太平洋年代际涛动对中国东部季风区夏季降水的影响

利用1951-2013年全国160个基准气象观测台站夏季(6-8月)月降水资料和太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)指数等资料,分析中国东部季风区夏季降水的时空分布及其与太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)的关系。结果表明,中国东部季风区夏季降水的空间分布模态是南、北部与中部的降水呈明显的相反趋势,且太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)与中国东部季风区夏季降水的时空分布关系密切。太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)处于暖位相时,东部季风区北部(华北、西北地区)、南部(华南、东南地区)降水量异常偏少,而中部(华东、长江中下游地区)降水量异常偏多;太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)处于冷位相时,则与上述情况相反。     

PDO和ENSO与大连6—9月降水关系分析

利用1905—2006年的太平洋年代际振荡(简称PDO)、ENSO和大连6—9月降水资料,分析三者之间的关系。结果表明:在PDO暖位相期,大连6—9月降水总体比常年偏少;PDO冷位相期,大连6—9月降水总体上比常年偏多;PDO与大连6—9月降水存在准周期对应关系,从PDO冷位相到暖位相,对应的大连6—9月降水距平8 a滑动平均曲线总体呈下降趋势。ENSO对大连6—9月降水的影响明显受PDO的调制,在PDO冷位相期,ENSO年大连6—9月降水总体上比常年偏多,而在PDO暖位相期,ENSO年大连6—9月降水总体上比常年偏少;不同强度和不同冷暖性质的ENSO,在不同PDO位相期内对大连6—9月降水的影响也各不相同。     

ENSO对IOD与中国夏季降水关系的影响

利用1950～1999年Hadley中心海温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160站降水资料,通过讨论印度洋偶极子(IOD)独立发生时及IOD与ENSO联合发生时中国夏季降水的差异,研究了ENSO对IOD与中国夏季降水关系的影响.IOD独立发生时,其正位相年以湖南为中心的华南地区夏季降水偏多;IOD与ENSO联合发生时,正位相年河套、华北地区夏季降水偏少,东南沿海地区降水偏多.ENSO对IOD与中国夏季降水关系的影响主要表现为:在华南西部、江淮流域、河套及华北地区起抵消作用,而在东南沿海地区起协同作用.还从环流场角度分析了ENSO对IOD与中国夏季降水关系影响的初步成因.     

太平洋年代际振荡与中国气候变率的联系

利用 195 1～ 1998年的太平洋年代际振荡 (PDO)指数、全球海洋和大气分析资料及中国降水和气温站点观测资料 ,分析了太平洋年代际振荡在海洋中的特征及其与东亚大气环流和中国气候变率的联系。结果表明 ,PDO与东亚大气环流及中国气候年代际变化关系密切。对应于PDO暖位相期 (即中纬度北太平洋异常冷、热带中东太平洋异常暖 ) ,冬季 ,阿留申低压增强 ,蒙古高压也增强 (但东西伯利亚高压减弱 ) ,中国东北、华北、江淮以及长江流域大部分地区降水偏少 ,东北、华北和西北地区气温异常显著偏高 ,而西南和华南地区气温偏低 ;夏季 ,海平面气压在北太平洋的负异常较弱 ,而在东亚大陆的正异常较强 ,东亚夏季风偏弱 ,西太平洋副热带高压偏南 ,热带太平洋信风减弱 ,赤道西风增强 ,此时华北地区降水异常偏少而长江中下游、华南南部、东北和西北地区降水异常偏多 ,东北、华北及华南地区气温异常偏高 ,而西北、西南和长江中下游地区气温异常偏低。对应于PDO冷位相期 ,上述形势相反。结果还表明 ,处于不同阶段的ENSO事件对中国夏季气候异常的影响明显受到PDO的调制。在PDO冷位相期 ,当ENSO事件处于发展阶段 ,华南地区夏季降水偏少 ,东北地区夏季多低温 ,在其衰减阶段 ,华北地区和长江流域降水偏多 ,淮河地区降水偏少 ;     

