大别造山带北缘中生代冲积体系对源区构造的沉积响应

大别山北缘中生界的沉积学研究表明,三尖铺组向上变细的巨旋回记录了从河川径流到碎屑流、超浓缩洪流到远端河道以及越岸沉积,显示源区在早侏罗世(205～180Ma)之前快速抬升之后经历了相对平静阶段.凤凰台组向上变粗的扇砾岩巨层序记录了碎屑流-超浓缩洪流沉积,反映了在侏罗纪末(135Ma)到早白垩世源区剧烈的持续上升和剥蚀,导致向盆地远端砾岩的进积作用.早白垩世晚期,黑石渡组巨旋回下部的碎屑流沉积是近源堆积,上部发育湖相浊积岩,反映源区的构造演变为转换拉张.晚白垩世,盆地边缘与源区一道抬升,遭受剥蚀.     

宁武盆地及周缘岩体裂变径迹对山西地块中—新生代构造演化的约束

宁武盆地及周缘岩体的抬升剥蚀对于山西地块中—新生代构造演化具有重要的指示意义。本文对宁武盆地及周缘岩体进行裂变径迹分析,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄97～47 Ma,锆石裂变径迹年龄161～141 Ma。裂变径迹记录了早白垩世早期(145～125 Ma)、晚白垩世(85～70 Ma)、古新世晚期—始新世早期(59～53 Ma)和渐新世晚期(28 Ma)的4次抬升剥蚀事件。综合分析山西地块的裂变径迹数据,表明隆起区晚古生代以来发生了多期抬升剥蚀事件。山西地块中—新生代构造演化具有时空差异。周缘岩体样品的裂变径迹年龄大于盆地内沉积地层样品的年龄,指示了周缘山体先于盆地抬升剥蚀。晋东北抬升剥蚀时限早于晋西南。山西裂谷系西南端裂开较早。裂谷系发育具有由南向北扩展的特征,这与地层保留记录相一致。山西地块现今地貌格局是在中生代发育一系列雁行状排列的复背斜和复向斜构造基础上发展而成的。     

上扬子盆地新生代差异抬升剥蚀与分异过程

中-新生代上扬子陆相盆地不仅是华南大陆的核心构造单元,也是大陆构造和盆地成因演化研究的天然实验室.基于楚雄盆地和四川盆地晚白垩世地层剖面中6件样品LA-ICP-MS磷灰石FT-U/Pb双法定年和热演化史模拟等研究,揭示上扬子盆地新生代差异抬升剥蚀及其分异过程.楚雄盆地大姚宜就剖面江底河组磷灰石裂变径迹（apatite fission track,AFT）年龄和径迹长度分别为43.2~33.9 Ma、10.06~11.30 μm,中新世以来快速抬升冷却速率达到约3~5 ℃/Ma;四川盆地宜宾柳嘉剖面三合组-高坎坝组AFT年龄和径迹长度分别为128.0~95.2 Ma、10.2~11.7 μm,为部分埋深退火样品.宜就剖面和柳嘉剖面上白垩统磷灰石U-Pb年龄峰值特征总体相似,共同揭示物源区古元古代（2 100~1 700 Ma）、新元古代（820~700 Ma）、早古生代（500~400 Ma）和早中生代（250~170 Ma）中高级别变质-岩浆构造热事件,其晚白垩世物源区主要为扬子板块西缘和北缘地区（即松潘-甘孜褶皱带、义敦岛弧、康滇古陆和秦岭造山带）.尤其柳嘉剖面磷灰石FT-U/Pb对比年龄揭示三合组-高坎坝组中少量磷灰石矿物为物源区晚三叠世-晚白垩世快速岩浆侵位过程的初始旋回沉积产物.晚新生代上扬子盆地受控于青藏高原东南向扩展生长过程控制影响,最终发生肢解分异形成现今盆地格架.      

宁武盆地中-新生代构造演化的裂变径迹证据

为深入研究宁武盆地中-新生代的构造演化及煤层气资源的赋存条件,采集样品进行裂变径迹测试。锆石裂变径迹年龄为156~139 Ma,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄为97~47 Ma。宁武盆地中-新生代的构造演化历史可分为3个阶段。晚侏罗世(156 Ma),盆地两翼的岩体开始缓慢隆升,核部坳陷沉积,到早白垩世晚期(100 Ma),宁武盆地古地温达到最高,烃源岩达到了生气高峰期。白垩世晚期-古新世(79~59 Ma),快速抬升剥蚀。之后,虽有短暂埋藏,但总体处于隆升状态。渐新世晚期(40~30 Ma)以来快速抬升到现今位置。宁武盆地抬升剥蚀具有空间上的不均衡性。北东部抬升剥蚀早于南部,周缘岩体隆升剥蚀速率大于核部。宁武盆地是在中生代山西地块上形成一系列雁行状排列的复背斜和复向斜的构造背景下,新生代受印度洋板块挤压欧亚大陆,两翼山体强烈抬升推挤作用形成,属于华北克拉通区域构造事件的响应。     

