春、秋季考洲洋海水质量状况及评价方法初探

文章利用2017年11月（秋季）和2018年4月（春季）对惠州考洲洋海域开展的两个航次水环境调查数据,分析了考洲洋海域表层溶解氧（DO）、化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮(DIN)、无机磷(DIP)和石油类（OIL）等典型水质因子的水平分布和季节变化情况。结果表明,秋季溶解氧、化学需氧量、石油类分别在盐洲岛以东附近海域、考洲洋湾顶海域和盐洲岛东南海域出现高值区,而无机氮在整个考洲洋无明显区域分布差异,无机磷含量呈现考洲洋内湾到湾口逐渐递减的趋势;春季化学需氧量、无机磷均在考洲洋湾顶出现高值区域,无机氮在盐洲岛以东附近海域出现高值区,而溶解氧和石油类无明显变化。从季节变化来看,秋季考洲洋海域溶解氧、化学需氧量和石油类平均含量均比春季高;无机氮、无机磷则相反,平均含量秋季低于春季。同时,文章还分别利用单因子和综合因子方法对海水有机污染状况进行评价并对其进行比较分析,结果表明,有机污染评价指数法可充分考虑多种水质因子,更适合对考洲洋水环境质量进行评价,得到较为客观的综合评价结果。     

Seasonal Variations in Nutrient Budgets of Hakata Bay, Japan

Seasonal variations in freshwater, salt, phosphorus and nitrogen budgets of Hakata Bay, Japan were investigated from April 1993 until March 1994. The internal sink of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and nitrogen (DIN), and the internal source of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and nitrogen (DON) predominate in the bay. This means that the production of organic matter is larger than respiration, and atmospheric CO₂ is absorbed in the water column of Hakata Bay. Denitrification is more dominant than nitrogen fixation in the bay. Compared to Tokyo and Mikawa Bays, Hakata Bay is harder to eutrophicate, mainly due to the shorter residence time of freshwater.     

胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境现状及影响因素

为了解胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境状况及其主要影响因素,于2019年8月在胶州湾30个站位点采集了海水和表层沉积物样品,并于2021年5月在胶州湾沿岸采集了18个站位点的水样,对水体溶解无机态营养盐浓度和组成以及表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷及生物硅含量和碳、氮稳定同位素(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N)进行了分析。结果表明,胶州湾内水体和沿岸水体中溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷和溶解硅酸盐浓度空间分布相近,高值均位于湾东北部,主要受到河流输入和沿岸污水排放的影响,低值主要出现在湾中部和湾口处。结合近30年来的历史数据分析发现,胶州湾夏季营养盐浓度在1990-2008年期间呈持续上升的趋势,政府实施的污染物总量控制措施以及河流径流量下降使得2006年以来营养盐浓度呈现下降的趋势,该变化在空间上主要体现为大沽河氮、磷输入量的减少及其对应的湾西部营养盐高值的消失。胶州湾氮、磷营养盐输入的不平衡使得“磷限制”在2000年后逐渐加剧。胶州湾表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷含量高值均集中于东北部和东部沿岸,结合生物硅和水体营养盐含量分析显示,这主要是河流与排污输入及其...     

夏季辽河口各形态营养盐的河口混合行为

利用2009 年7 月对辽河口水域航次的调查结果, 对该水域营养盐的形态和分布特征进行了探讨,并对其主要控制过程进行了讨论。结果表明： 辽河口水域营养盐的变化范围较大。磷主要以磷酸盐的形式存在, 其余依次是颗粒态磷PP、溶解有机磷DOP, 三者含量相差不大; 氮主要以硝酸盐的形式存在, 其余依次是溶解有机氮DON、颗粒...     

