Summer Extreme Temperatures over East China during 1984-2004 Simulated by LASG/IAP Regional Climate Model CREM

The authors examine extreme summer temperatures over East China during 1984-2004 using a regional climate model named CREM(the Climate version of Regional Eta-coordinate Model),which was developed by LASG/IAP.The results show that the main features of the extreme summer temperatures over East China are reproduced well by CREM,and the skill for the minimum temperature is higher than that for the maximum temperature,especially along the Yangtze-Huai River Valley(YHV).The simulated extreme temperatures are lower than those of observation,especially for the maximum temperature.The bias of extreme temperatures is consistent with the cold bias of the climatological mean summer surface air temperature.The skill of the model in simulating the interannual variability of extreme temperatures increases from north to south.The simulated interannual variation of the minimum temperature is more reasonable than the maximum temperature.The underestimation of net solar radiation at the surface leads to a cold bias of the climatological mean temperature.Furthermore,the model underestimates the light and moderate rain,while overestimates heavy rain.It causes the simulated minimum temperature more reasonable than the maximum temperature.     

Projection of Future Precipitation Change over China with a High-Resolution Global Atmospheric Model

Projections of future precipitation change over China are studied based on the output of a global AGCM, ECHAM5, with a high resolution of T319 (equivalent to 40 km). Evaluation of the model’s performance in simulating present-day precipitation shows encouraging results. The spatial distributions of both mean and extreme precipitation, especially the locations of main precipitation centers, are reproduced reasonably. The simulated annual cycle of precipitation is close to the observed. The performance of the model over eastern China is generally better than that over western China. A weakness of the model is the overestimation of precipitation over northern and western China. Analyses on the potential change in precipitation projected under the A1B scenario show that both annual mean precipitation intensity and extreme precipitation would increase significantly over southeastern China. The percentage increase in extreme precipitation is larger than that of mean precipitation. Meanwhile, decreases in mean and extreme precipitation are evident over the southern Tibetan Plateau. For precipitation days, extreme precipitation days are projected to increase over all of China. Both consecutive dry days over northern China and consecutive wet days over southern China would decrease.     

REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUMMER PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES OVER CHINA

The regional characteristics of precipitation anomalies of total summer precipitation of June,July and August and individual monthly precipitation are analyzed by using the method of VarimaxEOF and correlation analysis.The data set used is the precipitation of a 5°Lat.×5°Long.spatialuniform network over China in the period of 1959 to 1994.The analysis of total summer precipitation shows that the most significant regionalcharacteristic is the existence of negative correlation in precipitation anomalies between the lowerreaches of the Changjiang River and the Huaihe River Valley(the LRCH region)and the middlereaches of the Huanghe River Valley(the MRH region),and between the LRCH region and SouthChina.The precipitation anomaly over the Sichuan Basin is negatively correlated with that overeastern part of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and that over the LRCH region.The regionalcharacteristics of summer precipitation anomalies in western China are that there exists negativecorrelation between the summer precipitation anomalies over the southern part of the central andeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and that over its northern part.There also exists positivecorrelation between the southern part of the central and eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and theeastern part of North China and the southern part of Northeast China.The above spatialcorrelation modes have significant periods of about 3 years and ten years.The analysis of themonthly precipitation shows that in June there exists positive correlation among the precipitationanomalies over the LRCH region,the eastern part of North China and Northeast China.In July,the precipitations in the MRH region and the LRCH region are negatively correlated.The regionalcharacteristic of precipitation anomalies in August is very similar to that of the total summerprecipitation anomalies.     

Effects of the Physical Process Ensemble Technique on Simulation of Summer Precipitation over China

The effects of the physical process ensemble technique on simulation of summer precipitation over China have been studied by using a p-σregional climate model with 9 vertical levels（pσ-RCM9）.The results show that there are obvious differences among simulations of summer precipitation over China from different individual ensemble members.The simulated precipitation over China is sensitive to different cumulus convection,radiative transfer,and land surface process parameterizations.These differences lead to large uncertainties in the simulation results.The standard deviation of the simulated summer precipitation departure percentage over West China is larger than that over East China,signifying that the simulated precipitation over East China has higher reliability and consistency than that over West China.The Talagr and diagram shows that the ensemble system has reasonable dispersion in the simulated summer mean precipitation over East China.The summer ensemble mean precipitation over East China evaluated by various indices is better than most single simulations.The physical process ensemble technique reduces the uncertainties of the model physics in precipitation and improves the simulation results as a whole.Further, adopting the optimized ensemble mean method can obviously improve the performance of the pσ-RCM9 model in simulation of summer precipitation over East China.     

