南祁连盆地木里凹陷侏罗系烃源岩沉积环境与生烃潜力

南祁连盆地木里凹陷侏罗系发育多层暗色泥岩,从有机质丰度?有机质类型?有机质成熟度等3 方面对DK-3井烃源岩进行评价表明,其有机质丰度相对较高,有机质类型为Ⅱ1(腐殖-腐泥型)~Ⅱ2(腐泥-腐殖型)型,烃源岩整体处于成熟热演化阶段;烃源岩生烃潜力最高的层段为深度140~350 m内的黑色湖相泥岩,其有机质丰度高,类型好,且已达到成熟阶段;其次为深度630~720 m内的灰色泥岩夹层;其他层段烃源岩有机质丰度整体偏低,生烃潜力有限?     

南祁连盆地木里凹陷侏罗系烃源岩沉积环境与生烃潜力

南祁连盆地木里凹陷侏罗系发育多层暗色泥岩,从有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度等3方面对DK-3井烃源岩进行评价表明,其有机质丰度相对较高,有机质类型为Ⅱ1(腐殖-腐泥型)~Ⅱ2(腐泥-腐殖型)型,烃源岩整体处于成熟热演化阶段;烃源岩生烃潜力最高的层段为深度140~350 m内的黑色湖相泥岩,其有机质丰度高,类型好,且已达到成熟阶段;其次为深度630~720 m内的灰色泥岩夹层;其他层段烃源岩有机质丰度整体偏低,生烃潜力有限。     

青藏高原羌南盆地侏罗系曲色组烃源岩评价

青藏高原羌南盆地曲色组烃源岩的类型为黑色油页岩、深灰色泥页岩和深灰色泥灰岩,厚度为215.8m。根据对野外地表露头烃源岩的观察,结合室内分析数据,从有机质的丰度、有机质的类型、有机质的成熟度等3个方面对其进行了评价。曲色组烃源岩有机质丰度较高,黑色油页岩、灰色泥页岩和深灰色泥灰岩有机碳平均质量分数分别为9.23%、2.21%和4.33%,总体表现为好烃源岩特征。泥页岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ型,油页岩与泥灰岩总体表现为Ⅱ型,少数为Ⅲ型。干酪根颜色、岩石热解峰温(Tmax)表明曲色组烃源岩有机质成熟度较高,处于成熟阶段。     

准噶尔盆地四棵树凹陷烃源岩地球化学特征及其对车排子凸起油气聚集的贡献

准噶尔盆地西南缘四棵树凹陷主要分布侏罗系、白垩系和古近系3套潜在烃源岩,其中侏罗系八道湾组烃源岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,部分为Ⅱ2型,生烃潜力较高;三工河组烃源岩有机质丰度、类型明显偏差,生烃潜力较低;西山窑组泥岩有机质丰度较高,但由于受西山窑组沉积末期构造抬升导致地层剥蚀的影响,烃源岩厚度较小,总体上生烃条件较差;白垩系烃源岩在四棵树凹陷最大厚度可达300 m,处于低熟阶段,生烃潜力较小;古近系烃源岩有机质丰度较高、类型好,但成熟度偏低,生烃条件较差。侏罗系八道湾组烃源岩处于主要生油阶段;白垩系烃源岩已达到生烃门限,处于低熟—中等成熟阶段;古近系烃源岩成熟度偏低,目前仍处于未熟到低熟阶段。油源对比表明,四棵树凹陷北部斜坡及车排子凸起带原油主要来源于四棵树凹陷及沙湾凹陷侏罗系烃源灶,后期受到白垩系低熟油源灶的侵染,古近系烃源岩的油源贡献有限。     

祁连山木里地区侏罗系窑街组烃源岩生烃潜力评价

祁连山木里坳陷侏罗系窑街组煤系泥岩和煤有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质成熟度分析结果表明, 窑街组煤系泥岩为好的烃源岩, 有机质类型为Ⅱ₁型, 处于成熟阶段, 以生油为主, 生气为辅; 煤为差等烃源岩, 有机质类型为Ⅲ型, 处于成熟阶段, 富氢基质镜质体含量高, 具有一定的生烃潜力。综合其它层位烃源岩分析结果, 认为窑街组煤系泥岩和晚三叠世尕勒得寺组湖相泥岩为祁连山木里地区天然气水合物的主要气源岩。      