黄河流域秋季降水及环流对ENSO和IOD的响应分析

利用1961-2011年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和黄河流域54站降水资料,通过讨论印度洋偶极子IOD独立发生时及IOD与ENSO联合发生时黄河流域秋季降水的差异,研究了秋季降水及环流对ENSO和IOD的响应情况.结果表明:1)仅有IOD发生时,其正位相年使得黄河流域的秋季降水相应为正异常.2)当IOD与ENSO伴随出现时,无论IOD是正位相年还是负位相年,只要和El Nino同时发生,黄河流域秋季降水都表现为负异常;和La Ni-na同时发生时,黄河流域秋季降水都表现为正异常.有无ENSO发生,IOD与秋季降水的关系有很大差异.3)欧亚中纬度地区500 hPa高度东高西低距平场形势和850 hPa黄河流域中下游南风距平异常,是黄河流域秋季降水正异常的主要环流成因.4)依据秋季海温与夏季海温相关性,可以把夏季ENSO和IOD异常信号特征作为先兆信号之一来预测秋季降水趋势.     

近67a影响山东台风频数的变化特征及其与若干气候因子的关系

利用1949—2015年台风年鉴资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA资料等对近67 a影响山东的台风频数特征及其与相关气候因子的关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)影响山东的6类台风中沿海北上类最多,登陆填塞类最少。8月和8月上旬是主要月份和旬份。台风年代际变化明显,并存在显著的26 a年代际尺度和5 a年际尺度的周期变化。(2)台风频数与同年份的东亚槽位置、亚洲区极涡面积指数分别呈显著的负、正相关关系。Ni1o3. 4区海温对台风频数存在超前的显著负相关,超前影响分别在1、2、3、4月。台风频数与冬季北大西洋涛动(NAO)指数、太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)指数分别存在显著的正、负相关关系。春、夏、秋季和年PDO冷位相时台风频数偏多,PDO暖位相时台风频数偏少,这与西太平洋副热带高压和低层水汽条件关系密切。(3)冷、暖位相年台风频数与太平洋海温分别存在显著的相关区,特别是冬季暖位相时赤道中东太平洋显著负相关区域较大。年PDO冷位相与夏季的显著相关区较相似,暖位相与秋季相似。(4)太平洋海温与台风频数相关性较好的海域主要有3个关键区:赤道中东太平洋、北太平洋中部和西太平洋暖池。其中赤道中东太平洋的的显著性表现在冬季,北太平洋中部的显著性表现在年、春、夏、秋季,西太平洋暖池的显著性表现在夏、秋季。     

北太平洋涛动与淮河流域夏季降水异常的关系

研究了北太平洋涛动（NPO）与淮河流域夏季降水异常的关系。结果表明：冬季北太平洋涛动与次年夏季我国淮河流域降水异常呈明显的负相关：强（弱）涛动年,次年夏季淮河流域降水偏少（多）。进一步研究表明,1976年冬季NPO突变前,冬季北太平洋涛动指数（North Pacific Oscilla-tion index,INPO）与次年夏季淮河流域降水的负相关显著;突变后,负相关明显减弱;冬季INPO对淮河流域夏季降水预测的参考意义在突变前较好,在突变后减弱。     

