湖南渣滓溪锑钨矿床流体包裹体特征及其意义

湘中锑矿带中的渣滓溪锑钨矿床,是我国典型的大型脉状充填型锑矿床,前人对其成矿流体研究较少,该矿的矿石沉淀机制和成矿过程,目前尚不清楚。本次采用红外显微测温和传统显微测温相结合的方法,对渣滓溪矿区的白钨矿、辉锑矿及与其共生的石英中的流体包裹体,进行了系统的岩相学和显微测温研究。研究表明,该区矿物中发育的流体包裹体有四种类型,纯液相包裹体、富液相的气液包裹体、富气相的气液包裹体和纯气相包裹体。该区白钨矿中流体包裹体的均一温度为147～285℃,盐度为2.4%～6.0%NaCleqv,与其共生的石英中流体包裹体的均一温度为147～314℃,盐度为3.1%～6.2%NaCleqv;辉锑矿中流体包裹体的均一温度为124～269℃,盐度为0.4%～4.5%NaCleqv,与其共生的石英中流体包裹体的均一温度为114～298℃,盐度为0.2%～5.9%NaCleqv,成矿流体为一种中温、低盐度,以H2O为主的热水溶液。该区钨矿石中的白钨矿和石英、锑矿石中的辉锑矿和石英分别具有相似的均一温度和盐度。钨矿石和锑矿石具有不同的沉淀机制,前者是由于流体混合作用导致的,而后者则是由于流体沸腾引起的。湘西浅变质岩中的锑矿床和湘中碳酸盐岩中的锑矿床,两者锑矿石的形成过程与沉淀机制明显不同:前者的矿石矿物与脉石矿物的均一温度和盐度基本一致,是从同一溶液中沉淀的,流体沸腾作用导致锑矿石发生沉淀;而后者的矿石矿物与脉石矿物的均一温度和盐度明显有别,是不同流体作用的产物,锑矿石的形成是流体混合作用所致。     

西藏弄如日金矿流体包裹体研究

弄如日金矿床位于青藏高原南部冈底斯-喜马拉雅构造区的冈底斯构造岩浆带东段,是该成矿带上首次发现的浅成低温热液型金锑矿床。本文在详细的野外矿床地质研究基础上,通过对各期与成矿密切相关的流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析、包裹体成分的LRM分析和包裹体中子矿物相的SEM/EDS分析等,对与矿化有关的成矿流体的特征、演化以及金的迁移与沉淀机制进行了讨论。通过研究流体成矿过程包括:形成黄铁矿-石英组合的早期阶段,发育以含子矿物的三相包裹体为主,均一温度集中于256~335℃,盐度29.7%~38.9% NaCleqv;形成毒砂-富砷黄铁矿-石英组合的主成矿阶段,发育富CO₂包裹体,均一温度集中于230~357℃,盐度1.81%~9.74% NaCleqv,CO₂密度为0.16~0.29g·cm^-3;形成辉锑矿-石英、雄黄-石英和碳酸岩脉组合的晚期阶段,发育水溶液包裹体,均一温度集中于134~245℃,盐度1.91%~8.95% NaCleqv。与金成矿有关的流体为中温、低盐度的富CO₂、CH₄、N₂、Na⁺流体体系,成矿流体温度、压力降低造成了流体不混溶,使CO₂相与水溶液相分离是造成金沉淀的主要机制。     

山西北落峡铁矿床流体包裹体研究与矿床成因讨论

北落峡铁矿床是太行山南段矽卡岩型铁矿成矿区域内一个比较重要的矿床。本文通过对北落峡铁矿床流体包裹体研究,讨论了该矿床成矿流体特征、性质、流体演化及铁矿床形成机制。认为成矿流体源自岩浆,流体组分以Na-Fe-Cl-SO_4-H_2O为主。成矿流体温度、盐度分别高达540—660℃和55—66wt.％Nacl。岩浆期后流体不混溶作用是造成成矿流体高盐度的原因。由于流体温度、盐度降低以及沸腾作用导致溶液中铁溶解度急剧下降并发生磁铁矿沉淀。     