Subdaily to Seasonal Change of Surface Energy and Water Flux of the Haihe River Basin in China: Noah and Noah-MP Assessment

The land surface processes of the Noah-MP and Noah models are evaluated over four typical landscapes in the Haihe River Basin(HRB) using in-situ observations. The simulated soil temperature and moisture in the two land surface models(LSMs) is consistent with the observation, especially in the rainy season. The models reproduce the mean values and seasonality of the energy fluxes of the croplands, despite the obvious underestimated total evaporation. Noah shows the lower deep soil temperature. The net radiation is well simulated for the diurnal time scale. The daytime latent heat fluxes are always underestimated, while the sensible heat fluxes are overestimated to some degree. Compared with Noah, Noah-MP has improved daily average soil heat flux with diurnal variations. Generally, Noah-MP performs fairly well for different landscapes of the HRB. The simulated cold bias in soil temperature is possibly linked with the parameterized partition of the energy into surface fluxes. Thus, further improvement of these LSMs remains a major challenge.     

Performance of RegCM4 over Major River Basins in China

A long-term simulation for the period 1990–2010 is conducted with the latest version of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics' Regional Climate Model(RegCM4), driven by ERA-Interim boundary conditions at a grid spacing of 25 km. The Community Land Model(CLM) is used to describe land surface processes, with updates in the surface parameters,including the land cover and surface emissivity. The simulation is compared against observations to evaluate the model performance in reproducing the present day climatology and interannual variability over the 10 main river basins in China,with focus on surface air temperature and precipitation. Temperature and precipitation from the ERA-Interim reanalysis are also considered in the model assessment. Results show that the model reproduces the present day climatology over China and its main river basins, with better performances in June–July–August compared to December–January–February(DJF).In DJF, we find a warm bias at high latitudes, underestimated precipitation in the south, and overestimated precipitation in the north. The model in general captures the observed interannual variability, with greater skill for temperature. We also find an underestimation of heavy precipitation events in eastern China, and an underestimation of consecutive dry days in northern China and the Tibetan Plateau. Similar biases for both mean climatology and extremes are found in the ERA-Interim reanalysis, indicating the difficulties for climate models in simulating extreme monsoon climate events over East Asia.     

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF SEASONAL EXTREME WET DAYS IN CHINA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SST ANOMALIES

With daily precipitation records at 586 stations in China for 1960-2004, this study investigates the spatio-temporal variation of the number of extreme wet days (NEWD) for each season in China and its relationship with SST anomalies and associated atmospheric circulation anomaly patterns, in which a threshold of extreme precipitation for a season and a station is defined as the value of the 90th percentile when the precipitation records for wet days during the season are ranked in an increasing order. Results show that there are significant increases of the NEWD along the Yangtze River valley during winter and summer, in North China during winter, in South China during spring, in Northeast China during winter and spring, and in Northwest China throughout the seasons, while there is a remarkable decrease in North China during summer. Besides the linear trend, the NEWD also exhibits considerable interannual and interdecadal variabilities. After eliminating the linear trend, the NEWD anomalies show distinct seasonal patterns. The NEWD anomalies are characterized by a "dipole" mode with opposite phases between northern and southern China in spring and autumn, a "tri-pole" mode with opposite phases between Yangtze River valley and southern and northern China in summer, and a "monopole" mode with the same phase over most of China in winter. The relationship of the NEWD anomalies in China with the SST anomalies in Indian and Pacific Oceans is found to be mainly dependent on the ENSO, and associated atmospheric circulation anomaly patterns for the ENSO’s impact on the NEWD in China are identified.     