ENSO背景下印度洋偶极子海温异常对中国冬季降水的影响

利用1950—2009年Hadley环流中心全球月平均海表温度资料、1960—2009年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及中国气象局整编的160站降水资料,研究分析了印度洋偶极子(IOD)和太平洋异常海温(ENSO)对中国冬季降水的协同影响和不同作用,通过对比分析,揭示了IOD独立发生、ENSO独立发生以及IOD与ENSO联合发生时中国冬季降水的差异。研究结果表明: IOD异常海温和ENSO异常海温的出现虽然具有较高的协同性,但二者对我国冬季降水的影响效应不尽相同,IOD与ENSO的同时发生并不是两者单独发生时各自作用的叠加,而是具有协同或抵消作用。仅有IOD发生时,其正位相年使得中国西南(云南西部除外)、华南以及华北、东北地区的冬季降水出现正异常,在江淮流域出现负异常,反之亦然。但是IOD正位相比负位相对中国冬季降水的影响更显著。当IOD与ENSO同时出现时,IOD的作用使得ENSO对我国西南(云南西部除外)、内蒙、东北地区冬季降水的影响作用更为显著。此外还初步分析了IOD与中国冬季降水关系影响的环流成因。      

西藏高原百般委降水对NESO的响应

通过合成分析指出包括雅鲁藏布江中西段在内的西藏高原中西部地区夏季(6～8月)降水在ENSO的不同位相期间存在着显著的差异.利用交叉谱和奇异值分解等方法,分析了高原夏季降水场与太平洋海温场在时间和空间上的联系,结果表明,ENSO的暖(冷)位相期,高原大部分地区夏季降水以偏少(多)为主.     

吉林省夏季旱涝的前期影响因子分析

通过吉林省夏季降水与前期各层高度场(500hPa、100hPa、slp和sst)逐季滑动相关普查,发现与前冬的各层高度场均有较好的相关,相关较好的区域分别在大西洋、亚洲北部和太平洋中部等区域,进而分析北大西洋涛动(NAO)、亚洲区环流和太平洋中部的副高对吉林省夏季降水的形成的可能影响,发现当前一年秋冬季大西洋暖高异常弱(即北大西洋涛动偏弱),亚洲冬季风偏弱(亚洲区域极涡纬度偏北)和太平洋中部暖高异常强大时对应着吉林省夏季降水偏少,极易发生干旱;反之,对应吉林省夏季降水偏多,易发生洪涝;并结合ENSO等与旱年和涝年进行综合分析,制定出用前冬的异常环流因子及ENSO信号预测夏季旱涝的预测指标。     

A brief introduction to the issue of climate and marine fisheries

Climatic variability has profound effects on the distribution, abundance and catch of oceanic fish species around the world. The major modes of this climate variability include the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) also referred to as the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Other modes of climate variability include the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). ENSO events are the principle source of interannual global climate variability, centred in the ocean–atmosphere circulations of the tropical Pacific Ocean and operating on seasonal to interannual time scales. ENSO and the strength of its climate teleconnections are modulated on decadal timescales by the IPO. The time scale of the IOD is seasonal to interannual. The SAM in the mid to high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere operates in the range of 50–60 days. A prominent teleconnection pattern throughout the year in the Northern Hemisphere is the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) which modulates the strength of the westerlies across the North Atlantic in winter, has an impact on the catches of marine fisheries. ENSO events affect the distribution of tuna species in the equatorial Pacific, especially skipjack tuna as well as the abundance and distribution of fish along the western coasts of the Americas. The IOD modulates the distribution of tuna populations and catches in the Indian Ocean, whilst the NAO affects cod stocks heavily exploited in the Atlantic Ocean. The SAM, and its effects on sea surface temperatures influence krill biomass and fisheries catches in the Southern Ocean. The response of oceanic fish stocks to these sources of climatic variability can be used as a guide to the likely effects of climate change on these valuable resources.     