藏南柳区砾岩的沉积环境及物源分析:对雅鲁藏布缝合带古近纪隆升的约束

沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布的柳区砾岩是喜马拉雅造山作用过程中重要的沉积记录。然而,目前对该套地层的构造属性仍存在不同的认识,因为尚未发现来自冈底斯中酸性的火山岩砾石,部分学者认为其是在印度和洋内岛弧碰撞形成的。本次工作对柳区出露的柳区砾岩进行了详细的剖面实测、沉积学观察和物源区分析。地层由厚层的砾级到巨砾级的砾岩以及相对较薄层的砂岩和泥岩组成,砾石包括硅质岩、基性-超基性岩、石英砂岩、岩屑砂岩以及板岩和千枚岩。砾岩分选差,磨圆差,颗粒支撑和基质支撑均发育,根据岩相组合判断其形成于冲积扇和辫状河环境。较大的砾径以及极低的结构成熟度表示为近源堆积,暗示雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带为该套砾岩的重要源区,而特提斯喜马拉雅带为板岩和片岩的主要源区。岩屑砂岩的碎屑颗粒统计结果显示岩屑的含量为82%~85%,其中沉积岩屑为主(82%~95%),石英颗粒以单晶石英为主。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄有453~579Ma和737~889Ma二个主要的范围,而缺少200~400Ma的锆石年龄。上述观测都说明日喀则弧前盆地、雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩带和特提斯喜马拉雅为柳区砾岩的重要物源区。由于柳区砾岩内部含有日喀则弧前盆地提供的物源,所以柳区砾岩是印度-欧亚板块碰撞之后沉积的。而柳区砾岩内各成分的变化反应源区对物源贡献的变化,同时记录了造山带隆升的历史,具体表现为印度-欧亚板块碰撞后,首先雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带和日喀则弧前盆地相对较快隆升,并遭受剥蚀,为柳区砾岩的沉积提供初始的物源,随着印度板块的俯冲,特提斯喜马拉雅带开始隆升,成为了柳区砾岩的物源,主要提供板岩和千枚岩。进一步的俯冲使得蛇绿岩带大幅度隆升而阻碍了日喀则弧前盆地和冈底斯继续提供物源,使得柳区砾岩上段石英砂岩中缺少火山岩石英和再旋回的石英颗粒。     

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷碎屑锆石裂变径迹年龄记录的构造抬升事件

对采自渤海湾盆地东南部济阳坳陷的碎屑岩进行测年研究,目的是通过碎屑锆石裂变径迹年龄揭示源区及其抬升剥露史和构造热事件,为华北克拉通构造演化特别是元古宙构造演化提供新的热年代学约束。14件上白垩统-上新统砂岩/粉砂岩岩心样品测年结果显示,锆石裂变径迹年龄分布在308±35Ma~145±19Ma之间,且所有单颗粒锆石径迹年龄均大于其沉积年龄,表明这些锆石为碎屑锆石。除1件样品外,其余13件样品的单颗粒年龄的,可以用来识别源区及其构造抬升。未通过χ2检验的锆石二项式最佳拟合峰值年龄集中分为9组:P1(1187Ma)、P2(720~548Ma)、P3(526Ma)、P4(330~319Ma)、P5(296~274Ma)、P6(213~201Ma)、P7(195~177Ma、162Ma)、P8(134~102Ma)和P9(94Ma),加上通过χ2检验的三叠纪(230Ma),指示源区中元古代-晚白垩世经历的9期构造抬升/岩浆活动。它们分别是发生在中元古代的芹峪运动、新元古代的构造抬升(约720~575Ma)、~548Ma的蓟县运动;古生代~526Ma早寒武世末构造运动、海西期构造抬升;晚三叠世印支期挤压构造抬升、早-中侏罗世印支期弱挤压抬升、早白垩世燕山期强烈岩浆活动及晚白垩世燕山晚期的抬升。华北克拉通北缘、克拉通内部古陆和盆地内部是渤海湾盆地上白垩统-上新统的主要物源区,古生代以来剥露速率逐渐增大,古生代、三叠纪、早-中侏罗世和白垩纪分别为0.020~0.033mm/y,0.033~0.042mm/y,0.034~0.049mm/y和0.041~0.097mm/y,反映源区白垩纪构造/岩浆活动最强烈。锆石裂变径迹年龄记录的中元古代-晚白垩世构造运动对探讨华北克拉通的构造演化特别是元古宙的演化提供了年代学证据,综合分析推断华北克拉通可能参与了Rodinia超大陆的形成与裂解。     