Performance of BCC-CSM Models with Different Horizontal Resolutions in Simulating Extreme Climate Events in China

In this study, the performance of the Beijing Climate Center(BCC) Climate System Model version 1.1(BCCCSM1.1)(280-km resolution) and the BCC-CSM1.1 m(110-km resolution) in simulating extreme climate events over China in the last 40 years is compared. Both models capture the main spatial distribution features of heavy precipitation(R95T), the number of consecutive wet days(CWD), the annual count of days with precipitation ≥1 mm(R1),the maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation(Rx5), and the numbers of frost days(FD) and summer days(SU). The BCC-CSM1.1 m has a better ability to simulate the detailed distribution of extreme climate events than the BCCCSM1.1, including R95T, CWD, R1, and the simple precipitation intensity index(SDII). However, the BCCCSM 1.1 m does not show an improvement in simulating the number of days with extreme precipitation(R90N), the number of consecutive dry days(CDD), the heat wave duration index(HWDI), the warm day frequency(TX90 P),and cold night frequency(TN10P). This indicates that the simulation of the R95T, CWD, R1, and SDII climate events is more sensitive to the resolution of the model. The improved BCC-CSM1.1 m is used to explore the projection of extreme climate change in China during the 21 st century under the RCP4.5(Representative Concentration Pathways) and RCP8.5 scenarios. The results show that extreme precipitation will increase dramatically over North and Southwest China in the late 21 st century. The CWD index will decrease on the Tibetan Plateau and in northeastern and central China and will increase in other parts of China; R1 will increase in northern China and decrease in southern China; Rx5 will increase dramatically in southern China; FD will decrease and SU will increase over China in the late 21 st century under both emission scenarios, with larger amplitudes in RCP8.5.     

Evaluation of the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes： A Drought Event Simulation in Southwest China during 2009–10

The authors examined the performance of version 3.4.1 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model（WRF） with various land surface schemes in simulating a severe drought event in Southwest China. Five numerical experiments were completed using the Noah land surface scheme, the Pleim-Xiu land surface scheme, the Noah-MP land surface schemes, the Noah- MP scheme with dynamic vegetation, and the Noah-MP scheme with dynamic vegetation and groundwater processes. In general, all the simulations reasonably reproduced the spatial and temporal variations in precipitation, but significant bias was also found, especially for the spatial pattern of simulated precipitation. The WRF simulations with the Noah-MP series land surface schemes performed slightly better than the WRF simulation with the Noah and Pleim-Xiu land surface schemes in reproducing the severe drought events in Southwest China. The leaf area index（LAI） simulated by the different land surface schemes showed significant deviations in Southwest China. The Pleim-Xiu scheme overestimated the value of LAI by a factor of two. The Noah-MP scheme with dynamical vegetation overestimated the magnitude of the annual cycle of the LAI, although the annual mean LAI was close to observations. The simulated LAI showed a long-term lower value from autumn 2009 to spring 2010 relative to normal years. This indicates that the LAI is a potential indictor to monitor drought events.     

Simulation and Analysis of China Climate Using Two-Way Interactive Atmosphere-Vegetation Model （RIEMS-AVIM）

In this paper, an Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model （AVIM） is coupled to the Regional Integrated Environment Model System （RIEMS）, and a 10-year integration for China is performed using the RIEMS-AVIM. The analysis of the results of the 10-year integration shows that the characters of the spatial distributions of temperature and precipitation over China are well simulated. The patterns of simulated surface sensible and latent heat fluxes match well with the spatial climatological atlas： the values of winter surface sensible and latent heat fluxes are both lower than climatological values over the whole country. Summer surface sensible heat flux is higher than climatological values in western China and lower in eastern China, while summer surface latent heat flux is higher than climatological values in the eastern and lower in the western. Seasonal variations of simulated temperature and precipitation of RIMES-AVIM agree with those of the observed. Simulated temperature is lower than the observed in the Tibetan Plateau and Northwest China for the whole year, slightly lower in the remaining regions in winter, but consistent with the observed in summer. The simulated temperature of RIEMS-AVIM is higher in winter and lower in summer than that of RIEMS, which shows that the simulated temperature of RIEMS-AVIM is closer to the observed value. Simulated precipitation is excessive in the first half of the year, but consistent with the observed in the second half of the year. The simulated summer precipitation of RIEMS-AVIM has significant improvement compared to that of RIEMS, which is less and closer to the observed value. The interannual variations of temperature and precipitation are also fairly well simulated, with temperature simulation being superior to precipitation simulation. The interannual variation of simulated temperature is significantly correlated with the observed in Northeast China, the Transition Region, South China, and the Tibetan Plateau, but the correlation between precipitation simu     