海南抱伦金矿床流体包裹体及成因机理研究

抱伦金矿床位于海南岛西南部的五指山褶皱带内。矿体呈脉状、透镜状存在于志留系陀烈组的含炭绢云母千枚岩中,主要受NNW向断裂带控制。矿物组合特征表明成矿过程主要分为乳白色粗粒石英—烟灰色细粒石英—碳酸盐和绿泥石3个成矿阶段,中成矿阶段是主要的成矿期,发育自然金、铋碲化物和硫化物。石英中的流体包裹体测试结果显示:①包裹体发育类型相对简单,主要为CO2-H2O包裹体(C型)和水溶液(W型)两种,均一温度变化在130℃～380℃范围内,盐度w(NaCleq)集中在0.2%～11.7%;②不同成矿阶段流体特征不同,早期变质流体具有温度中等、盐度较低的特点,中期具有变质流体和岩浆流体的混合流体特征,成矿流体温度、盐度小幅升高,晚期大气降水参与的热液流体以低温、低盐度为主;③液态不混溶作用主要发生在早、中成矿阶段流体中,致使自然金大量沉淀。综合矿产地质特点及流体演化规律分析,海南抱伦金矿具有非典型的造山型金矿的特征,印支期尖峰岭岩体花岗质岩浆流体参与的混合作用对于抱伦金矿床富集和沉淀有着重要贡献。     

胶东胡八庄金矿成矿流体、稳定同位素及成矿时代研究

胡八庄金矿是胶东牟平-乳山金成矿带内典型的黄铁矿、多金属硫化物-石英脉型金矿,金主要产出于黄铁矿和多金属硫化物石英脉中。流体包裹体研究表明,不同蚀变带岩石和各成矿阶段金矿石中的流体包裹体主要有三种类型:富CO₂包裹体、CO₂-H₂O包裹体和H₂O溶液包裹体。成矿早期(第Ⅰ阶段)主要为富CO₂包裹体,主成矿期(第Ⅱ阶段)CO₂-H₂O包裹体和H₂O溶液包裹体,成矿后期(第Ⅲ阶段)H₂O溶液包裹体。包裹体显微测温结果表明,成矿早期(第Ⅰ阶段)包裹体均一温度范围为260~360℃,盐度1.0%~7.4% NaCleqv;主成矿期(第Ⅱ阶段)包裹体均一温度范围为180~269℃,盐度1.7%~13.1% NaCleqv;成矿后期(第Ⅲ阶段)包裹体均一温度范围为104~189℃,盐度0.9%~8.8% NaCleqv。成矿早期为中-高温、富含挥发份、低盐度的流体,到主成矿期演化为中低温、含少量挥发份、盐度变化范围大的CO₂-H₂O-NaCl流体体系,成矿后期流体的温度、盐度和挥发份含量均降低。对各成矿阶段石英的H-O同位素研究表明,胡八庄金矿成矿早期既有岩浆水又有大气降水参与,大气降水较少地参与了成矿,到了主成矿期成矿流体为以大气降水为主的混合流体。成矿阶段S同位素研究表明胡八庄金矿成矿物质可能主要来源于大气降水循环淋滤的围岩。温度降低和流体不混溶可能是胡八庄金矿金沉淀的主要原因。蚀变岩石中绢云母Rb-Sr等时线获得的胡八庄金矿的成矿时代为126.5±5.6Ma。     

