得出滁州地区岩体的侵位时代应为120~130Ma之间,为早白垩世。岩石地球化学研究显示,Si O_2含量变化范围为56.75%~60.90%,具有高Al_2O_3(14.82%~15.77%)、Mg O(4%)、Sr(750×10~(-6))、Sr/Y(62~110)、La/Yb(20~36),低Y、Yb的特征,同时富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,Eu异常不明显,属于典型的埃达克质岩。Mg~#值为39~45,K_2O/Na_2O值为0.57~0.96,平均值为0.75,明显低于大别造山带加厚下地壳埃达克岩,Ce/Pb值较低,大多集中在3~5之间,类似于陆壳而明显低于洋壳。研究认为,安徽滁州地区埃达克质岩由拆沉下地壳部分熔融形成,埃达克质岩浆在上升过程中与地幔橄榄岩发生反应,导致熔体Mg O、Cr、Ni等含量增加。早白垩世中国东部地壳伸展减薄导致下地壳拆沉,地幔物质的参与带来铜、金等成矿物质,埃达克质岩可作为该地区重要的找矿标志。     

以改革为动力以创新求发展--机械工业第六设计研究院“三项制度”改革纪略

机械工业第六设计研究院原隶属于机械工业部,为事业单位,2000年10月转制后隶属于中国机械装备(集团)公司,为企业单位。该院现有在职员工459人,外聘人员300人,离退休人员356人,其中,中国工程院院士1人,中国工程设计大师2人,教授级高级工程师50人,高级工程师近260人,工程师300多人。该院是工业和民用建筑设计双甲级单位,并具有甲级工程总承包和工程监理资质。建院五十多年来,该院先后完成了5000余项大中型工业和民用建筑项目的设计和咨询,为我国国民经济建设和发展做出了卓越贡献。     

Tungsten-bearing baotite from Pierrefitte,Pyrenees, France

Summary Baotite occurs in the Garaoulére orebody, at Pierreftte, France, as an accessory mineral, included in alstonite and celsian, and associated with sphalerite, galena, pyrite, siderite and calcite in hydrothermal veins crosscutting calcareous, rutile-bearing, siltstones. Microprobe analyses revealed high W0₃ concentrations (up to 6 wt.%) in baotite. The empirical formula of W-rich baotite is Ba_3.959Ti₄(Ti_3.169W_0.393Fe_0.116Al_0.073 Cr_0.048Nb_0.024)_3.823 Si_4.05O₂₈Cl_1.166. The excess of charges due to the presence of W⁶⁺ and Nb⁵⁺ is compensated by the introduction of M³⁺ (Fe, Al, Cr) into Ti-octahedra, by the appearance of Al in Si-tetrahedra (for W-poor baotite) and by the appearance of vacancies in Ti-octahedra (3Ti⁴ -> 2W⁶⁺ + and in Ba-sites (Ti⁴⁺ Ba²⁺ W⁶⁺, ). The unit-cell parameters of W-rich baotite are: a = 19.92(2), c = 5.930(8) Å. Niobium-rich baotites (Baiyun-Obo,Semenov et al., 1961; Karlstein,Nmec, 1987) are characterized by substitutions: Ti⁴⁺(VI), Si⁴⁺(IV)Nb⁵⁺(VI), Al³⁺(IV) and 2Ti⁴⁺, Ba²⁺ 2Nb⁵⁺, .

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Wolfram führender Baotit von Pierrefitte, Pyrenäen, Frankreich

Zusammenfassung Baotit kommt in dem Garaoulére Erzkórper in Pierrefitte, Frankreich als ein akzessorisches Mineral in Einschlÿussen in Alstonit und Celsian vor. Er ist mit Zinkblende, Bleiglanz, Pyrit, Siderit und Calcit assoziiert. Diese Paragenese ist an hydrothermale Gänge gebunden, die kalkige rutil-führende Siltsteine durchsetzen. Mikrosondenanalysen zeigen hohe W0₃ Gehalte (bis zu 6 Gew.%) in Baotit. Die empirische Formel von wolfram-reichem Baotit ist: Ba_3.959Ti₄(Ti_3.169W_0.393Fe_0.116Al_0.073Cr_0.048Nb_0.024)_3.823 Si_4.05O₂₈Cl_1.66. Der durch die Anwesenheit von W⁶⁺ und Nb⁵⁺ erforderliche Ladungsausgleich ergibt sich durch das Eintreten von M³⁺ (Fe, Al; Cr) in Ti-Oktaeder, und von Al in Si-Tetraeder (für W-armen Baotit) und schließlich durch das Erscheinen von Leerstellen in Ti-Oktaedern (3Ti⁴⁺ 2W6+ + und in Ba-Stellen (Ti⁴⁺, Ba` W⁶⁺, Die Zellparameter von ldW-reichem Baotit sind: a = 19.92(2), c = 5.930(8) Å. Niob-reiche Baotite (Baiyun-Obo, Semenov et al., 1961; Karlstein, Nmec, 1987) sind durch Substitutionen charakterisiert: Ti⁴⁺(VI), Si⁴⁺(IV)Nb⁵⁺(VI), Al³⁺(IV) und 2Ti⁴⁺, Ba²⁺ 2Nb⁵⁺, .