MRI-CGCM模式对东亚夏季风的模拟评估及订正

本文利用CMAP月降水资料、NCEP再分析资料、NOAA的ERSST资料和日本气象厅海气耦合模式（MRI-CGCM）的输出结果,从东亚夏季风气候态、主模态和年际变率等方面分析了MRI-CGCM模式对东亚夏季风的预测性能,并且利用观测的东亚夏季风指数（EASMI）与模拟PC（principal component）的关系建立多元线性回归方程来订正EASMI（简称PC订正法）。结果表明:MRI-CGCM模式能够较好再现东亚夏季风降水和低层风场的气候态,但模拟的西北太平洋反气旋偏弱、偏东,使得模拟的副热带地区降水量偏小。模式较好地模拟出东亚夏季风降水第一模态（EOF1）及相应的低层风场,能够较好再现出EOF1对应El Ni?o衰减位相;模拟降水的EOF1与观测之间的空间相关系数（ACC）为0.72,且能较好地再现其对应的年际变率,其时间系数PC1与观测之间的相关系数为0.41,能模拟出观测EOF1的2 a和5 a主导周期;但模拟的我国以东梅雨锋区雨带位置偏南,这与模拟的西北太平洋反气旋位置偏南有关。模式对降水第二模态EOF2的模拟能力比EOF1明显下降,模拟EOF2与观测之间的ACC降到0.36;虽然模式能较好地再现出EOF2对应El Ni?o发展位相,但模拟的西太平洋反气旋位置偏南,使得雨带位置偏南,模拟的我国梅雨锋区雨带位于江南,与观测场上江南少雨相反。模式较好地模拟出我国东部夏季降水和气温空间异常分布和年际变化,模拟与观测夏季降水和气温的多年平均ACC分别为0.74和0.68。模式模拟我国东部、江淮流域和华南地区夏季降水多年平均PS评分分别为69、70和68分,略高于我国夏季降水业务预测多年平均评分（65分）。模拟的我国东部夏季气温与观测多年平均PS评分为74分。PC订正后EASMI与实况的相关系数由0.51提高到0.65、符号一致率由84%升到91%、标准差由0.75增大到1.4、大于1个标准差年数由6年变为12年,订正后在模拟变幅偏小和梅雨锋区雨带偏南等方面均有一定的改善,对应西太平洋反气旋位置和梅雨锋区雨带位置与实况较为吻合。     

CCSM4.0的长期积分试验及其对东亚和中国气候模拟的评估

本文利用通用气候系统模式CCSM4.0的低分辨率 (T31, 约3.75° × 3.75°) 版本进行了700年的长期积分试验, 将中国地表气温、降水及东亚海平面气压、500 hPa和100 hPa位势高度、850 hPa风场的最后100年模拟结果与观测和再分析资料进行了定性比较, 并对前三个要素的不同统计量值进行了定量计算, 系统评估了CCSM4.0对东亚及我国气候的模拟能力。结果表明, 模式能够合理模拟各变量的基本分布形态, 但幅度与观测有所差别, 其中地表气温的模拟效果最好, 降水的相对最差。具体而言, 地表气温空间分布型与观测一致, 但全年青藏高原地表气温模拟值偏高, 位于塔里木盆地的暖中心未能模拟出来; 降水空间分布型模拟较差, 除冬季不明显之外, 我国中南部全年都存在一个虚假降水中心, 并在夏季达到最强; 冬季东亚地区海陆热力对比大于观测, 夏季海平面气压场整体模拟效果不如冬季; 模式对冬、夏季500 hPa东亚大槽和西北太平洋副热带高压的主要特征刻画较好, 但模拟结果整体比观测偏强; 夏季100 hPa南亚高压强度与观测接近, 但高压范围及中心位置存在偏差; 850 hPa东亚冬季风和夏季风环流模拟较好, 但冬季西北气流偏强, 夏季索马里越赤道气流偏弱、我国东部西南气流偏强。总的来说, CCSM4.0对东亚和我国大尺度气候特征具备合理的模拟能力, 尽管在定量上还存在着不足。     