EFFECTS OF INDIAN OCEAN SSTA WITH ENSO ON WINTER RAINFALL IN CHINA

Based on Hadley Center monthly global SST, 1960-2009 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and observation rainfall data over 160 stations across China, the combined effect of Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） and Pacific SSTA （ENSO） on winter rainfall in China and their different roles are investigated in the work. The study focuses on the differences among the winter precipitation pattern during the years with Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） only, ENSO only, and IOD and ENSO concurrence. It is shown that although the occurrences of the sea surface temperature anomalies of IOD and ENSO are of a high degree of synergy, their impacts on the winter precipitation are not the same. In the year with positive phase of IOD, the winter rainfall will be more than normal in Southwest China （except western Yunnan）, North China and Northeast China while it will be less in Yangtze River and Huaihe River Basins. The result is contrary during the year with negative phase of IOD. However, the impact of IOD positive phase on winter precipitation is more significant than that of the negative phase. When the IOD appears along with ENSO, the ENSO signal will enhance the influence of IOD on winter precipitation of Southwest China （except western Yunnan）, Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. In addition, this paper makes a preliminary analysis of the circulation causes of the relationship between IOD and the winter rainfall in China.     

全球海洋蒸发量年代际变化归因：动力因子分析

本文基于动力调整方法,利用客观分析海气通量（OAFlux）资料研究了1958～2016年全球海洋蒸发量变化及其动力作用和辐射强迫分量的变化,发现海洋蒸发量及其动力作用分量具有一致性年代际变化特征,特别是在20世纪70年代及90年代末期存在明显的年代际转折。进一步分析发现:主要动力因子有太平洋—北美遥相关型（PNA）、北极涛动（AO）、北大西洋涛动（NAO）、厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（ENSO）和阿留申低压（AL）,并受到太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）的影响,其中,1970年代末期的转折与PNA、PDO、ENSO和AL密切相关,而1990年代末期的转折还与NAO变化有关。动力作用分量的前六个模态解释方差达到67.5%,其中,低纬北太平洋和印度洋蒸发异常主要与海表温度（SST）及其引起的环流异常有关,南太平洋、中纬北太平洋和北大西洋蒸发异常与环流异常直接相关。ENSO与PDO在全球海洋蒸发量上的影响要大于NAO。单因子相关分析发现南方涛动指数（SOI）、NAO和PDO与海洋蒸发年代际变化密切相关。总体来说,动力作用分量在海洋蒸发的年代际变化中起主导作用,其中,以ENSO、NAO和PDO的影响最大。     

Similarities and differences in driving factors of precipitation changes on the western Loess Plateau and the northeastern Tibetan Plateau at different timescales

Climate change constitutes the superposition of climatic variations at different timescales and is affected by driving factors at multiple scales. Therefore, clarifying the changes in and driving factors of the climate at different timescales is crucial for climate predictions. Here, using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method, we obtained four components of the western Loess Plateau (WLP) precipitation at the interannual, interdecadal, multidecadal and centennial scales and the long-term change trend, which accounted for 40.4, 33.5, 11.5, 11.6 and 3.0%, respectively, of the total variance in the tree-ring-based precipitation reconstruction during 1566–2013 AD. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) mainly affected the interannual-decadal, multidecadal and centennial changes, respectively, before increasing anthropogenic aerosol emissions began influencing the WLP precipitation. Using the same method, we also obtained four components of the precipitation on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) at different timescales and found that the interannual-decadal and multidecadal changes in the precipitation on the NETP exhibited good relationships with the changes in the WLP precipitation over the past four centuries and were also mainly affected by ENSO and the PDO, respectively. The correlation between the WLP and NETP precipitation at the centennial scale was mainly positive, and the precipitation relationship between these two regions was affected by solar radiation and the AMV to some extent. However, due to the effects of global warming on NETP precipitation and the effects of increasing anthropogenic aerosols on WLP precipitation, this correlation has become negative in recent decades, indicating that without the influences of human activities, the precipitation on the WLP would be positively related to the NETP precipitation.

