准噶尔玛东地区下乌尔禾组储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

通过岩心观察、岩石和铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射和物性分析及鉴定,对准噶尔盆地西北缘玛东地区二叠系下乌尔禾组(P2w)储层的成岩作用过程和成岩演化历史进行了研究,总结了研究区储层成岩作用与孔隙演化模式。通过储集岩成岩特征和孔隙类型的研究可知玛东地区下乌尔禾组已达到中成岩阶段A期-中成岩阶段B期,储集岩经历了压实、胶结、溶蚀、交代等多种成岩作用,压实作用和胶结作用导致原生孔隙遭受破坏,储集性能变差,孔隙损失分别达23.24%和4.54%;火山岩岩屑、沸石、碳酸盐类胶结物的溶蚀,刚性颗粒的破裂及成岩收缩是形成次生孔隙的主要因素,孔隙增生量达3.25%;黏土矿物和含铁方解石的后期充填是次生孔隙遭受破坏的主要原因。     

苏里格气田东二区砂岩成岩作用与致密储层成因

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田东二区主力气层储层岩性致密,成为制约该区天然气勘探开发的主要因素。为了查明储层物性变差的主要原因,利用砂岩薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析等实验手段,深入研究了对苏里格气田东二区主力气层二叠系山西组山1段、石盒子组盒8段储层砂体的岩石学特征与成岩作用。研究发现,储层砂体以岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩为主,砂岩成熟度较低;研究区砂岩成岩作用主要有压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和交代作用。结论认为:成岩作用达到中成岩阶段B期;早成岩的压实作用是孔隙度降低的主要原因之一;中成岩期A期在酸性介质条件下由溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙对砂岩的储集性能具有明显的改善作用;中成岩B期的胶结作用是储层物性变差的最主要原因。     

合川地区须二段砂岩储层成岩作用及其对储层的影响

依据普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射等实验分析手段,对合川地区须家河组二段砂岩储层的岩石学特征、成岩作用及孔隙演化进行了研究。结果表明,该区须二段砂岩储层主要由长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩组成。主要成岩作用类型有压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和交代作用,成岩演化阶段已达到中成岩B期。早成岩A期—B期,压实作用强烈,原生孔隙迅速减少;中成岩A期,压实作用及硅质胶结作用是原生孔隙继续降低,有机质热演化过程中产生的有机酸及无机酸,使长石及富长石的岩屑颗粒发生强烈溶蚀,形成大量次生孔隙;中成岩B期,含铁方解石及铁白云石交代充填,使储层致密。压实作用及胶结作用是原生孔隙遭受破坏的主要成岩作用类型,而溶蚀作用是形成次生孔隙的主要成岩作用类型。受成岩作用及成岩演化阶段的控制,研究区须二段储集空间类型多样,粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔及残余粒间孔发育,特别是长石及富长石岩屑颗粒的溶蚀,使须二段储层出现孔隙度、渗透率异常发育带。     

柴西南地区古—新近系砂岩储层成岩作用及其对储层物性的影响

依据普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X—衍射等分析,对柴西南地区古近—新近系砂岩储层的岩石学特征、成岩作用进行了研究,结果表明:该区储集砂体成分主要由长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩和岩屑砂岩组成,主要成岩作用类型有压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和交代作用,成岩演化阶段已达到中成岩B期;机械压实作用及胶结作用是早成岩阶段原生孔隙遭受破坏的主要成岩作用类型,溶蚀作用是中成岩阶段形成次生孔隙的主要成岩作用类型;受成岩作用及成岩演化阶段的控制,深部储层出现孔隙度、渗透率高异常发育带。     

西湖凹陷某构造低渗储层成岩演化研究

使用西湖凹陷某构造的常规岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及储层物性分析资料,利用视压实率、视胶结率和视溶蚀率等参数,定量研究了西湖凹陷某构造低渗储层成岩演化序列及孔隙演化过程。研究结果表明: (1)研究区低渗储层孔隙类型以次生溶蚀孔隙为主,粒间溶蚀孔是最主要的次生孔隙类型。(2)机械压实作用是储层低渗的主要因素,导致原始孔隙度损失达65%,溶蚀作用产生的次生溶蚀孔隙一定程度上使储层物性变好。(3)研究区处于中成岩阶段A2期和中成岩阶段B期,成岩演化序列为: ①脆性颗粒破碎,塑性颗粒变形,局部绿泥石衬边胶结; ②部分长石及岩屑早期溶解,早期石英次生加大; ③碳酸盐胶结并交代石英、长石等,石英颗粒发生溶蚀作用; ④碳酸盐、长石、岩屑等矿物溶蚀形成次生孔隙,石英次生加大; ⑤晚期铁方解石少量胶结、交代。该研究成果可为西湖凹陷低渗气藏优质储层的预测与评价提供科学依据。     