岙山监测浮标周边海域水质分析与评价

文章根据岙山监测浮标周边海域2015年9-12月水质调查资料,采用水质有机污染指数(A)、富营养化指数(E)和营养状态质量指数(NQI)等进行评价。结果表明:岙山监测浮标周边海域水质化学需氧量(COD)、溶解氧(DO)、油类(oils)符合二类海水水质标准,无机磷(DIP)和无机氮(DIN)含量均超过二类海水水质标准,DIP最高为0.048mg/L,DIN最高为0.753mg/L,总磷(TP)各月平均含量范围0.098~0.185mg/L,总氮(TN)各月平均含量范围0.650~0.818mg/L,叶绿素a(Chl a)含量基本稳定,DIN是主要的超标污染因子;富营养化评价结果显示,岙山监测浮标周边海域水质富营养程度严重,E值最高达9.10,NQI值最高为4.58;有机污染评价结果表明,岙山监测浮标周边海域水质总体处于轻度污染状态,A值最小为10月的1.90,最大为12月的2.73;使用A值、E值和NQI值方法同时对岙山监测浮标周边海域进行评价,其结果变化的一致性较好。     

厦门大学海洋系，亚热带海洋研究所

于1998年10号台风、2000年10号台风碧利斯和2000年6月厦门地区特大暴雨影响期间。在厦门港湾对表层海水溶解无机氮(DIN)、溶解无机磷(DIP)以及盐度、DO、Chla等相关环境因子进行定点连续观测。描述了台风暴雨期间和恢复期DIN、DIP的变化特征。对水动力因素、底质再悬浮、有机物氧化降解及生物活动等因素的影响进行了初步的探讨。     

杭州湾营养盐时空分布特征及其影响研究

文章基于2015年1—12月杭州湾海域12个航次的调查资料,对杭州湾海域营养盐溶解无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-))的月度时空分布特征及其影响进行了探讨。结果表明,杭州湾表层海水DIN和PO_4~(3-)含量空间分布月际间变化明显,其变化受湾内、沿岸径流输入和长江冲淡水影响显著。杭州湾海域12个月DIN含量均超第四类海水水质标准,硝酸盐氮(NO_3~-)占DIN的94%及以上。N/P值处于较高水平,内湾(IB)和外湾(OB)的N/P值季节性变化幅度比中湾(CB)大,海湾生态系统对磷的变化敏感。营养盐-盐度对研究区域的水体混合状况有明显的指示作用,杭州湾营养盐的分布主要受物理混合作用所控制,浮游生物活动对营养盐分布的影响相对较小。     

Nutrient land–sea fluxes in oligothrophic and pristine estuaries of the Gulf of Bothnia,Baltic Sea

Estuaries are often seen as important filters between land and the sea for inorganic and organic nutrients. This paper aims at estimating the estuarine fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved silicate for the major oligothrophic and pristine rivers running into the Bothnian Bay (BB) and the Bothnian Sea (BS), the northern subarctic subbasins of the Baltic Sea. Long-term data sets for these rivers and their estuaries as well as for the BB and BS were analyzed to assess whether these estuaries are sinks for inorganic nutrients. Most studied estuaries can be characterized as salt wedge estuaries with little exchange between the fresh seaward-flowing river water and the inward-flowing seawater. Estimates of water transit times ranged between 1 and 14 days. In most estuaries of the BB, N-depleted river water meets P-depleted seawater during the growth period. These findings were corroborated by mixing diagrams showing that the inner areas of the estuaries were N-depleted in summer. In the BS, on the other hand, both rivers and seawater were mostly N-depleted during summer. Thus, for most estuaries of this region of the Baltic Sea, primary productivity is presumably lower than or equal to that of offshore. The low productivity is also reflected in the sediments. The coastal sediments did not differ from the offshore stations in accumulation rates as well as the content of organic matter and nutrients, indicating that estuarine nutrient burial is not always higher as normally observed in other temperate systems. Finally, the estuaries of the pristine rivers in the northernmost part of the BB import DIN during summer, whereas the estuaries of the rivers in the BS import DIP during winter, from the sea.     