洞庭盆地安乡凹陷下更新统层序地层及其对构造活动的响应

通过地表调查和钻孔资料,运用高分辨率层序地层学理论及方法,识别出了区域不整合面、岩性岩相突变界面、冲刷面、相序间断面、高频层序叠加样式转换面、湖泛面等几种层序界面,并按基准面旋回原理将第四纪洞庭盆地安乡凹陷早更新世华田组和汨罗组划分为2个长期、5个中期和25个短期旋回层序;短期基准面旋回细分为向上变深非对称型(A型)、向上变浅非对称型(B型)和对称型(C型)3种基本类型;整个下更新统反映出一个大的湖盆从发育到消亡,然后暴露风化剥蚀,以及之后的缓慢沉降到抬升过程。认为安乡凹陷早更新世基准面升降与沉积动力学(即沉积物的剥蚀、搬运和堆积过程)具有很好的吻合性,基准面旋回以自旋回为主,还受到了构造作用的影响;盆地沉积与构造分析表明,早更新世洞庭盆地安乡凹陷经历了伸展断陷-挤压抬升-弱挤压凹陷-挤压抬升的构造演化过程,其深层次的构造动力学机制可能与深部地幔上隆炙烤地壳、下地壳拆沉和物质逃逸有关。     

华南东部白垩纪晚期-古近纪构造转换的沉积记录——以粤北南雄盆地为例

粤北南雄盆地的形成与演化过程受控于华南东部晚白垩世-古近纪构造体制的转换。本文从沉积学角度,利用盆地内沉积碎屑记录、沉积特征和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学,获得盆地内部的岩石碎屑组分信息和相应源区的特性。研究表明南雄盆地是一个不对称的伸展断陷盆地,与盆地两侧的花岗岩体共同构成了一个半地堑式的构造体系。盆地在侏罗纪-早白垩世挤压造山的基础上,于早白垩世晚期,在区域伸展构造背景下,以前寒武纪-早古生代碎屑岩为基底,发育了一套完整的晚白垩世-古近纪红色碎屑岩沉积。盆地形成初期,碎屑沉积物主要来自前寒武系-下古生界;伴随着两侧花岗岩体的抬升、剥露,后期物源主要来自加里东期、印支期和早燕山期岩体。结合盆地沉积相和物源变化的研究,认为盆地形成和演化经历了一个由扩张到萎缩的过程,反映了在晚白垩世-古近纪华南东部区域经历了由伸展向挤压的构造体制转换,转换时间为古新世中晚期(约60Ma),主要动力学背景为印度板块与欧亚板块汇聚碰撞以及太平洋板块俯冲。     

巴音戈壁盆地构造演化对砂岩型铀成矿作用的制约

巴音戈壁盆地为中国北方重要的中新生代产铀盆地,盆地内发现多个铀矿床。通过研究发现,盆地构造演化与盆地内铀成矿作用的关系密切。盆地的构造演化可划分为早白垩世巴音戈壁-苏红图断陷期,该期形成盆地铀成矿的主要目的层巴音戈壁组上段,主要为扇三角洲-湖泊沉积,垂向上具有泥-砂-泥的储层结构,有利于层间氧化的发育;早白垩世银根期为断坳转换期,晚期转为坳陷期,主要为河流相沉积,盆地内保存有限;晚白垩世乌兰苏海期,主要为坳陷期,主要发育曲流河-冲积平原沉积。在古近纪盆地发生大规模反转抬升,形成区域剥蚀窗口,有利于成矿流体的运移和后生氧化。盆地内已发现铀矿床的成矿作用与主要的构造热事件密切相关,主要有三期,第一期早白垩世中晚109.7±1.5 Ma～115.5±1.5 Ma,第二期为晚白垩世晚期-古近纪45.4±0.6 Ma～70.9±1.0 Ma和第三期为新近纪12.3±0.2 Ma～2.5±0.0 Ma。矿床成矿作用整体表现为同沉积预富集,后期具有叠生铀成矿的特点。通过构造演化与铀成矿作用关系的研究,对盆地内铀成矿潜力进行了初步评价。     

通化盆地早白垩世混积碎屑岩类型与沉积模式

通化盆地为一个火山--沉积共同作用的中生代断陷盆地。下白垩统发育果松组、鹰嘴砬子组、林子头组、下桦皮甸子组、亨通山组和三棵榆树组,为火山岩-沉积岩充填,岩性及岩相类型复杂。盆地发育特色的火山--沉积成因的混积碎屑岩,依据钻井岩芯,可以识别出混积粗碎屑岩、混积细碎屑岩和熔岩-碎屑熔岩等三组岩石类型。根据岩石组分、粒度特征区分出水下热碎屑流、水下基浪流、水下火山泥石流、熔岩流及火山碎屑浊流5种岩相类型。建立了通化盆地早白垩世混积碎屑岩的发育模式,明确了构造-火山作用下的混积盆地充填特征,认为盆地早白垩世火山-沉积旋回是盆地周期性走滑伸展的产物。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.