土壤湿度年际变化对中国区域极端气候事件模拟的影响研究 I. 基于CAM3.1的模式评估

利用NCAR大气模式CAM3.1对中国区域近40年的极端气候事件进行了模拟试验;在此基础上, 利用1961～2000年中国区域452站的逐日最高、最低气温和降水资料, 从气候平均、年际变化和长期变化趋势等方面全面评估了该模式对中国极端气候事件的模拟能力。结果表明:(1)模式对中国区域极端气候指数气候平均态的大尺度空间分布特征具有一定的模拟能力;模式对极端降水指标空间分布的模拟能力较好, 而对极端气温指标的模拟较差;模式对极端气候指标的模拟存在系统性的偏差, 模拟的极端降水的系统性偏差要远大于对极端温度的模拟。(2)模式对极端气温指数的年际变化特征具有较强的模拟能力, 而对极端降水指数的年际变化基本没有模拟能力;模式模拟的各极端降水指标的年际变幅与观测存在较大的偏差。(3)模式较好地模拟出了暖夜和暖昼指数在中国大部分区域的增加趋势, 但变幅较实测偏小;模式对热浪持续指数长期趋势的模拟则相对略差。模式对极端气温指标长期趋势的模拟能力总体优于对极端降水指标的模拟。模式对极端降水频次和中雨日数长期趋势的模拟尚可, 但对持续湿期长期趋势的空间分布模拟较差。研究结果可为该模式用于极端气候的模拟研究提供一定参考。     

Multi-year simulation of the East Asian Monsoon and Precipitation in China using a Regional Climate Model and Evaluation

1. Introduction As an important way to study the global climate change, because of its low resolution, GCM (general circulation model) shows obvious deficiency and uncer- tainty in capturing some regional features when used in the regional climate study, and the uncertainty is even serious in regional climate simulation over East Asia (Ding et al., 2000; Zhao and Luo, 1998; Qian et al., 1999). The high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM) developed in the 1980s can provide better simu…     

2000年后中国北方东部地区夏季极端降水减少及水汽输送特征

本文研究了1961～2016年中国北方东部地区夏季极端降水日数和极端降水贡献率的年代际变化特征,并进一步分析了该地区极端降水和普通降水的大气环流和水汽输送的差异。主要的研究结果表明:1961～2016年中国北方东部地区夏季极端降水日数和极端降水贡献率在2000年前后发生显著年代际变化,2000年后夏季极端降水天数和极端降水贡献率显著减少。与1984～1999年相比,2000～2016年在对流层高层从欧洲大陆、中亚到东北—蒙古地区,位势高度异常呈现出“正—负—正”的大气波列,从而造成北方东部地区上空为正压的位势高度正异常控制,伴随着下沉运动,大气层结趋于稳定,这些环流条件不利于极端降水发生。2000年后负位相的太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）和正位相的北大西洋多年代际振荡（AMO）共同加强了北方东部地区上空的正位势高度异常。进一步研究表明,极端降水与普通降水的水汽输送和收支以及关键的局地大气系统存在着显著差异,较普通降水而言,极端降水在南北向水汽输送和收支上更强;北方东部地区低空为较强的闭合低压控制,并不断受到高层高位涡空气下传的影响。     