内蒙古红岭铅锌矿床成矿流体地球化学特征及矿床成因

红岭铅锌矿是内蒙古东南部的大型代表性矿床之一.目前,对该矿床成矿流体地球化学特征、性质及演化问题尚缺乏系统研究.对其展开了系统的流体包裹体研究.结果表明,矿区矽卡岩期Ⅰ阶段石榴石中发育含NaCl子矿物三相(SL)、气相-富气相(LV)及气液两相(VL)3种类型的原生流体包裹体,Ⅱ阶段中石英颗粒主要发育LV和VL两种类型原生流体包裹体,测温结果表明矽卡岩期成矿流体属中-高温、高盐度的不均匀NaCl-H₂O体系热液,在成矿过程中发生过沸腾作用而导致铅、锌、铜等有用元素沉淀富集.石英-硫化物期Ⅲ→Ⅵ阶段中矿物均主要发育较单一的VL型包裹体,其中Ⅲ阶段热液均一温度较矽卡岩期明显降低,而盐度没有明显变化;Ⅳ阶段成矿流体均一温度明显增高、盐度明显降低,反映了有新的高温、低盐度体系热液的加入;而Ⅴ→Ⅵ阶段成矿流体均一温度及盐度逐渐降低,体现了一种不断与外来天水混合的演变趋势;整体上看,石英-硫化物期流体为简单的中-低温、低盐度NaCl-H₂O体系热液.流体包裹体C、H、O同位素研究表明,红岭矿床矽卡岩期Ⅱ阶段成矿流体以岩浆水为主;石英-硫化物期成矿流体源自大气降水与岩浆水的混合流体,晚阶段逐渐演化为以大气降水为主.矿床S、Pb同位素研究表明,区内成矿物质具深源特点.      

河南桐柏老湾金矿床成矿物理化学条件研究

老湾金矿床金的成矿作用主要发生在中-低温(T=150～300℃)、中-低盐度(Ws=2.37%～9.23%)、浅成(P=23～45MPa)、弱酸性、弱碱性(pH=6.1～7.7)和还原环境下(Eh=-0.72～-0.64).金在成矿流体中主要以硫氢络合物形式迁移,流体的物理化学条件的改变导致流体中含金络合物溶解度的减小,从而导致金沉淀成矿.     

雪峰弧形构造带中段典型金锑矿床成矿流体对比研究

古台山矿床和龙王江矿床是雪峰弧形构造带中段颇具代表性的石英脉型金锑矿床。古台山金锑矿床位于白马山复式岩体的外接触带,而龙王江金锑矿床则距离白马山岩体较远。本文从流体包裹体和氢氧同位素研究入手,讨论了成矿流体的特征、来源及其与成矿的关系。流体包裹体岩相学观察和显微测温表明,古台山矿床成矿期石英中包裹体以气液水两相包裹体和CO2-H2O三相包裹体为主,均一温度集中在199～298°C,盐度集中在2.07%～11.46%NaCleqv;龙王江矿床成矿期石英中包裹体以气液水两相包裹体为主,均一温度集中在164～238°C,盐度集中在1.40%～8.41%NaCleqv。氢氧同位素研究表明,古台山矿床成矿流体来源主要为岩浆水和变质水的混合流体;龙王江矿床成矿流体主要来源于变质水。根据流体包裹体岩相学观察,结合显微测温,认为流体不混溶是导致古台山矿区矿质沉淀的主要机制;而龙王江矿区矿质沉淀很可能是温度和(或)压力的变化,或大气降水的加入(混合)所导致。     

湖南黄金洞金矿成矿流体包裹体特征

黄金洞金矿位于湖南省平江县黄金乡.金矿（化）体赋存于蓟县纪浅变质板岩及变质砂岩中,同时受控于断裂构造.金矿体呈脉状、透镜状、扁豆状产于断裂带扩容地段.流体包裹体资料确定的成矿流体性质为中温(成矿温度下限为336～339℃)、中低盐度[w(NaCl) eq＜ 10.98％]的变质热液.金的沉淀与温度降低和成矿流体的混合作...     

青海赛什塘铜矿床流体包裹体研究

对青海赛什塘铜矿床内与成矿有关的矽卡岩中石榴子石、透辉石及硫化物石英脉中流体包裹体的岩相学、显微测温学和显微激光拉曼光谱分析等的研究结果表明,流体包裹体有富液相、富气相和含子矿物多相包裹体3种类型;早期矽卡岩阶段均一温度436～562℃,盐度为34 wt ％～45wt％NaCl eqv.,代表了高温、高盐度岩浆流体;退变质阶段均一温度322～419℃,盐度为15wt ％～39 wt％NaCl eqv.;硫化物阶段均一温度235～366℃,盐度5wt％～36wt％NaCl eqv..激光拉曼光谱分析结果表明,包裹体中气相成分以CH4、H2S、CO2和H2O为主.成矿流体属于中高温、高盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2-CH4体系,在290～360℃之间发生了强烈的流体沸腾作用,导致大量的金属硫化物沉淀,成矿流体的沸腾作用是导致铜矿床形成的重要因素.     

