热带气旋外围环流和广州灾害性高温关系的研究

利用1983-2004年6-9月常规天气资料、广州单站数据和此期间热带气旋年鉴资料、NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，并定义连续3天或以上日最高气温≥35℃为一次灾害性高温天气过程，对广州灾害性高温天气和热带气旋活动的关系进行了分析，结果发现：（1）广州市的灾害性高温天气的出现和热带气旋外围环流紧密相关，且37℃以上的灾害性高温天气主要出现在广州市东南或偏东方向400—1600km范围内的洋面或海面有热带气旋活动时；（2）副热带高压控制下的强烈太阳辐射是广州灾害性高温出现的基础，而热带气旋外围下沉气流导致的强下沉增温是重要因素。     

热带大气季节内振荡对西北太平洋地区热带气旋路径的影响

利用NOAA的逐日OLR场资料、ECMWF逐日风场(850 hPa)资料、以及美国联合台风预报中心(JTWC)的热带气旋(TC)数据,参考Wheeler和Hendon提出的MJO指数,通过Combined-EOF方法定义热带20～90 d振荡(ISO)的指数,对西北太平洋(WNP)区域进行ISO不同相位的划分,深入研究西北太平洋地区ISO对于热带气旋(TC)路径变化的影响。研究结果表明,在ISO东风位相中,在ISO反气旋性环流东北侧气流影响下,西太副高南侧偏东气流较弱,生成在副高中的TC在140 °E以东转折的比率较大;而在西风位相,副高南侧偏东气流受ISO气旋性环流影响加强,生成在该区域的TC在偏东气流引导下首先向西,当西北移动至近海区域后,在西南季风气流以及副高西侧偏东南气流的共同作用下,容易发生顺时针的北折,因而在140 °E以西转折类的TC比率较高。还分析了台风个例中的ISO流场形势,发现当ISO气旋(反气旋)性环流中心与热带气旋中心重合时,热带气旋路径会发生突然的右折。      

两个移速快、强度强、路径相似的台风过程分析

0814强台风"HAGUPIT"和9615台风"SALLY"具有移速快、强度强、路径相似的特点,通过分析得出,500 hPa不断加强的大陆副热带高压,南侧偏东引导气流加强,使热带气旋移速不断加快,而且与热带气旋同向移动增强的副热带高压,使其移速更快。越赤道气流增强和维持,给热带气旋不断输送能量,对流层高层强辐散,弱纬向风垂直切变都有利于热带气旋显著加强和维持。     

热带气旋与珠江三角洲高温天气的关系

对1965~2004年珠江三角洲出现的高温天气及高温天气出现时距珠江三角洲一定距离是否有热带气旋出现进行统计分析,发现珠江三角洲出现高温天气时在东北偏东方至东南方(60°~150°)这一扇形区距离珠江三角洲为500~2000 km的弧面中有热带气旋出现的机率较大,说明热带气旋与珠江三角洲高温天气的形成关系密切;然后对2004年6月底7月初珠江三角洲的高温天气过程进行个例分析,又通过对历史天气过程进行普查,发现强大的高压环流和适当距离上的热带气旋外围下沉气流是珠江三角洲高温天气形成的重要条件。     

南沙区2012年7-8月的持续高温过程分析

利用南沙气象探测基地的地面常规观测资料对南沙的高温日进行了统计,并对2012年7-8月的高温天气过程做了分析,结果发现：南沙高温日数和持续高温出现最多的是2009年,持续高温以2d最多,持续时间最长的为3d;南沙高温主要在6-9月出现,集中出现在7月下旬-8月下旬,高温日出现最多的是8月;高温一般出现在15：00前后.2012年高温出现时副高一般断裂成块状或者脊线比较偏北,受热带气旋的影响较大;所有的高温日都受热带气旋外围下沉气流影响;当热带气旋位于南沙区偏东时,出现高温持续的时间较长,而且过程最高气温也较高.高温日当天08：00气温高、云量偏少、地面风速低、以西到西北风为主,湿度偏低.     