Large temporal changes in contributions of groundwater-borne nutrients to coastal waters off a volcanic island

We examined the contribution of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to nutrient budgets in Hwasun Bay, Jeju Island, Korea in August 2009, October 2014, and May 2015. The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in fresh groundwater were in the range of 285?716 μM and 2.3?3.2 μM, respectively, which were each 1?2 orders of magnitude higher than those in the bay seawater. The outer-bay seawater flowing into the bay was oligotrophic (2.9 ± 1.9 μM for DIN and 0.2 ± 0.3 μM for DIP). Nutrient budget calculations were performed for each season by accounting for submarine fresh groundwater discharge (SFGD) and water residence times. In August 2009 (DIN = 1.8 μM and DIN:DIP ratio = 4.6 for the outerbay water), DIN inputs from SFGD accounted for approximately 40% of the DIN inventory in the bay seawater. In October 2014 (DIN = 1.1 μM and DIP < 0.05 μM for the outer-bay water), DIP from SFGD accounted for approximately 100% of the DIP inventory in the bay seawater. In May 2015, mean concentrations of DIN and DIP in the bay seawater were 8.6 ± 12 μM and 0.11 ± 0.04 μM, respectively, with conservative behaviors in the bay seawater in association with excessive groundwater inputs. These results imply that SGD plays a critical but different role in nutrient budgets and stoichiometry in coastal waters off a volcanic island depending on open-ocean nutrient conditions.     

厦门潘涂虾池及其附近内湾各态氮的季节性变化特征

1996年6月至1997年2月，对厦门市潘涂垦区两口虾池及附近内湾不同形态氮的含量与动态进行调查。结果显示虾池的可溶性有机氮（DON）含量明显高于邻近内湾，颗粒有机氮（PN）多数时间也高于内湾，而邻近内湾可溶性无机氮（DIN）含量则明显比池内的高。虾池中的氮主要以DON形态存在（59．76％），DIN，PN含量较少（9．37％和20．87％）；邻近内湾则是以DIN为主（59．97％），其次为DON（29．55％），PN所占比例最小（10．48％）。吓池与邻近内湾不同形态氮的季节变化也存在一定差异。     

黄河下游营养盐浓度、入海通量月变化及“人造洪峰”的影响

于2009年至2011年在黄河下游采集溶解及颗粒态营养盐样品,分析了黄河下游各形态营养盐的浓度变化及营养盐入海通量,结果表明各形态氮的浓度多呈丰水期低、枯水期高,溶解无机氮是溶解态氮的主要存在形式;受黄河高悬浮颗粒物含量的影响,磷以颗粒态占绝对优势,而溶解态磷以溶解无机磷为主要存在形态;生物硅的含量平均约占硅酸盐与生物硅之和的20％,硅的浓度丰水期高于枯水期.颗粒态磷与生物硅的含量与悬浮颗粒物含量呈正相关.营养盐的组成具有高氮磷比、高硅磷比、低硅氮比的特点.近年来黄河下游溶解无机氮浓度显著升高而溶解无机磷变化不大,硅酸盐的浓度有所下降.黄河下游水沙通量、营养盐入海通量有明显的季节变化,丰水期占全年总入海通量的42％～84％.调水调沙期间,各营养盐的浓度和组成均有明显变化,氮的浓度、DIN/PO4-P下降,磷与硅的浓度、SiO3-Si/DIN、SiO3-Si/PO4-P升高,颗粒态营养盐的比例明显增加.短期内大量水沙及营养盐入海通量对黄河口及渤海生态系统产生重要影响.     