     

我国云南江城氯氧镁铝石的研究

氯氧镁铝石(Koenenite)是一种少见矿物,最初发现于德国Gttingen。后来,F.里勒(F.Rinne)、R.库恩(R.Kühn)、H.-H.洛斯(H.-H.Lohse)、R.奥勒曼)R.Allmann)等人先后都作过报导,而在我国还是首次发现。氯氧镁铝石结构比较特殊,性质上是一个多变的矿物。     

设计源于构思--谈草图设计大师SketchUp

CAAD(Computer Aided Architectural Design)在建筑设计专业工作中的应用技术称为计算机辅助建筑设计技术，它从上世纪60年代兴起80年代走红90年代席卷了整个建筑市场，并迅速成熟。设计师无疑已经离不开它们，代表作品有广为人知的AutoCAD、3DMAX，然而建筑师在享用它们的同时却不停的感慨它们的局限性：“它们把建筑设计引向机械的、单调的缺乏个性的死胡同……”，“建筑设计本身是一种模糊性设计，前期并不需要严格的定性定量，而且，美学问题是无法用定量的方法来描述的……”，它的呆板复杂与建筑师的灵性脱缰的思维无法合谐的同行，两者徘徊于等待与被等待之间隔岸对视。     

Metamorphic P-T paths from calcic pelitic schists from the Strafford Dome, Vermont, USA

Metamorphism of the Gile Mountain Formation and Waits River Formation in the Strafford Dome and Townshend-Brownington Syncline in east-central Vermont records two nappe-style events, D1 and D2, followed by doming. D1 formed a muscovite + biotite ± ilmenite schistosity subparallel to compositional layering, SO, and was followed by heating to garnet grade. The temperature and pressure at the end of D1 are estimated to be c . 450 C and 6-8 kbar. D2 variably crenulated and folded S1 during a nearly isothermal pressure increase of 1-2 kbar, calculated from compositions of garnet, which have inclusions trails with progressive crenulation and rotation of the S1 fabric. Similar P-T paths are computed for most of the area, suggesting that the later schistosity developed during emplacement of a regional nappe 3-6 km thick. There is a general lack of D3 (dome-stage) microstructures.
Near the Strafford-Willoughby Arch, staurolite and kyanite overgrew S2 in pelites, and plagioclase with increasing X _An overgrew S2 in calcic pelites, reflecting post-D2 heating to a maximum of 550-600 C. Metamorphic pressures at the end of D2 are fairly constant on the west side of the dome, indicating minor dome-stage uplift. In contrast, pressures at the thermal peak of metamorphism decrease by more than 4 kbar east of the dome. The observed pattern of isotherms and isobars is mainly the result of post-metamorphic, differential uplift and unroofing.
Finally, a minor, retrograde metamorphism produced the assemblage albite + epidote + K-feldspar + muscovite + chlorite, with grade increasing east toward the Connecticut River.     

Leucitites from Gaussberg,Antarctica

Leucitities of probable late Pleistocene age from the extinct volcano of Gaussberg on the coast of East Antarctica consist of microphenocrysts of olivine, diopside, and leucite in a largely glassy groundmass. Their extreme K contents and K/Na ratios, as well as high Rb, Ba, and possibly Ti, are compatible with an origin by small degrees of partial melting of phlogopite-rich mantle below the level of amphibole stability, whereas their enrichment in P, Sr, Zr, Nb, La, Ce, Pb, and Th indicates the presence of minor phases such as apatite in the source material. Although the Mg/(Mg+Fe) values (0.70) and relatively high Ni and Cr contents suggest that the Gaussberg lavas represent near-primary melts, some degree of fractionation involving an aluminous phase (probably garnet) may be necessary to produce liquids with atomic K>Al. Alternatively, an as yet poorly understood process such as wall-rock reaction, liquid immiscibility, or mantle metasomatism may have been a critical factor in the genesis of these unusual rocks.Gaussberg is situated on a passive continental margin and does not appear to be related to any other known area of Cainozoic volcanic activity.     

Late Quaternary mollusks from glacial Lake Algonquin,Nipissing, and transitional sediments from southwestern Ontario,Canada

Mollusks were studied from six sites in Lake Algonquin deposits (12,000-10,000 yr B.P.), five transitional (Lake Stanley low stage; 10,000 – 6000 yr B.P.), and six Nipissing stage sites (6000-4000 yr B.P.) east of Lake Huron in southwestern Ontario. The sites represent a variety of near-shore, lagoonal, estuarine, and fluvial environments. Eighteen species were limited to occurrences in Algonquin stage deposits; 8 were found only in the transitional age sites; and 14 species were restricted to Nipissing stage localities. With the possible exception of Goniobasis livescens, which occurred at five of the six Nipissing stage sites, the remaining stratigraphically limited species were usually restricted to one or two localities and probably cannot be used as zone fossils. Some cold-tolerant species (e.g., Anodonta grandis simpsoniana) were very early migrants into the study area, while others arrived later, apparently from eastern, southern, and western sources. Mollusks proved useful in paleoenvironmental reconstructions and to a lesser extent in biostratigraphic zonation.     

Hazard and risk from large landslides from Mount Meager volcano,British Columbia,Canada

During the past 8000 years, large volcanic debris flows from Mount Meager, a Quaternary volcano in southwest British Columbia, have reached several tens of kilometres downstream in Lillooet River valley, with flow velocities of many metres per second and flow depths of several metres. These debris flows inundated areas that have become settled in the past 100 years and are now experiencing rapid urban growth. Notably, Pemberton, 65 km from Mount Meager, has doubled in size in the past five years. Approval of subdivision and building permits in Pemberton and adjacent areas requires assessment and mitigation of flood hazards, but large, rare debris flows from Mount Meager are not considered in the permitting process. Unlike floods, some volcanic debris flows occur without warning. We quantify the risk to residents in Lillooet River valley from non-eruption triggered volcanic debris flows based on Holocene landslide activity at Mount Meager. The calculated risk exceeds, by orders of magnitude, risk tolerance thresholds developed in Hong Kong, Australia, England, and in one jurisdiction in Canada. This finding poses a challenge for local governments responsible for public safety.