广西沿海高温概念模型建立及预报要点分析

广西沿海高温主要集中在7—8月,并且呈北多南少的特点。通过对38个典型高温个例进行分析,建立了广西沿海高温概念模型,主要有4类:副高+热带气旋型、副高型、副高+西南暖低压型和热带气旋型。增温的形势主要由垂直下沉气流增温及暖平流增温。副高+热带气旋型受到副高底部脊和台风外围的下沉气流增温影响;副高型受到副高控制下的下沉气流增温影响;副高+西南暖低压受到副高控制下的下沉气流增温及西南急流输送的暖平流增温影响;热带气旋型受到台风外围下沉气流增温影响。     

广西贵港地区极端高温日的时间变化特征及其环流背景

极端高温事件是我国南方夏季频发的天气灾害,区域性明显,持续性高温事件的环流背景及其影响机理值得深入研究。基于台站观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心的再分析资料,对1961—2010年广西东南部贵港地区发生的高温事件的时间变化规律及持续性高温天气过程对应的大气环流场演变进行了统计诊断分析。(1)广西东南部贵港地区的高温日主要出现在6—9月,其中7—8月是高温日频发的月份;3天以上的持续高温日数占总高温日数的6成;8—9月的高温日数具有明显的增加趋势。(2)桂东南在6—9月的持续性高温天气与一些特定的天气系统的存在有紧密联系。持续的下沉运动是造成广西东南部升温的主要原因,而导致垂直下沉运动的主要原因又与大陆高压、副热带高压或南海-菲律宾海出现的热带低压系统的北移路径偏东有关,持续时间较长的高温过程还与热带气旋的活动时间较长和强度偏强有关。(3)高压控制的晴空少云天气可导致地表接收更多的太阳辐射,使得地表温度的升高,从而导致地表向上的长波辐射及感热通量增强,加热近地面空气,这些有利于近地面升温的热力过程以及垂直下沉绝热加热过程的增强,使得高温天气过程得以维持。      

2015-2016年贵港市空气污染与天气形势的关系

利用2015—2016年贵港市空气自动监测站空气质量指数、首要污染物等数据及贵港国家气象观测站的常规气象观测资料(风速、湿度、气温等),分析了贵港市2015—2016年空气质量概况及相关气象因子,进而利用合成分析方法对贵港市在不同季节出现不同级别空气污染的天气形势变化进行了分析。分析结果表明:贵港市的首要污染物为PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),其中12月、1—2月为贵港市空气污染最严重的月份。各气象要素与空气质量指数相关性较强,风速、气温、降水等气象条件对贵港市的空气质量影响显著。在春、秋、冬季,冷空气南下影响贵港市,500 hPa为持续的下沉运动且850 hPa相对湿度较低及850hPa由北风转为南风且风速较小时,贵港市极易出现轻度污染以上的天气;当云南一带有南支槽活动时,贵港市易出现重度污染天气。夏季影响贵港市空气质量的主要因素则是热带气旋移动至江苏、浙江一带时,热带气旋的外围下沉气流导致贵港市出现持续下沉运动。此时,受副热带高压系统或者其他天气系统影响,850 hPa风向出现明显转折时,应考虑贵港市出现轻度污染的天气现象。     

PDO对西北太平洋热带气旋活动与大尺度环流关系的影响

利用NCEP再分析资料和上海台风研究所整编的热带气旋资料,研究了在太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)冷暖位相中西北太平洋热带气旋频数与太平洋海表温度(SST)年际相关的分布差异,以及500 hPa高度场对热带气旋频数和生成源地的影响.结果表明,在PDO冷位相时期,热带气旋频数与赤道东太平洋SST存在显著相关,副热带高压位置偏东...     

2020年5月上旬粤东异常高温过程分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和粤东20个国家气象观测站常规气象资料对2020年5月上旬粤东地区出现的持续性异常高温天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)持续的强下沉气流是造成此次高温过程发生的主要原因,而南亚高压强度异常偏强、中心位置异常偏东以及西太平洋副高强度异常偏强、范围大为下沉气流的发生提供有利的大气环境背景场;(2)低层存在暖平流以及地面弱的风速使得粤东上空热量得以补充聚集,从而使得高温天气维持;(3)粤东地区上空存在高层辐合低层辐散的散度场抑制对流发生、较常年偏高的地表感热通量以及较常年偏低的潜热通量有利于近地面大气吸收更多热量,为高温天气的维持提供了另一有利条件。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.