An Experimental Styudy on Gold Solubility in Amino Acid Solution and Its Geological Significance

The experiments on gold solubility in amino acid solution mdicate that gold is very intensively soluble in amino acid(or other organic acids),which is extensively present in geological bodies,and is most soluble in histidine.The temperature and concentration,acidity and type of amino acid in the solution are important factors affecting gold-amino acid complexing. The solubility of gold in amino acid is different under different conditions of temperature, amino acid concentration and pH value of the solution,At 80℃ and pH=6-8,gold is most soluble in amino acid.Gold dispersed in water and rocks could be concentrated and transported by amino acid and then precipitated in favorable loci.Amino acids might have played an important role in metallogenesis as well as in the formation of source beds of gold.Nitrogen,oxygen and sulfur in amino acid might have reacted with gold to form soluble complex ions.     

辽西北票二道沟金矿的成矿特点和黄铁矿热电性特征

通过对辽西北票二道沟金矿Ⅲ号脉的不同中段的矿石组构、金的分布特点和主要载金矿物立方体、五角十二面体及它形黄铁矿的热电性研究,讨论了成矿特征,计算了成矿温度和矿体剥蚀率并对深部找矿远景进行了预测。研究表明:二道沟金矿金的分布特点存在不均匀性;黄铁矿热电性以P型为主且变化范围宽,只有少量的N型,表明矿体的剥蚀率较低。二道沟金矿可能存在多期次的热液活动,且每一期次相互叠加改造;成矿热液来自南东方向,成矿热液早期温度较高,金属元素大量沉淀温度为150～300℃,属中低温,且不同中段的成矿温度有一定的变化规律。不同晶形的黄铁矿热电性研究表明,不同晶形载金能力不同,黄铁矿热电性P型频率不同,形成的温度不同,但计算的矿体剥蚀率相差不大。     

浙西金鸡岩金矿床成矿特征与成矿机理研究

对浙西金鸡岩金矿进行了流体包裹体、岩石和矿石地球化学研究,以阐明其成矿特征和成矿机理．金鸡岩金矿是由多阶段成矿作用形成的,第一阶段以钼矿化为主,成矿温度较高;第二和第三阶段以金矿化为主,成矿温度较低．该金矿的成矿压力小、深度浅．成矿流体具低盐度、弱酸性及较高矿化度的特点,其中尚有大量大气水的混入．区内的前寒武纪浅变质岩系属于原始矿源层,而中生代火山岩,特别是次火山岩属于直接矿源岩．就成矿机理来看,金主要是呈金硫络合物形式迁移的,其次是被硅胶吸附呈胶体状态迁移的,而成矿流体的温度和压力下降、ｐＨ值降低以及溶液的氧化还原电位改变是导致金沉淀的重要因素．区内胶体金的沉淀主要是由于温度的降低和电解质的加入引起凝胶作用,使金随硅胶一同沉淀的．     

热液成矿作用地球化学:以金矿为例

文中以金矿为例总结了热液成矿地球化学特征,包括热液蚀变、金在成矿热液中的地球化学行为、富集-沉淀机制以及在硫化物中的存在形式。热液蚀变过程中形成的矿物组合反映了成矿流体的地球化学特征,蚀变模式具有重要的找矿勘探意义。在热液体系中,金主要以Au-Cl或者Au-S络合物的形式进行运移,体系温度、压力、氧逸度以及硫逸度等条件的变化是导致络合物分解、金沉淀的主要机制。在较高压力条件下,金趋向于在热液蒸汽相中富集。As和Sb是金矿热液体系中常见的伴生元素,在较低硫逸度条件下,形成自然砷/自然锑-自然金组合。金从热液中沉淀后主要以显微包裹体或者固溶体金的形式赋存于黄铜矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿以及黄铁矿等硫化物中,而硫化物中固溶体金的量主要受热液H_2S活动性的控制。     

