多层螺旋CT对周围型肺癌及局灶性机化性肺炎的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探究采用多层螺旋CT对周围型肺癌及局灶性机化性肺炎的鉴别诊断价值。方法:选取我院2014年1月至2018年1月收治的经病理证实的局灶性机化性肺炎患者50例,将其作为对照组,另选取同期收治的60例周围型肺癌患者,将其作为观察组。采用多层螺旋CT进行诊断,比较两组患者临床特征、CT征象及CT强化特征。结果:两组男女比例、基础疾病分布、临床症状比例及实验室检查指标之间的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;观察组小病灶患者的年龄显著大于对照组小病灶患者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对照组与观察组的大病灶患者在空洞及紧贴胸膜影像学征象比例之间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对两组的大小病灶的CT影像学特征在病灶分布、毛刺、血管集束征、支气管充气征、胸膜凹陷及结构疏松之间的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组于动脉期CT净增值、总CT净增值均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:多层螺旋CT扫描可显示局灶性机化性肺炎与周围型肺癌CT影像学征象的差异性和特征性,对无法确诊者应于治疗后实施随访以进一步提高诊断的准确性。      

局限性脂肪肝的CT诊断意义

目的 研究局限性脂肪肝发生部位、形态、密度及鉴别诊断方法，提高对该病的认识。资料和方法 筛选40例CT平扫及强化扫描的脂肪肝病例，通过CT值的测量及肝内血管相对密度分级标准，结合强化CT表现进行诊断。结果：40例中29例按肝段分布（72.2%），10例按肝叶分布（22.2%)，1例呈球形（2.2%)。40例平扫均示肝血管湮没，10例呈血管反转。强化扫描均示密度轻度升高，其内血管清晰，走行正常。结论：用CT值。血管相对密度变化，结合强化扫描对局限性脂肪肝有较高的诊断价值。     

多层螺旋CT三维重建对小肾癌的诊断及分型

目的：根据CT扫描图像及三维重建表现,探讨多层螺旋CT扫描对小肾癌的诊断及鉴别诊断的价值,并对小肾癌进行分型。资料与方法：收集行多层螺旋CT扫描并经临床病理证实的43例小肾癌病例资料,就其CT表现进行分析并进行分型。结果：凸出型小肾癌23例,CT表现为肿瘤凸向肾轮廓之外或凸向肾盂、肾盏,增强扫描时,肿瘤内部造影剂呈明显...     

CT和MRI对桥脑中央髓鞘溶解症的诊断价值

目的:探讨桥脑中央髓鞘溶解症(CPM)的CT、MRI表现,以提高诊断水平,并评估其在CPM诊断及随访中的价值。方法:回顾性分析8例经我院临床确诊的CPM的临床和影像学资料,总结其影像学特征。结果:4例患者行CT检查,其中阳性2例,阴性2例,阳性病例中桥脑、双侧大脑脚及右侧小脑多发斑片状低密度灶1例,桥脑低密度灶1例;8例患者行MRI检查均有阳性表现,其中桥脑中央病灶8例,对称性分布,边缘清晰,呈圆形、卵圆形或蝶翼状,4例伴桥脑外病变,包括小脑半球、大脑脚、丘脑、基底节及放射冠等区域,病灶在T1WI序列均呈等、低信号,T2WI及T2FLAIR序列呈高信号,DWI序列呈明显高信号,灶周无水肿,增强扫描未见强化。结论:MRI对该病的诊断价值明显优于CT,T2FLAIR及DWI序列对CPM病灶显示敏感,对其诊断、指导临床治疗及评估预后具有较大价值。      

原发于骨上皮样血管内皮瘤的影像对比分析

目的:提高对骨上皮样血管内皮瘤(EHE)的认识和影像诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例骨上皮样血管内皮瘤的X线平片、CT、MR和临床病理,结合文献对比分析各检查方法的影像特征。结果:3个病例表现为多发病灶,分别位于股骨下段、胫腓骨及足部;2个病例病灶位于胫骨下段;1例病灶位于股骨近端。X线平片及CT平扫示多灶性溶骨性骨破坏、硬化边,部分病灶内见“栅栏样”骨嵴,MR上病灶呈稍长T1、长T2信号,增强后呈明显强化。免疫组化提示肿瘤细胞表达血管内皮细胞标记如CD3l、CD34、Vimentin、CK呈阳性。结论:骨上皮样血管内皮瘤有一定的影像学特征,X线平片、CT和MR检查能为临床诊断及鉴别诊断提供有价值的信息。      