     

中国地面太阳辐射季节异常与主要大气环流指数的关联分析

利用1989～2018年ERA5地面太阳辐射资料,分析了不同季节主要大气环流特征指数与中国地面太阳辐射异常的关系。结果表明:（1）在春季,东亚槽位置对中国中东部大面积的地面太阳辐射异常有一致性的影响,其位置偏东时,地面太阳辐射异常显著偏少。冬季风强度和ENSO（El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation）分别对长江流域南北、中国南方东部和西部有反位相的影响。（2）夏季的影响因子比较复杂,NAO（North Atlantic Oscillation）和夏季风是两个较主要的影响因子,NAO对中国北方较多地区的地面太阳辐射异常的影响较为显著,而夏季风主要与江淮地区的地面太阳辐射异常相关联。当NAO指数偏大（小）时,北方大部分地区地面太阳辐射异常偏少（多）。当夏季风偏强（弱）时,江淮流域的地面太阳辐射异常显著偏少（多）。（3）在秋季,地面太阳辐射异常主要受到东亚槽位置、冬季风和NAO的影响,冬季风和东亚槽主要影响北方地区,当东亚槽偏西或冬季风偏强时,中国北方除东北地区外的大部分地区地面太阳辐射偏多。NAO主要与中国西部的地面太阳辐射异常关联,当NAO指数偏大时,西部地区北方地面太阳辐射异常偏少而南方大部分地区偏多。（4）在冬季,ENSO和冬季风是较重要的影响因子,但其显著影响区域并不对称。在ENSO负位相或冬季风较强时,中国北方大部分地区的地面太阳辐射异常显著偏多,而ENSO正位相或冬季风较弱最有利于中国南方地面太阳辐射异常偏少,但显著影响范围较小。     

IPCC AR4中海气耦合模式对中国东部夏季降水及PDO、NAO年代际变化的模拟能力分析

利用1880—1999年中国东部35站的观测降水资料、英国Hadley中心的海温和海平面气压资料以及IPCC第4次评估报告（AR4）中20世纪气候模拟试验（20C3M）的模式输出结果,对IPCCAR4中22个耦合模式所模拟的我国东部夏季降水的年代际变化情况以及太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）和北大西洋涛动（NAO）的年代际变化情况进行了分析。结果显示,这些模式对20世纪我国东部夏季降水年代际变化的模拟结果并不理想,但对降水在20世纪70年代中期前后的突变具有一定的模拟能力。其中IAP_FGOALSL_0_G可以大致模拟出20世纪70年代中期前后降水型的突变特征,而BCCR_BCM2_0和UKMO_HadGEM1则可以模拟出华北地区降水在20世纪70年代中期之后减少的现象。对于引起我国东部夏季降水年代际变化的重要因子PDO和NAO,模式对它们年代际变化的模拟效果略好于降水。多数模式都可以模拟出PDO和NAO的空间模态,其中CNRM_CM3和UKMO_HadGEM1对PDO年代际变化（8 a以上）的模拟与实际情况比较相似,并可以模拟出20世纪70年代中期之后PDO由负位相转变为正位相的情况,而模式UKMO_HadGEM1也对NAO的年代际变化以及1980年以来不断加强的趋势模拟较好。     

东亚季风环流演变的主要模态及其与中国东部降水异常的联系

利用美国国家环境预报中心和国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)再分析环流资料、美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)重构的海温资料和中国国家气象信息中心(NMIC)整理的752个测站降水资料,对东亚地区季风环流季节演变主要模态及其与中国东部降水异常的关系进行了分析。结果表明,东亚地区850hPa季风环流季节演变存在两个主要模态,第一模态主要受热带印度洋海温和赤道东太平洋海温偏低背景下印度洋偶极(IOD)演变过程控制;第二模态主要受赤道东太平洋ENSO循环和IOD演变控制。对应第一模态,夏季华北多雨,长江流域少雨;对应第二模态,夏季华北、长江流域多雨,淮河、华南少雨。近50年两模态发生了明显改变,与降水变化有很好的对应关系。     

Effect of remote forcings on the winter precipitation of central southwest Asia part 1: observations