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系海相烃源岩生烃潜力

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系发育三种类型的烃源岩,其有机质丰度均不相同,上侏罗统海相高伽马值泥岩的最高,其次为海相泥灰岩,中下侏罗统海陆过渡相煤系泥岩相对偏低,烃源岩的等级分别属于好烃源岩、中等烃源岩和中—差烃源岩。对比表明,这三种烃源岩的有机质丰度高于中国含油气盆地的同类型烃源岩,说明盆地具有油气生成的较好物质基础。本区海相烃源岩干酪根微组分中腐泥组含量高,但干酪根中氢原子含量低,有机质主要来源于藻类等低等生物。根据干酪根H/C原子比、氢指数IH和碳同位素δ13C三项指标判断,上侏罗统海相烃源岩属于Ⅱ—Ⅲ型母质。上侏罗统高伽马值泥岩和泥灰岩已达生烃高峰阶段(Ro大多在0.8%~1.3%),有利于常规油、凝析油和湿气的生成,总烃/有机碳已达到15.88%~18.4%,接近Ⅱ型烃源岩液态烃的产烃率,说明侏罗系海相烃源岩具有较高的生烃能力。     

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系海相烃源岩生烃潜力

阿姆河右岸地区侏罗系发育三种类型的烃源岩,其有机质丰度均不相同,上侏罗统海相高伽马值泥岩的最高,其次为海相泥灰岩,中下侏罗统海陆过渡相煤系泥岩相对偏低,烃源岩的等级分别属于好烃源岩、中等烃源岩和中—差烃源岩。对比表明,这三种烃源岩的有机质丰度高于中国含油气盆地的同类型烃源岩,说明盆地具有油气生成的较好物质基础。本区海相烃源岩干酪根微组分中腐泥组含量高,但干酪根中氢原子含量低,有机质主要来源于藻类等低等生物。根据干酪根H/C原子比、氢指数IH和碳同位素δ13C三项指标判断,上侏罗统海相烃源岩属于Ⅱ—Ⅲ型母质。上侏罗统高伽马值泥岩和泥灰岩已达生烃高峰阶段(Ro大多在0.8%~1.3%),有利于常规油、凝析油和湿气的生成,总烃/有机碳已达到15.88%~18.4%,接近Ⅱ型烃源岩液态烃的产烃率,说明侏罗系海相烃源岩具有较高的生烃能力。     

柴达木盆地东部石炭系烃源岩评价

柴达木盆地东部地区石炭系暗色泥岩、碳酸盐岩、煤及炭质泥岩均发育。大量区域地质调查及有机地球化学分析表明,石炭系烃源岩主要以暗色泥岩和碳酸盐岩为主,炭质泥岩和煤可能具有生烃能力。暗色泥岩有机碳含量平均为1.13%,有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,为中等—好的烃源岩;碳酸盐岩有机碳含量低,平均为0.26%,有机质类型为Ⅱ1与Ⅱ2型,属中等—差的烃源岩。除都兰地区有机质成熟度过高、处于过成熟的生干气阶段外,其他地区有机质成熟度中等,正处于生、排烃高峰期,具有良好的油气勘探前景。石灰沟地区烃源岩厚度大、丰度高,暗色泥岩和碳酸盐岩分别达到了好烃源岩和中等烃源岩的标准,有机质成熟度中等,生烃潜力较大。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西部奥陶系烃源岩评价

以有机质的丰度、类型和成熟度三个重要指标,对研究区进行烃源岩进行评价,好的烃源岩具有较好的有机质类型、较高的有机质丰度和适当的热演化程度.鄂尔多斯西缘奥陶系分布较为广泛,烃源岩有机质主要是Ⅰ和Ⅱ1型为主,生烃母质相对较好;乌拉力克组—平凉组发育研究区有机质丰度最高的泥岩烃源岩,碳酸盐岩的有机质丰度一般随泥质含量的增加而有所增加;研究区烃源岩热演化总体已达高、过成熟阶段,少数地区(任3、环14井区)处于成熟度相对较低阶段.     

羌塘盆地石炭—二叠系烃源岩地球化学特征讨论

长期以来,羌塘盆地烃源岩的研究一直限于中生代地层,而对其古生代地层生烃能力一直缺乏系统研究。针对这一问题,本文选择羌塘盆地石炭—二叠系8条剖面的暗色泥岩及碳酸盐岩样品,对其从有机质丰度、有机质类型和热演化程度等方面进行了有机地球化学特征的分析。研究发现,石炭—二叠系可能烃源岩类型包括泥岩和碳酸盐岩两种,其分布总体上受沉积相的控制,碳酸盐岩烃源岩可能为局限台地相发育的泥晶灰岩,而泥质烃源岩主要为三角洲及斜坡相发育的暗色泥岩及凝灰质泥岩。石炭—二叠纪泥岩有机碳含量较高,具有较好生烃能力,大多达到烃源岩标准,尤其是刻莫石炭系剖面及贡日二叠系剖面,大多为中等—好烃源岩。碳酸盐岩有机碳含量总体比较低,为非烃源岩。石炭—二叠系碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质类型为Ⅱ1型,泥质烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型。石炭—二叠系烃源岩热演化程度总体较高,除盆地东部刻莫石炭系剖面处在成熟阶段外,大都处在高成熟—过成熟阶段,非常有利于天然气的生成,具备良好的天然气勘探前景。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.