Bioaccumulation of gold by sulfate-reducing bacteria cultured in the presence of gold(I)-thiosulfate complex

A sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB) enrichment, from the Driefontein Consolidated Gold Mine, Witwatersrand Basin, Republic of South Africa, was able to destabilize gold(I)-thiosulfate complex and precipitate elemental gold. The precipitation of gold was observed in the presence of active (live) SRB due to the formation and release of hydrogen sulfide as an end-product of metabolism, and occurred by three possible mechanisms involving iron sulfide, localized reducing conditions, and metabolism. The presence of biogenic iron sulfide caused significant removal of gold from solutions by adsorption and reduction processes on the iron sulfide surfaces. The presence of gold nanoparticles within and immediately surrounding the bacterial cell envelope highlights the presence of localized reducing conditions produced by the bacterial electron transport chain via energy generating reactions within the cell. Specifically, the decrease in redox conditions caused by the release of hydrogen sulfide from the bacterial cells destabilized the solutions. The presence of gold as nanoparticles (<10 nm) inside a sub-population of SRB suggests that the reduction of gold was a part of metabolic process. In late stationary phase or death phase, gold nanoparticles that were initially precipitated inside the bacterial cells, were released from the cells and deposited in the bulk solution as addition of gold nanoparticles that already precipitated in the solution. Ultimately, the formation of micrometer-scale sub-octahedral and octahedral gold and spherical aggregates containing octahedral gold was observed.     

Boiling,colloid nucleation and aggregation,and the genesis of bonanza Au-Ag ores of the sleeper deposit,Nevada

A deep “parent” composition for bonanza oreforming fluids at the Sleeper deposit was calculated by the computer program SOLVEQ using fluid-inclusion microthermometric and gas data, and by assuming equilibrium with the following minerals present in vein samples below the bonanza zones: gold, chalcedony, adularia, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and acanthite. The calculated dissolved gold content of 295 ppb is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than that assumed for typical geothermal systems. Thus, a gold-enriched fluid appears to have been a principal factor in the genesis of bonanza Au-Ag ores at the Sleeper deposit. Geochemical modelling of possible ore-forming processes using the computer program CHILLER, with the reconstructed ore-forming solution as a starting composition, indicates that boiling most closely reproduces observed minerals and their relative abundances in bonanza ores. The constraint imposed by the association of amorphous silica with gold precludes all of the mixing scenarios modelled, such as mixing with cold and steam-heated groundwaters (acid-sulfate, CO₂-rich). Modelling indicates that boiling of a gold-rich deep solution leads to rapid gold precipitation, and that the amount of gold precipitated initially is large relative to other minerals. These factors apparently led to nucleation of colloidal gold particles instead of in-situ gold deposition or coprecipitation with other phases. Gold colloids apparently were entrained in the upward-flowing hydrothermal solutions and grew as they travelled. Upon reaching a critical size (10–100 nm?), they were deposited due to orthokinetic aggregation at an elevation and temperature at which amorphous silica was nucleating and aggregating.     

Experimental Study on the Leaching of Gold from Greenstone1

Abstract Experiments were conducted on the leaching of gold from greenstone by chloride solution under the temperature of 200-550°C and the pressure of 60 MPa. During part of the experiments, the oxygen fugacity was controlled. The results show that the leaching rate of gold is related to temperature, composition of the solution, pH and oxygen fugacity. In the experiment with oxidative acidic solution, the leaching rate was up to 50% or more. It is known that the leaching of gold is restricted by the reaction in which the gold is dissolved from the rock to form gold chloride complex. Therefore, the authors hold that the acidic chloride solution derived from granite magma has caused the remobilization-migration of gold from greenstone and its enrichment into ore.     