超声造影与16层螺旋CT在肝脏肿瘤诊断中的对照研究

目的分析肝脏肿瘤超声造影后的组织血流特征与16层螺旋CT三个时期的强化特征,评价其临床诊断价值。方法:研究分析30例病例在超声造影与16层螺旋CT三个时期的各自不同的典型图像。采用经手背静脉注射“全氟显”超声造影剂,利用相干谐波成像技术分析三个时期表现,而16层螺旋CT采用高质量扫描模式,扫描参数:层厚7.5mm,通过拆分成1.25mm,螺距1.375:1,电压120KA,管电流280mA。增强三期扫描分别注射对比剂,动脉期16-25s,门脉期35-55s,延迟期是1min10s-3min。高压注射器单相注射,非离子型造影剂,注射速率2.5ml/s,剂量70-85ml,浓度300mg/ml,通过工作站的技术分析,明确肝肿瘤的强化特点。结果对30例肝脏肿瘤患者进行超声造影与16层螺旋CT检查,其中原发性小肝癌18例,5例小血管瘤,3例局灶性脂肪肝,3例转移性肝癌,1例退变结节。其中有2例超声造影未检测出肿瘤样特征性图像改变,而经CT检测出并诊断为小肝癌1例和退行性结节1例。所有病例均经手术、病理和穿刺证实。结论超声造影与16层螺旋CT对肝脏肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断均具有较高的临床应用价值。但对一些特殊肝脏肿瘤患者,联合检测可提高早期诊断的检出率。     

表现局灶性磨玻璃密度肺癌的CT诊断与随访分析

目的:分析局灶性磨玻璃密度(f GGO)肺癌的CT表现,以提高诊断早期肺癌的准确率。方法:搜集经手术病理证实的、临床及CT资料完整的、表现为磨玻璃密度的肺癌病例34例,作回顾性分析,观察病灶大小、形态、边缘、密度及其他肺癌倾向征象,以及病灶在随访过程中的影像学变化。结果:34例患者中p GGO 7例,m GGO 27例,瘤肺界面清晰,病灶边缘可见分叶、毛刺,病灶内部可见空泡、支气管充气征,病灶周围可见胸膜凹陷征、血管集束征等。f GGO在随访过程中,病灶增大,密度增高,p GGO病灶内部出现实性成分,m GGO病灶内实性成分增多,病灶边缘出现分叶、毛刺,周围出现胸膜凹陷征、血管集束征等恶性征象。结论:f GGO肺癌的CT表现具有一定的特征性,CT随访对f GGO的良恶性鉴别具有较高的价值。      

CT对乳腺癌的诊断探讨

目的 探讨乳腺癌CT检查的技术特点和影像学特性，提高对乳腺癌的诊断水平。方法 对23例经手术后病理证实的乳腺癌病例，进行回顾分析。结果 CT扫描能清晰显示乳腺解剖结构，对病灶显示的阳性率高；CT扫描及增强扫描能显示病灶大小及周围的情况。结论 CT扫描及增强扫描对乳腺癌的诊断与鉴别诊断有较高价值，有助于临床TNM分期及制定治疗计划，是乳腺癌较好的检查方法。     

肺部孤立性小结节病变的CT表现及鉴别诊断

目的讨论肺部小结节的良恶性病变的影像表现及鉴别诊断. 材料与方法搜集经手术证实的肺部小结节病变共17例(直径〈3.0cm〉,男性11例,女性6例,年龄38-83岁,平均63.2岁.采用PQ5000螺旋CT机进行螺旋扫描,7例进行增强扫描,其中5例进行三维重建结果 17例病变中恶性病例12例,良性病例5例,恶性病变中腺癌8例,鳞癌2例,转移癌2例,良性病变中结核3例,炎性结节2例CT征象包括分叶征14例,胸膜凹陷征7例,血管集束征8例,毛刺征14例,密度不均匀者13例.结论 CT扫描对于鉴别肺部良恶性小结节病灶有重要价值.     

囊性肾癌多排螺旋CT诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:分析囊性肾癌的CT表现,探讨多层螺旋CT的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析11例囊性肾癌的临床表现、CT及病理资料。CT成像技术为采用64排螺旋CT平扫及三期增强扫描,并行冠状位、矢状位的多平面重建。结果:11例囊性肾癌均显示为囊性或囊实性肿块,规则或不规则,大小不一,均有囊壁增厚。其中壁结节占9例,瘤内分隔占4例,囊壁钙化占4例。囊壁及分隔厚薄不均,增强后可见囊壁、囊内分隔及壁结节的强化,主要呈"快进快出"的特征。多平面重建图像显示肿瘤细节及其与周围结构关系更加清晰。结论:囊性肾癌具有一些特征性的CT征象,多层螺旋CT多期增强扫描及多平面重建有助于明确诊断,但需与肾脏其他囊性病变相鉴别。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.