宁波-舟山海域污染物扩散的数值模拟

基于宁波-舟山海域潮流场,建立了该海域三维变边界的污染物扩散模型,对COD、无机氮、活性磷酸盐的浓度进行了数值模拟,并对界面源的影响进行了分析。结果表明:污染物浓度在海域内呈由西北向东南方向递减的趋势;COD浓度在大部分海域满足一类水质标准,无机氮和活性磷酸盐浓度在研究海域超出二类水质标准;研究海域的界面源对该海域污染物浓度”贡献”在85%以上。     

Modelling nitrogen and phosphorus cycles and dissolved oxygen in the Zhujiang Estuary Ⅰ. Model development

wrmcrloxHuman activities related to the population growth and developrnent of industry and rnwhci-pality have led to the incrouing hadings of various POllutants into estudries during the past fewdecades. These increasing edlutant lOadings have caused declined estuallne hedth which can bemereured by a vdriety of indices. In order to obtain solutions to environrnent problerns, re-sources manageTnnt apencies are supporting a holistic approach to envirorirnental management.An effcient strategy t…     

The role of Nuta (large amorphous particles) as a nutrient regenerator in Osaka Bay

Large amorphous particles (Nuta) observed in coastal areas after phytoplankton blooms and red tide outbreaks were collected by Nuta traps. These particles are always thickly attached to mooring ropes and/or fishing nets. From the decomposition experiments of Nuta and the sinking particles, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) regenerations were active in Nuta, but were not active in sinking particles. In Nuta, regeneration abundances during 10 days were 567 g-N/mg of initial particulate organic nitrogen (PON), and 583 -P/mg of initial particulate phosphorus (PP), respectively. Thus DIP was more regenerated from Nuta than DIN. Ten days integral regeneration abundances of DIN and DIP from Nuta were estimated to be 36% and 79% of in situ DIN and DIP standing stocks, respectively. Nuta contributes an important role of nutrient regeneration particularly DIN, in coastal water. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of suspended particles, sinking particles and Nuta indicated that these three different type of particles were almost the same origin, and thus Nuta in the coastal water should be made from phytoplankton debris.     

珠江河口氮和磷循环及溶解氧的数值模拟 Ⅰ.模式建立

为了研究珠江河口营养物质循环和溶解氧,建立了一个生态型水质模式.在该水质模式中营养物质以溶解无机态、碎屑有机物质、底栖物质、浮游植物和浮游动物等5种形态出现,而每种形态均分氮和磷两种形式.水质模式采用三维形式,并与斜压水动力和泥沙模式联立运行.     

Remote sensing of sea surface nutrient in the frontal zone of Changjiang diluted water and the Taiwan Warm Current

Field investigation was carried out during 4 to 15 April 2001 around the Changjiang River Estuary. The similar distribution of sea surface nutrients and suspended sediment (SS) concentration is attributed to the physical mixing of Changjiang diluted water (CDW) with the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC). On the basis of the observed positive relationship between total phosphorus (TP) and SS concentration, the sea surface TP is inversed from satellite SS data. SS is believed to be an ideal eutrophic state assessing index substitution for TP, the eutrophication classification critical value of SS adopted in this research was based on the linear model: cTP=0.000 6cSSsat 0.016 3, r2=0.564 5, n=32. Although lack of in-situ chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) measurement, a good relationship was observed between the in-situ DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) concentration with near real time SeaWiFS absorption coefficient of CDOM (ACD) data: cDIN=1.406 5AACBsat-0.035 9,r2=0.741 5,n=16. This empirical regression algorithm was also utilized for inversing the DIN concentration from SeaWiFS ACD data, and for establishing the eutrophication classification critical value of satellite ACD data. The established remote eutrophication classification system was later used for seawater eutrophic state assessment. The evaluation suggested that the Zhoushan Fishing Ground especially the western border is affected seriously with the nutrient input. The nutrient is mainly from the terrestrial source transported by the Changjiang River runoff. The seawater quality classification precision was assessed by in-situ data, which suggested the seawater quality distribution is similar to the two classification systems, and the remote classification error is below 25%.     