Ore minerals and geochemical characterization of the Dungash gold deposit,South Eastern Desert,Egypt

The Dungash historic gold mine is located in the South Eastern Desert of Egypt. The gold-bearing quartz veins are hosted by the metavolcanic and metavolcaniclastic rocks along an ENE–WSW trending shear zone. Alteration types recorded in the wall rocks are sericitization, silicification, carbonatization, chloritization, sulfidization, ferruginization, and listwanitization. The ore mineral assemblage comprises arsenopyrite, pyrite, native gold, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and galena. The primary sulfide mineral assemblage formed during a hypogene hydrothermal stage whereas anglesite and goethite occur as secondary supergene phases. Microthermometric fluid inclusion analysis revealed that the auriferous quartz precipitated from a moderately saline (5 to 11.22 wt% NaCl_equiv) solution at temperatures above the recorded homogenization temperatures (T _h), which range from 380 to 177 °C. The minimum pressures of trapping are between 350 and 400 bars. The fluid evolution during mineralization is explained by mixing of a magmatic fluid with meteoric waters. Initially, the high temperature and moderately saline magmatic fluid dominated and progressively became diluted with meteoric waters. Highest gold content is recorded in the carbonatized zone and the quartz veins. However, gold content in the carbonatized zone of the footwall exceeds several times its content in the quartz veins and the carbonatized zone of the hanging wall.     

从纳哥金矿地质地球化学特征探讨黔西南卡林型金矿成因

在黔西南相同地质背景下出现的纳哥金矿特殊地质和地球化学特征:矿区出露大量的与成矿有关的巨大石英脉体,脉体中CO₂含量很高,成矿温度与区域矿床类似,H、O同位素组成在岩浆水附近,认为该矿床是深部岩浆源成因。通过区域卡林型金矿床物源、成矿作用、控矿构造等方面的总结、分析和对比讨论,认为黔西南金矿床应有统一的成因,为深部岩浆源(少量地层中物质混杂)-深大断裂导矿-表层断裂、背斜控矿-交代充填成矿的中偏低温热液矿床。     

Gold mineralizing efficiency during hydrothermal alteration of the Mesozoic granitoids in the northwest Jiaodong Peninsula: Contrasting conditions between the Guojialing and Linglong plutons

Mesozoic granitoids were extensively altered by hydrothermal fluids in the northwest Jiaodong Peninsula, and gold precipitated from the fluids developing prevalent mineralization in this district. The 160–158 Ma Linglong granite and 130–120 Ma Guojialing granodiorite are the major Mesozoic granitoids in this district, both of which are hydrothermally altered and intimately associated with gold mineralization. Although numerous studies were carried out by previous researchers, mainly focusing on tectonics, lithology, mineralogy, geochronology, and fluid geochemistry, knowledge about hydrothermal alteration processes of these granitoids and their gold mineralization efficiency (i.e. which one is more effective to precipitate the gold from its parent solution) is far beyond clear illumination. Geochemical simulation software GEM-Selektor (based on the Gibbs energy minimization algorithm) was applied in this study, which aims to test the gold mineralization efficiency of these two granitoids during the hydrothermal alteration processes. Simulation results indicate that solutions in equilibrium with the Linglong granite are capable of hosting more sulfur than that with the Guojialing granodiorite, since the latter contains more Fe. However, the solutions with these two granitoids display similar gold solubility. “Bulk cooling” simulation results show that the gold mineralization pattern is similar between the Linglong and Guojialing case; “Rock titration” simulation results reveal that the Guojialing granodiorite is prone to precipitate gold more strongly than the Linglong granite, as gold-bearing solutions (or ore-forming fluids) flowing-through at high temperature, equivalent to a deeper level, implying that if the gold mineralization is developed at depth, the Guojialing rock will precipitate more gold. If the gold-bearing solution flow-through the wall rocks relatively fast, and gold mineralization fails to take place, then the Guojialing granodiorite is probably unfavorable for subsequent gold enrichment of the ore-forming fluid. The Linglong granite will precipitate the gold more efficiently from its parent solution at low temperature or at a shallower level, and this is consistent with previous mining prospecting results. Therefore, we suggest that the Guojialing granodiorite should be treated as the main target during future deep prospecting project.