塔里木盆地阿克库勒地区石炭系卡拉沙依组成岩作用

阿克库勒地区卡拉沙依组碎屑岩储层的成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低．储层的次生溶蚀孔隙所占比例远高了：原生孔隙，次生孔隙是储层的主要储集空间．样品数据统计显示，卡拉沙依组储层属于低孔、低渗储层类型．根据岩石薄片、铸体薄片观察及储层样品的扫描电镜和阴极发光分析结果，本区石炭系储层主要经历的成岩作用有压实（压溶）作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和交代作用，其中碳酸盐矿物的沉淀和溶蚀作用是本区卡拉沙依组储层所经历的最重要的成岩作用．成岩作用已达到晚成岩B期，早期方解石交代石英颗粒并发生大量溶蚀，生成大量次生孔隙，晚期方解石没有发生溶蚀．     

涠洲A油田流三段扇三角洲储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

依据大量的岩心、岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及X-射线衍射等资料,对涠洲A油田流三段扇三角洲储层岩石学特征、成岩作用类型、成岩阶段及孔隙演化特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:流三段地层经历了压实、胶结、交代、溶蚀等多重成岩作用的改造,已达到中成岩阶段A2期。通过地层埋藏史模拟及孔隙演化分析认为,42 Ma年之前,地层以压实作用为主,伴随少量的胶结作用,压实与胶结作用的双重破坏使原生孔隙下降8%左右;42~35Ma,有机质成熟生烃并释放有机酸导入地层,同时由于不稳定矿物的溶蚀作用导致次生孔隙发育,储层孔隙度增加3.2%左右;35 Ma以后,以胶结、交代作用为主,晚期碳酸盐及石英次生加大,导致次生孔隙遭受破坏。成岩过程中的孔隙演化对流三段储层物性好坏起着重要的控制作用,压实和溶蚀作用分别作为研究区主要破坏性成岩作用和建设性成岩作用,直接影响着孔隙度的发育。     

鄂尔多斯盆地泾川地区延长组长8_1储层成岩作用与孔隙定量化研究

根据大量岩石铸体薄片观察、扫描电镜、X衍射以及常规物性等分析资料,详细研究了鄂尔多斯盆地泾川地区延长组长81段储层成岩作用及其对孔隙演化的控制作用。研究区储集砂体主要由岩屑长石砂岩组成,含长石砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩;储层以发育粒间孔和粒内溶孔为主;经历了复杂的成岩作用,主要为压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用、交代作用以及破裂作用等;现今成岩阶段处于中成岩A期-B期的早期。成岩序列为压实作用→石英的次生加大、铁质、方解石、绿泥石薄膜式胶结等→长石和岩屑溶蚀→高岭石以及晚期孔隙充填式绿泥石、伊利石、含铁碳酸盐。对不同成岩作用在储集砂岩的孔隙生成和损失方面的定量评价研究表明,压实作用使孔隙度减小最多,平均为22.70%,早期胶结损失的平均孔隙度为6.07%,长石及岩屑颗粒的溶蚀作用增加的平均孔隙度为1.035%;晚期胶结损失的平均孔隙度为9.18%。正是上述多种成岩作用的改造,最终形成了研究区现今储层独特的孔隙特征,该研究对油气勘探具有更强的实用性与指导性。     

玛北斜坡区三叠系百口泉组储集层成岩作用及孔隙演化

玛北斜坡区三叠系百口泉组储集层以砾岩、砂砾岩及砂岩为主。针对该套储层成分成熟度低、磨圆度较差、分选性差的特点,运用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、物性分析等资料,分析出百口泉组储层经历了压实、胶结、溶蚀、烃类侵位等成岩作用及成岩事件,确定该段储层处于中成岩阶段B期及相应的成岩演化序列。认为该区的主要孔隙类型为剩余粒间孔隙、粒内溶孔及部分微裂缝。由于成岩作用对孔隙结构的改造作用,孔隙演化整体上呈减小趋势,其中溶蚀作用及烃类侵位决定了玛北斜坡区优质储层的发育状况。     

塔中地区古生界碎屑岩成岩作用及其对储层的影响

通过取心井常规薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射等资料的分析,研究了塔里木盆地塔中地区古生界碎屑岩成岩作用及其对储层发育的影响。研究结果显示,研究区碎屑岩储层处于中成岩A期,且经历的主要成岩作用有压实与压溶作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用、交代作用和重结晶作用等。另外,这些成岩作用对储集层孔隙发育及储层性质具有明显的影响:压实与压溶作用、交代、胶结作用、石英长石的次生加大以及重结晶作用使储层孔隙体积减小、物性变差,如压实与压溶作用使本区储层孔隙度损失14.1%~25.3%,交代、胶结作用使孔隙度损失13.9%;溶蚀作用是增加储集空间、改善储层物性最重要的成岩作用,如石英、长石及岩屑颗粒的溶蚀作用使储层产生次生孔隙,导致本区储层孔隙度平均增加6%~8%。      

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.