Summary We investigate the effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on winter precipitation in Central Southwest Asia (CSWA) using an analysis of available observed climate data. The analysis is based on correlations, composites and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) performed using the gridded dataset of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) and station data for the region. We find that both the NAO and ENSO affect climate over the region. In particular a positive precipitation anomaly is typically found in correspondence of the positive NAO phase and warm ENSO phase over a sub-region encompassing northern Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and southern Uzbekistan. This conclusion is supported by a consistency across the different analysis methods and observation datasets employed in our study. A physical mechanism for such effect is proposed, by which western disturbances are intensified over the region as they encounter a low pressure trough, which is a dominant feature during positive NAO and warm ENSO conditions. Our results give encouraging indications towards the development of statistically-based prediction tools for winter precipitation over the CSWA region.     

Spatiotemporal mapping of ENSO and PDO surface meteorological signals in British Columbia,Yukon, and southeast Alaska

Abstract

We assessed the impacts of some key Pacific ocean‐atmosphere circulation patterns on annual cycles of temperature and precipitation across British Columbia, Yukon, and southeast Alaska. The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and ENSO conditional on PDO states were considered in composite analyses of 71 long, high‐quality datasets from surface meteorological stations. Month‐by‐month, station‐by‐station Monte Carlo bootstrap tests were employed to assess statistical significance. The results trace precipitation and temperature responses as a function of location, season, and climate mode. In summary, temperature responses were relatively uniform, with higher (lower) temperatures during the warm (cool) phases of these circulation patterns. Nevertheless, strength and seasonal persistence varied considerably with location and climate mode. Impacts were generally most consistent in winter and spring but could extend through most of the year. Overall spatiotemporal patterns in precipitation response were decoupled from those in temperature and were far more heterogeneous. Complexities in precipitation signals included north‐south inverse teleconnectivity along the Pacific coast, with a zero‐response hinge point in the approximate vicinity of northern Vancouver Island; seasonally opposite anomalies in several interior regions, which might conceivably reflect contrasting effects of Pacific climate modes on wintertime frontal storms versus summertime convective storms; and a consistent lack of substantial response in northwestern British Columbia and possibly southwestern Yukon, conjectured to reflect complications associated with the Icefield Ranges. The product is intended primarily as a basic‐level set of climate response maps for hydrologists, biologists, foresters, and others who require empirical assessments of relatively local‐scale, year‐round ENSO and PDO effects across this broad region.     

Interannual variability of summertime outgoing longwave radiation over the Maritime Continent in relation to East Asian summer monsoon anomalies

The Maritime Continent (MC) is under influences of both the tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Anomalous convective activities over the MC have significant impacts on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and climate in China. In the present study, the variation in convective activity over the MC in boreal summer and its relationship to EASM anomalies are investigated based on regression analysis of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and CMAP [Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation] data, with a focus on the impacts of ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The most significant interannual variability of convective activity is found over 10°S–10°N, 95°–145°E, which can be roughly defined as the key area of the MC (hereafter, KMC). Outgoing longwave radiation anomaly (OLRA) exhibits 3- to 7-yr periodicities over the KMC, and around 70% of the OLRA variance can be explained by the ENSO signal. However, distinct convection and precipitation anomalies still exist over this region after the ENSO and IOD signals are removed. Abnormally low precipitation always corresponds to positive OLRA over the KMC when negative diabatic heating anomalies and anomalous cooling of the atmospheric column lead to abnormal descending motion over this region. Correspondingly, abnormal divergence occurs in the lower troposphere while convergence occurs in the upper troposphere, triggering an East Asia–Pacific/Pacific–Japan (EAP/PJ)-like anomalous wave train that propagates northeastward and leads to a significant positive precipitation anomaly from the Yangtze River valley in China to the islands of Japan. This EAP/PJ-like wave pattern becomes even clearer after the removal of the ENSO signal and the combined effects of ENSO and IOD, suggesting that convective anomalies over the KMC have an important impact on EASM anomalies. The above results provide important clues for the prediction of EASM anomalies and associated summer precipitation anomalies in China.