Seasonal variations of dissolved organic matter and nutrients in sediment pore water in the inner part of Tokyo Bay

At four stations in Tokyo Bay, pore water profiles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), phosphorus (DOP), and inorganic nutrients were determined at 3-month intervals over 6 years. Concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nutrients were significantly higher in pore waters than in the overlying waters. Pore water DOC, DON, and DOP concentrations in the upper most sediment layer (0–1 cm) ranged from 246 to 888 μM, from 14.6 to 75.9 μM, and from 0.02 to 9.83 μM, respectively. Concentrations of DOM and nutrients in pore waters occasionally showed clear seasonal trends and were highest in the summer and lowest in the winter. The seasonal trends in the pore water DOM concentrations were coupled with trends in the overlying water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. Benthic effluxes of DON and DOP were low compared with those of inorganic nutrients, accounting for only 1.0 and 1.5 % of the total benthic effluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively; thus benthic DOM fluxes were quantitatively insignificant to the inorganic nutrient fluxes in Tokyo Bay. The DOM fluxes represented about 7, 3, and 10 % of the riverine discharge of DOC, DON, and DOP to Tokyo Bay, respectively.     

A nitrogen and phosphorus dynamic model of mesocosm pelagic ecosystem in the Jiaozhou Bay in China

A nitrogen and phosphorus dynamic model of mesocosm pelagic ecosystem was established according to the summary and synthesis of the models available, in which seven state variables （DIN, PO4-P, DON, DOP, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus） were included. Logically it had five modules--phytoplankton, zooplankton, dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic nutrients and detritus. The results showed that this model could simulate the variations of DIN, PO4-P, DON, DOP, POC and phytoplankton biomass in pelagic ecosystem in mesocosm properly, based on the site experiment data in the Jiaozhou Bay in the autumn of 1999 and the summer of 2000. Not only the logical structure but also the model parameters were feasible, and about 20 parameters were made to fit for the Jiaozhou Bay during the simulation. All of these are necessary to study the control mechanism of nutrients biogeochemical cycling in the Jiaozhou Bay and other China＇ s coastal waters.     

海马齿浮床对富营养化海湾营养盐削减的模型评价：以东山湾八尺门养殖海域为例

Many coastal seas are severely eutrophic and required to reduce nutrient concentrations to meet a certain water quality standard. We proposed a method for nutrient removal by planting Sesuvium portulacastrum at the water surface using the floating beds in the aquaculture area of the Dongshan Bay as an example, which is an important net-cage culture base in China and where dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP) reach 0.75 mg/L and 0.097 mg/L, respectively far exceeding China's Grade IV water quality standards.Numerical simulations were taken using the ecological model, field observations and field plantation experimental results to assess the environmental restoration effects of planting S. portulacastrum at some certain spatial scales. Our field experiments suggested that the herbs can absorb 377 g/m~2 nitrogen and 22.9 g/m~2 phosphorus in eight months with an inserting density of ～60 shoot/m~2. The numerical experiments show that the greater the plantation area is, the more nutrient removal. Plantation in ～12% of the study area could lower nutrients to the required Grade II standards, i.e., 0.2 mg/LDIN≤0.3 mg/L and 0.015 mg/LDIP≤0.03 mg/L.Here the phytoremediation method and results provide helpful references for environmental restoration in other eutrophic seas.     

广西近海营养盐的时空分布特征

利用2006～2007年4个航次的大面调查数据,分析讨论了广西近海4个季节营养盐的时空分布变化特征。结果表明,该海域在春、夏、秋三季,活性硅酸盐和溶解无机氮分布趋势是近岸高,远岸低,由北向南呈梯度快速递减,高值区主要出现在廉州湾、铁山港和茅尾海三个区域;夏季磷酸盐在雷州半岛与涠洲岛之间出现高值;冬季3类营养盐在调查海区内分布均匀且为一年最低值。对该海区营养盐结构分析表明,硅在该海区过剩,溶解无机氮基本能满足浮游植物的生长需要,但在春季溶解无机氮和磷浓度都较低,属于寡营养型;夏季该海区磷浓度充足,在秋冬两季磷为该海区的限制性元素。