CMIP5全球气候模式对上海极端气温和降水的情景预估

基于国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5,以下简称CMIP5)28个模式的数值模拟结果和1981~2010年华东和上海气温和降水观测数据,评估了该28个气候模式对华东和上海气温和降水的模拟能力,并预估了RCP4.5(Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5)情景下上海2021~2030年极端气温和降水气候的变化趋势和不确定性。结果表明:与观测值相比,模式对华东和上海年平均气温的模拟大多均值偏高、方差偏低;对年总降水量的模拟大多均值偏高,但方差以华东偏高、上海偏低为主;26个模式的气温变化趋势和12个模式的降水变化趋势与观测值相同。选出8个模式的预估结果表明:与2001~2010年相比,2021~2030年上海冬天极端低温的出现日数(冷夜日数)呈减少趋势,不确定性最小;夏天暖夜日数呈增加的趋势,不确定性较小;其他极端气温事件的变化趋势则存在较大的不确定性,冷夜指标的不确定性最大。强降水发生日数和强降水的强度都呈现增加的趋势,且不确定性较小。     

土壤湿度年际变化对中国区域极端气候事件模拟的影响研究Ⅱ.敏感性试验分析

利用NCARCAM3.1大气环流模式,设计了有、无土壤湿度年际异常的两组数值试验,探讨了土壤湿度年际异常对极端气候事件模拟的可能影响。结果表明,模式模拟的极端气候事件对土壤湿度异常十分敏感,土壤湿度异常对极端气候指标的多年平均空间分布、年际变率以及年际变化均具有重要影响。当不考虑土壤湿度的年际异常时:(1)模拟的暖夜日数、暖昼日数和热浪持续指数的发生频次在全国范围内均明显减少,而霜冻日数则明显增加。极端降水指标的响应表现出明显的空间差异,极端降水频次在江淮流域明显减小,而极端降水强度则表现为东北减弱、长江流域增强;中雨日数和持续湿期在我国大部分地区减少。(2)极端气温指标的年际变率在我国大部分地区呈减小趋势;而极端降水事件的变化则较为复杂,极端降水频次和极端降水强度的年际变率在长江以南有所增强,而北方地区则有所减弱。中雨日数和持续湿期的年际变率在我国呈现出较为一致的减少趋势。(3)模式对暖夜日数、霜冻日数的年际变化的模拟能力明显下降,并对4个极端降水指标的年际变化的模拟能力在全国多数区域均有不同程度的下降。     

Impacts of Cumulus Convective Parameterization Schemes on Summer Monsoon Precipitation Simulation over China

By using the Betts-Miller-Janjic, Grell-Devenyi, and Kain-Fritsch cumulus convective parameterization schemes in theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, long time simulations from 2000 to 2009 are conducted to investigate the impacts of different cumulus convective parameterization schemes on summer monsoon precipitation simulation over China. The results show that all the schemes have the capability to reasonably reproduce the spatial and temporal distributions of summer monsoon precipitation and the corresponding background circulation. The observed north-south shift of monsoon rain belt is also well simulated by the three schemes. Detailed comparison indicates that the Grell-Devenyi scheme gives a better performance than the others. Deficiency in simulated water vapor transport is one possible reason for the precipitation simulation bias.     

RSM模式对中国东部夏季降水模拟能力的检验

本文利用美国国家环境预报中心NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)区域谱模式RSM(Regional Spectral Model)对中国东部地区夏季降水进行了为期20 a(1984—2003年)、水平分辨率为30 km的高精度模拟,并对模拟所得降水的气候态、年际变率、逐日变化以及极端事件进行了检验,和对造成降水偏差的大气环流特征进行了分析。结果表明RSM模拟所得夏季降水的空间分布、时间变率,以及降水量值都与实况相近,也基本可以再现夏季降水的年际变率分布情况,但是模拟所得的雨带存在偏南且偏弱的特点。对于逐日降水特征,RSM模拟所得季节内逐日降水变化与实况的走势基本一致,再现了夏季降水主要集中于东部和南部的特点,模拟出了江淮地区6月日降水区随时间北抬的特点。对于极端事件,模拟和实测的夏季不同雨强的天数分布对比表明模拟与实况基本接近,但是模拟的降水日大值中心较实况偏北;极端降水指数的计算结果也表明RSM模拟的极端降水情况与实况基本一致。综上,RSM模式对中国东部地区降水有着较好的模拟能力,可以用于中国东部地区的夏季降水气候特征研究。